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Deep-sea benthic fauna is vital for a well-functioning marine ecosystem but is increasingly under threat from a changing environment. To monitor and conserve this fauna, an understanding of their large-scale spatial and bathymetric distribution and their environmental drivers is necessary. In this study, we conduct a multivariate analysis on abundance benthic fauna data collected at the phylum and multitaxon levels using an epibenthic sledge (EBS) across the Atlantic, and identify the environmental factors that affect such data. Our findings show a decrease in abundance with depth in most of the Atlantic but find relatively heterogeneous abundances with depth within the Southern Ocean. Principal component analyses indicate differences in environmental conditions south of the Antarctic Polar Front (~52° S), outlining contrasts in the quantities of macronutrients and physical factors. Despite this, community composition seemed markedly similar throughout the Atlantic with the Antarctic Circumpolar Current seemingly not affecting benthic community composition for higher taxonomic levels. Those differences that did occur were largely caused by benthic chlorophyll, benthic iron, and surface silicate through a Bio-ENV. Overall, we argue that further large-scale spatial and bathymetric distribution studies are important amid environmental changes that are driving shifts in benthic community abundance and composition.

During RV MS Merian expedition MSM75, an international, multidisciplinary team explored the Reykjanes Ridge from June to August 2018. The first area of study, Steinahóll (150–350 m depth), was chosen based on previous seismic data indicating hydrothermal activity. The sampling strategy included ship- and AUV-mounted multibeam surveys, Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV), Epibenthic Sledge (EBS), and van Veen grab (vV) deployments. Upon returning to Steinahóll during the final days of MSM75, hydrothermal vent sites were discovered using the ROV Phoca (Kiel, GEOMAR). Here we describe and name three new, distinct hydrothermal vent site vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs); Hafgufa, Stökkull, Lyngbakr. The hydrothermal vent sites consisted of multiple anhydrite chimneys with large quantities of bacterial mats visible. The largest of the three sites (Hafgufa) was mapped, and reconstructed in 3D. In total 23,310 individual biological specimens were sampled comprising 41 higher taxa. Unique fauna located in the hydrothermally venting areas included two putative new species of harpacticoid copepod (Tisbe sp. nov. and Amphiascus sp. nov.), as well as the sponge Lycopodina cupressiformis (Carter, 1874). Capitellidae Grube, 1862 and Dorvilleidae Chamberlin, 1919 families dominated hydrothermally influenced samples for polychaetes. Around the hydrothermally influenced sites we observed a notable lack of megafauna, with only a few species being present. While we observed hydrothermal associations, the overall species composition is very similar to that seen at other shallow water vent sites in the north of Iceland, such as the Mohns Ridge vent fields, particularly with peracarid crustaceans. We therefore conclude the community overall reflects the usual “background” fauna of Iceland rather than consisting of “vent endemic” communities as is observed in deeper vent systems, with a few opportunistic species capable of utilizing this specialist environment. publishedVersion

Genus Dorotea gen. nov. Diagnosis. Body not strongly compressed, dorsally smooth. Rostrum short. Head lateral lobe weakly produced. Eyes lacking. Antennae medium size and flagella calceolate in females. Antenna 1 probably slightly longer than antenna 2, peduncular article 1 subequal to article 2, accessory flagellum 1-articulated, linear. Antenna 2, peduncular article 4 thicker than article 5, flagellum not shortened. Upper lip evenly rounded distally. Lower lip, inner lobes weak. Left mandible, incisor with long incurved cutting edge, poorly dentate (2+), ending in a strong blunt tooth; lacinia mobilis 5-dentate; setal row with 6 setae; palp, article 3 longer than article 2, slightly falciform, tapering distally; article 2 thicker than article 3. Right mandibule, incisor with at least a strong blunt tooth; molar triturative; setal row with 6 setae. Maxilla 1, inner plate with 3 subapical setae; outer plate with 10 apical stout setae; palp slender, distal article longest. Maxilla 2, inner plate broader and shorter than outer plate. Maxilliped palp, articles ordinary; outer plate large; inner plate with 3 apical teeth. Coxae 1���4 regular, medium; coxa 1 broadly rounding, not produced; coxa 4 slightly excavate posteriorly. Coxae 5���6 bilobate. Gnathopods 1���2 subsimilar, both strongly subchelate; carpal lobes broad; propodus large, posterior margin short, palm oblique, margin spinose. Pereopods 3���4 slender, merus slightly longer than carpus, dactylus simple, stout and medium length. Pereopods 5��� 7 homopodous, subequal in form and size, not greatly elongate; bases broad, with small postero-distal lobe; dactylus simple, stout and medium length. Epimerae 1���3, regular, not serrate on posterior margin. Uropods 1���2, rami lanceolate, outer ramus shorter than inner ramus. Uropod 3, rami broadly lanceolate, outer ramus shorter than inner ramus. Telson elongate, lobate, weakly cleft. Brood plates on pereopods 2���5. Coxal gills on pereopods 2���7. Etymology. The new genus Dorotea is morphologically close to the eusirid Cleonardo Stebbing, 1888, a generic name taken by the author from a character of the famous Cervantes���s novel Don Quijote de la Mancha. The name Dorotea is also taken from another character of this novel, the unfortunate daughter of Clenardo (true spelling in accordance to Cervantes���s text). The genus is feminine. Remarks on genus assignation to Eusiridae. According to the keys of Barnard & Karaman (1991) and Bousfield & Hendrycks (1995), the combination of several morphological diagnostic characters observed on our specimen confirms its position within the family Eusiridae: body large (BL> 10 mm); accessory flagellum small, 1-articulated; large, strongly subchelate gnathopods; pereopods 5���7 elongate, slender; antennae calceolate (eusiridtype); telson elongate, cleft distally and distinctly bilobate., Published as part of Corbari, Laure, Frutos, Inmaculada & Sorbe, Jean Claude, 2019, Dorotea gen. nov., a new bathyal genus (Amphipoda, Eusiridae) from the Solomon Sea (Papua New Guinea), pp. 69-80 in Zootaxa 4568 (1) on pages 71-72, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4568.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/2599250, {"references":["Stebbing, T. R. R. (1888) Report on the Amphipoda collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Zoology, 29, 1 - 1737.","Barnard, J. L. & Karaman, G. S. (1991) The families and genera of marine gammaridean Amphipoda (except marine gammaroids). Part 1 and 2. Records of the Australian Museum, supplement 13, 1 - 866. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0812 - 7387.13.1991.91","Bousfield, E. L. & Hendrycks, E. (1995) The amphipod superfamily Eusiroidea in the North American Pacific Region. I. Family Eusiridae: systematics and distributional ecology. Amphipacifica, 1 (4), 3 - 59."]}

Dorotea papuana sp. nov. Figs 2���5 Type material. Holotype (MNHN-IU-2015-745), mature female, 14.8 mm BL; MADEEP cruise, RV Alis; station DW4290 (off Budibudi Island, north of Laughlan Archipelago, Solomon Sea), 30/04/2014, 09��13'S 153��54'E, 593 m; detritic sediment (coral rubbles) and rocky slab (https://expeditions.mnhn.fr/campaign/madeep/event/ DW4290). Type locality: Off Budibudi Island, north of Laughlan Archipelago, Solomon Sea. Etymology. The species name refers to the geographical area in which the specimen was collected. Diagnosis. Same as for new genus. Description. Body (Fig. 2): laterally compressed, dorsally smooth. Head (Fig. 3): slightly smaller than pereonites 1+2. Rostrum short. Lateral lobes weakly produced. Anteroventral corner acute. Eyes absent. Pleonites 1���3 (Fig. 2): posterodistal corner subquadrate in epimeron 1, rounded in epimeron 2, with tiny blunt cusp in epimeron 3. All epimera with convex posterior margin, epimera 2 and 3 with convex distal margin. Antenna 1 (Fig. 3): larger than antenna 2. Peduncle shorter than main flagellum, articles without distal projections; article 1 sub-equal to article 2, with 2 short inferodistal stout setae; article 3 the smallest, 0.3x article 2 length. Main flagellum (probably broken) with 97 articles and many calceoli of type 5 [see Lincoln & Hurley (1981)], with cup-shaped proximal element well separated from the distal element; proximal article elongate. Accessory flagellum 1-articulated, shorter than flagellum article 1 and tapering distally, with one distal seta. Antenna 2 (Fig. 3): peduncular article 3 with 2 short infero-distal stout setae; article 5 0.6x article 4 length. Flagellum (probably broken) with 68 articles and many calceoli (same type as for antenna 1), first proximal article elongate. Upper lip (Fig. 3): entire, distally rounded, crescent-shaped submarginal row of setules. Epistome bluntly pointed. Mandibles (Fig. 3): right mandible broken (not figured). Left incisor with long incurved cutting edge, poorly dentate (2+), ending in a strong blunt tooth. Right incisor with at least a strong blunt tooth. Left lacinia mobilis 5- toothed (all apexes blunt), ending in a strong tooth, the other ones much smaller. Left and right molars medium and triturative, grinding surface ringed by medium contiguous blades, higher than wide. Left and right setal rows with 6 setae. Left and right palp article 3 longer than article 2, slightly falciform, tapering distally; article 2 thicker than article 3. Maxilla 1 (Fig. 3): inner plate with 3 subapical setae; outer plate with 10 apical stout setae (8 cuspidate and 2 simple); palp with distal article the longest, 2 rows of simple setae on distal half inner margin, 3 simple setae on distal half outer margin. Maxilla 2 (Fig. 3): inner plate broader and shorter than outer plate, submarginal row of simple setae on distal half inner margin, bunch of setules on proximal inner margin; outer plate with apical simple setae. Lower lip (Fig. 3): broad, inner lobes weak; mandibular lobe bluntly pointed. Maxilliped (Fig. 3): heavily setose; palp, articles ordinary; inner plate with 3 short, blunt and stout setae and 2��� 3 simple setae on apical margin; outer plate large reaching less than half length of palp article 2, with 4 stout setae on mesial basal part, inner margin of article 4 with 4 stout setae. Coxae (Figs 2, 4): coxae 1���4 medium, about as deep as broad, broadly rounded, not produced; coxae 2���3 bearing one long stout seta on posterior margin; coxa 4 slightly excavate posteriorly; coxae 5���6 bilobate; coxa 7 the smallest, unilobate. Gnathopods 1���2 (Fig. 4): similar and subequal, both strongly subchelate; merus strongly spinose; carpal lobes broad; palm strongly oblique, with 6 ��� 7 stout setae, proximally limited by 2 (G1) or 3 (G2) stout setae for dactylus insertion; dactylus curved, with one (G1) or 2 (G2) long subproximal setae on anterior margin, posterior margin sparsely setulated. Pereopods 3���7 (Fig. 4): elongate, simple; dactylus simple, not styliform and slightly curved, 0.3x of propodus length. Pereopods 3 ��� 4 ordinary, merus slightly longer than carpus. Pereopods 5 ��� 7 homopodous, basis with posterodistal lobe. Pereopod 7, posterior margin of basis slightly denticulate. Uropod 1 (Fig. 5): peduncle longer than rami, with a row of 6 short stout setae on left and right margins and a blunt distoventral process bearing a distal stout seta; apex of both rami broken; inner ramus longer than outer, bearing 2 proximal stout setae on outer margin and 2 ones on inner margin; outer ramus more spinose on both margins than inner one. Uropod 2 (Fig. 5): peduncle with stout setae on distal outer and inner margins; inner ramus longer than outer; inner and outer margins of both rami with stout setae, except at apex. Uropod 3 (Fig. 5): peduncle with stout setae on distal outer and inner margins; inner ramus longer than outer one; inner and outer margins of both rami with stout setae, except at apex. Telson (Fig. 5): elongated (1.8x as long as broad), cleft 21.2%, lobes apically divergent with blunt apices, without distal armament. Brood plates (Fig. 4): on coxae 2 ��� 5; coxa 3 oostegite shorter than basis, 3.7x as long as broad; coxa 4 oostegite slightly shorter than basis, 5.2x as long as broad; coxa 5 oostegite shorter than basis, 2.8x as long as broad; margins with long setae. Gills: on pereopods 2 ��� 7, simple and subquadrate. Molecular identification. A mtCOI sequence (a 657 base pair fragment) was obtained for the type of D. papuana gen. nov., sp. nov. examined in the present study. These sequences are available in GenBank under the following accession number: MK 260193. Following the definition given by Pleijel et al. 2008, the holotype of this new species (MNHN-IU-2015-745) is designed as the hologenophore of this sequence. Remarks. Within the family Eusiridae, our specimen shares strong morphological similarities with the genus Cleonardo. Dorotea papuana gen. nov., sp. nov. can be distinguished from the other known eusirid genera by the presence of a telson distally cleft and distinctly bilobate, of a distal spiniform process on uropods 1 and simple stout and medium length dactylus on pereopods 5���7. Eusirioid families were often defined by morphological characters presenting continuous variation so that their limits were highly debatable (Verheye et al. 2016). The shape of the telson could be considered as one of the most important state of characters defining the families within Eusiroidea (Bousfield & Hendrycks 1995). The cleft state could have a phylogenetic significance at some lower taxonomic levels, but as it is highly homoplasious it should be used with caution to characterize taxonomic groupings (Verheye et al. 2016). Considered as important functional traits in Eusiridae, carnivory and predation in deep-water Eusiridae are characterized by the presence of slender, long-dactylate pereopods allowing to stand on soft bottoms, awaiting prey (Bousfield & Hendrycks 1995). Such a character is not observed in our specimen whose pereopod dactylii are rather short by comparison with Cleonardo species, suggesting that its habitat is rather different from that eusirid species. Bellan-Santini & Ledoyer (1987) described the new sub-Antarctic amphipod Eusiroides aberrantis from a male specimen (BL = 12 mm) collected near Marion and Prince Edward Islands. This bathyal species (180���527 m according to De Broyer et al., 2007) was initially assigned to family Eusiridae sensu lato and to genus Eusiroides, due to a mix of morphological characters between Eusiroides and Cleonardo (its species name suggesting such an ambiguity). Later on, this genus has been transferred to Pontogeneiidae (Lowry & Myers, 2013). Based the original description, it is clear that E. aberrantis is quite different from all other known Eusiroides species (eyes absent, pereopods 3���7 relatively slender, telson 19.2% cleft with dehiscent lobes) as underlined by the authors and must therefore be excluded from Pontogeneiidae due to the absence of apical stout setae on uropod 1 rami (uropod 2 unknown). Furthermore, it shows very close morphological affinities with the new genus Dorotea (head and antennae, buccal appendages, ornamentation of coxae 1���2, shape of coxa 4, shape of pereopod 5���7 basis, posterodistal corner of epimeron 3, shape of telson cleft), suggesting its transfer to this genus. However, some distinctive morphological characters by comparison with D. papuana (Table 1) show that it is a different species. In conclusion to this comparative morphological analysis, we consider that E. aberrantis should be transferred to genus Dorotea (Eusiridae) and we propose the following new nomenclatural combination: Dorotea aberrantis (Bellan-Santini & Ledoyer, 1987)., Published as part of Corbari, Laure, Frutos, Inmaculada & Sorbe, Jean Claude, 2019, Dorotea gen. nov., a new bathyal genus (Amphipoda, Eusiridae) from the Solomon Sea (Papua New Guinea), pp. 69-80 in Zootaxa 4568 (1) on pages 73-77, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4568.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/2599250, {"references":["Lincoln, R. J. & Hurley, D. E. (1981) The calceolus, a sensory structure of gammaridean amphipods (Amphipoda: Gammaridea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 40 (4), 103 - 116.","Pleijel, F., Jondelius, U., Norlinder, E., Nygren, A., Oxelman, B., Schander, C., Sundberg, P. & Thollesson M. (2008) Phylogenies without roots? A plea for the use of vouchers in molecular phylogenetic studies. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 48, 369 - 371. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2008.03.024","Verheye, M. L., Martin, P., Backeljau, T. & D'Udekem D'Acoz, C. (2016) DNA analyses reveal abundant homoplasy in taxonomically important morphological characters of Eusiroidea (Crustacea, Amphipoda). Zoologica Scripta, 45 (3), 300 - 321. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zsc. 12153","Bousfield, E. L. & Hendrycks, E. (1995) The amphipod superfamily Eusiroidea in the North American Pacific Region. I. Family Eusiridae: systematics and distributional ecology. Amphipacifica, 1 (4), 3 - 59.","Bellan-Santini, D. & Ledoyer, M. (1987) Gammariens (Crustacea, Amphipoda) des iles Marion et Prince Edward. Campagne MD 0 8 du M. S. \" Marion Dufresne \" en 1976. Bollettino del Museo civico di Storia Naturale di Ferona, 13, 349 - 435.","De Broyer, C., Lowry, J. K., Jazdzewski, K. & Robert, H. (2007) Synopsis of the Amphipoda of the Southern Ocean. Volume 1: Part 1. Catalogue of the Gammaridean and Corophiidean Amphipoda (Crustacea) of the Southern Ocean with distribution and ecological data. Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Biologie, 77 (suppl. 1), 1 - 325.","Lowry, J. K. & Myers, A. A. (2013). A Phylogeny and Classification of the Senticaudata subord. nov. (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Zootaxa, 3610 (1), 1 - 80. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3610.1.1"]}

Order Amphipoda Latreille, 1816 Suborder Amphilochidea Boeck, 1871, Published as part of Corbari, Laure, Frutos, Inmaculada & Sorbe, Jean Claude, 2019, Dorotea gen. nov., a new bathyal genus (Amphipoda, Eusiridae) from the Solomon Sea (Papua New Guinea), pp. 69-80 in Zootaxa 4568 (1) on page 71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4568.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/2599250, {"references":["Latreille, P. A. (1816) Amphipoda. In: Nouveau Dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle, appliquee aux Arts, a l'Agriculture, a l'Economie rurale et domestique, a la Medecine, etc. Par une societe de Naturalistes et d'Agriculteurs. Deterville, Paris, 2 nd Edition, vol. 1, pp. 467 - 469."]}

Parvorder Eusiridira Stebbing, 1888 Superfamily Eusiroidea Stebbing, 1888, Published as part of Corbari, Laure, Frutos, Inmaculada & Sorbe, Jean Claude, 2019, Dorotea gen. nov., a new bathyal genus (Amphipoda, Eusiridae) from the Solomon Sea (Papua New Guinea), pp. 69-80 in Zootaxa 4568 (1) on page 71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4568.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/2599250, {"references":["Stebbing, T. R. R. (1888) Report on the Amphipoda collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Zoology, 29, 1 - 1737."]}