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Food wastes have a large number of functional ingredients that have potential for valorization. Melon peels are increasingly produced as waste in food industries in Thailand. This study aimed to optimize pectin extraction conditions from melon peel for its prebiotic potential. Optimization was conducted using a response surface methodology and Box–Behnken experimental design. An analysis of variance indicated a significant interaction between the extraction conditions on extraction yield and degree of esterification (DE). These include pH and solvent-to-sample ratio. The conditions for the extraction of pectin with low DE (LDP), medium DE (MDP) and high DE (HDP) were optimized. Pectin hydrolysate from LDP, MDP and HDP was prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis into LPEH, MPEH and HPEH, respectively. LDP, MDP, HDP, LPEH, MPEH and HPEH were compared for their efficiency in terms of the growth of three probiotic strains, namely Lactobacillus plantarum TISTR 877, Lactobacillus casei TISTR 390 and Enterococcus faecium TISTR 1027. Among the samples tested, HPEH showed the highest ability as a carbon source to promote the growth and prebiotic activity score for these three probiotic strains. This study suggests that melon peel waste from agro-industry can be a novel source for prebiotic production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are synthesized by a variety of microorganisms as intracellular storage granules under imbalanced nutrition and excess carbon. Carbon sources are key contributors to the high cost of PHA production, hence the need for exploration of cheap and sustainable raw materials for bacteria fermentation. In the present study, Halomonas alkalicola strain Ext isolated from a hypersaline lake in Kenya was assessed for its ability to utilize fruit peels hydrolysates (FPH) as sole carbon sources for PHA production. Sugars were extracted from dried peels of banana, mango, orange, and pineapple fruits through mechanical pretreatment and dilute acid hydrolysis. Fruit peels pretreated with 3 % H2SO4 at 121℃ were utilized for shake flask fermentation to produce PHAs by Halomonas alkalicola Ext. At optimal C:N ratios of between 20:1 and 30:1, the bacterium could produce up to 0.45±0.03, 0.394±0.12, 0.39±0.05, and 0.28±0.0 g/L of PHAs from hydrolysates of orange peels, mango peels, banana peels, and pineapple peels, respectively. A maximum PHA content of 16.92 % was achieved on orange peels hydrolysates with 4 % substrate loading. Monomer analysis with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed that the bacterium produced a copolymer Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) with 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV) contents of 5.77 %, 6.08 %, 6.79 %, 6.845 %, for orange peels, pineapple peels, mango peels and banana peels substrates, respectively. The findings of this study suggest that fruit peels waste is a potential feedstock for sustainable production of PHAs by Halomonas alkalicola.

Strains belonging to R. opacus, R. jostii, R. fascians, R. erythropolis and R. equi exhibited differential ability to grow and produce lipids from fruit residues (grape marc and apple pomace), as well as single carbohydrates, such as glucose, gluconate, fructose and sucrose. The oleaginous species, R. opacus (strains PD630 and MR22) and R. jostii RHA1, produced higher yields of biomass (5.1–5.6 g L−1) and lipids (38–44% of CDW) from apple juice wastes, in comparison to R. erythropolis DSM43060, R. fascians F7 and R. equi ATCC6939 (4.1–4.3 g L−1 and less than 10% CDW of lipids). The production of cellular biomass and lipids were also higher in R. opacus and R. jostii (6.8–7.2 g L−1 and 33.9–36.5% of CDW of lipids) compared to R. erythropolis, R. fascians, and R. equi (3.0–3.6 g L−1 and less than 10% CDW of lipids), during cultivation of cells on wine grape waste. A genome-wide bioinformatic analysis of rhodococci indicated that oleaginous species possess a complete set of genes/proteins necessary for the efficient utilization of carbohydrates, whereas genomes from non-oleaginous rhodococcal strains lack relevant genes coding for transporters and/or enzymes for the uptake, catabolism and assimilation of carbohydrates, such as gntP, glcP, edd, eda, among others. Results of this study highlight the potential use of the oleaginous rhodococcal species to convert sugar-rich agro-industrial wastes, such as apple pomace and grape marc, into single-cell oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food wastes have a large number of functional ingredients that have potential for valorization. Melon peels are increasingly produced as waste in food industries in Thailand. This study aimed to optimize pectin extraction conditions from melon peel for its prebiotic potential. Optimization was conducted using a response surface methodology and Box–Behnken experimental design. An analysis of variance indicated a significant interaction between the extraction conditions on extraction yield and degree of esterification (DE). These include pH and solvent-to-sample ratio. The conditions for the extraction of pectin with low DE (LDP), medium DE (MDP) and high DE (HDP) were optimized. Pectin hydrolysate from LDP, MDP and HDP was prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis into LPEH, MPEH and HPEH, respectively. LDP, MDP, HDP, LPEH, MPEH and HPEH were compared for their efficiency in terms of the growth of three probiotic strains, namely Lactobacillus plantarum TISTR 877, Lactobacillus casei TISTR 390 and Enterococcus faecium TISTR 1027. Among the samples tested, HPEH showed the highest ability as a carbon source to promote the growth and prebiotic activity score for these three probiotic strains. This study suggests that melon peel waste from agro-industry can be a novel source for prebiotic production.

Purpose This study aimed to design a biogas digester that works thermophilically and mesophilically and tested its performance to produce biogas and digestate. Method This study used some experimental methods, which consists of: (1) design and construction process of the digester which can facilitate the thermophilic process as a pretreatment of the feedstock and the anaerobic digestion process of the substrate; (2) determination of the quantity of biogas, liquid digestate, and compost; and (3) testing digestate quality as a liquid organic fertilizer for Ipomoea reptans. Results The built biogas digester was able to accommodate thermophilic digestion that runs intensely in the pretreatment tank, where the complex organic compounds, namely cellulose and hemicellulose, decomposed intensively, so that it becomes a suitable substrate. As raw material, every 4 kg of banana waste, can produce biogas, digestate and dry compost of 10, 200 cm3 (highest yield), 5900 mL, and 1420 g, respectively. The highest Ipomoea reptans growth was achieved by digestate treatment from banana waste. Conclusion Thermophilic pretreatment could shorten the processing time to 3 days. Digestate treatment as a liquid organic fertilizer is able to provide a better supply of nutrients for plants.

Fruits are crucial components of a balanced diet and a good source of natural antioxidants, that have proven efficacy in various chronic illnesses. Various kinds of waste generated from fruit industries are considered a global concern. By utilizing this fruit waste, the international goal of "zero waste" can be achieved by sustainable utilization of these waste materials as a rich source of secondary metabolites. Moreover, to overcome this waste burden, research have focused on recovering the bioactive compounds from fruit industries and obtaining a new strategy to combat certain chronic diseases. The separation of high-value substances from fruit waste, including phytochemicals, dietary fibers, and polysaccharides which can then be used as functional ingredients for long-term health benefits. Several novel extraction technologies like ultrasoundassisted extraction (UAE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) could provide an alternative approach for successful extraction of the valuable bioactives from the fruit waste for their utilization as nutraceuticals, therapeutics, and value-added products. Most of these waste-derived secondary metabolites comprise polyphenols, which have been reported to have antiinflammatory, insulin resistance-treating, cardiovascular disease-maintaining, probiotics-enhancing, or even anti-microbial and anti-viral capabilities. This review summarizes the current knowledge of fruit waste by-products in pharmacological, biological, and probiotic applications and highlights several methods for identifying efficacious bioactive compounds from fruit wastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, inefficient waste management is viewed as a social, environmental, and economic threat. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) waste treatment is a promising strategy for efficient waste management that offers a continuous supply of organic fertilizer. However, no thorough investigations have looked into the frass produced during the processing of water hyacinth and fruit waste as a fertilizer. In this study, BSFL processed experimental water hyacinth and fruit waste at various ratios for a total of 20 days of experimentation, first processing 8 kg of waste per treatment (T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5) for 14 days, and then adding 6 kg of waste per treatment for the following 6 days. The physicochemical composition of the frass produced by BSFL composting water hyacinth and fruit waste was examined to determine its fertilizer value. The results indicated that the moisture content of the frass ranged from 41.4 to 60%, while the pH, electrical conductivity, and carbon to nitrogen ratio ranged from 6.02 to 8.09, 4.00 to 6.34 ds/m, and 14.94 to 29.65, respectively. The micro-mineral content of the frass is within the acceptable ranges suggested by various organizations, with organic carbon ranging from 23.5 to 29.13%, total nitrogen from 0.79 to 1.95%, phosphorus from 0.18 to 0.42 mg/kg, potassium from 0.19 to 2.62%, calcium from 0.14 to 0.03%, and magnesium from 0.07 to 0.19% making the frass suitable for agricultural use. Similarly, the micro-mineral contents (Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn) of the frass are within acceptable ranges for use as organic fertilizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruits are crucial components of a balanced diet and a good source of natural antioxidants, that have proven efficacy in various chronic illnesses. Various kinds of waste generated from fruit industries are considered a global concern. By utilizing this fruit waste, the international goal of “zero waste” can be achieved by sustainable utilization of these waste materials as a rich source of secondary metabolites. Moreover, to overcome this waste burden, research have focused on recovering the bioactive compounds from fruit industries and obtaining a new strategy to combat certain chronic diseases. The separation of high-value substances from fruit waste, including phytochemicals, dietary fibers, and polysaccharides which can then be used as functional ingredients for long-term health benefits. Several novel extraction technologies like ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) could provide an alternative approach for successful extraction of the valuable bioactives from the fruit waste for their utilization as nutraceuticals, therapeutics, and value-added products. Most of these waste-derived secondary metabolites comprise polyphenols, which have been reported to have anti-inflammatory, insulin resistance-treating, cardiovascular disease-maintaining, probiotics-enhancing, or even anti-microbial and anti-viral capabilities. This review summarizes the current knowledge of fruit waste by-products in pharmacological, biological, and probiotic applications and highlights several methods for identifying efficacious bioactive compounds from fruit wastes.

Agricultural lignocellulose wastes are highly applicable as a substrate for the production of value-added products (e.g., pectin). Pectin is widely used in the food industry, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic products. So, pectin extraction is of importance. The common method for pectin extraction is based on the acid hydrolysis process. Recently, the use of novel methods is necessary due to the limitation of conventional approaches. This review article aims to consider different methods of pectin extraction from lignocellulosic wastes. In the present article after an overview of the application of pectin in the food industry, pectin effects on human health are mentioned. Afterward, conventional (acidic extraction) and novel (microwave, ultrasound, subcritical water, high pressure, and enzymatic) extraction methods of pectin are discussed in detail. The information of this article could be useful for investigators who want to apply lignocellulosic wastes for pectin extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biohydrogen (H2) production has the potential to provide clean, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective energy sources. The effect of increasing oxidative stress on biohydrogen production by acid-treated anaerobic digestion microbial communities was studied. The use of varying amounts of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2; 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mM) for enhancing hydrogen production from melon fruit waste was investigated. It was found that H2O2 amendment to the H2-producing mixed culture increased hydrogen production. Treatment with 0.4 mM H2O2 increased cumulative H2 output by 7.7% (954.6 mL/L), whereas treatment with 0.1 mM H2O2 enhanced H2 yield by 23.8% (228.2 mL/gVS) compared to the untreated control. All treatments showed a high H2 production rate when the pH was 4.5 – 7.0. H2O2-treated samples exhibited greater resilience to pH reduction and maintained their H2 production rate as the system became more acidic during H2 fermentation. The application of H2O2 affected the volatile fatty acid (VFA) profile during biohydrogen fermentation, with an increase in acetic and propionic acid and a reduction in formic acid concentration. The H2O2 treatment positively affects H2 production and is proposed as an alternative way of improving H2 fermentation.

The single cell protein (SCP) technique has become a popular technology in recent days, which addresses two major issues: increasing world protein deficiency with increasing world population and the generation of substantial industrial wastes with an increased production rate. Global fruit production has increased over the decades. The non-edible parts of fruits are discarded as wastes into the environment, which may result in severe environmental issues. These fruit wastes are rich in fermentable sugars and other essential nutrients, which can be effectively utilized by microorganisms as an energy source to produce microbial protein. Taking this into consideration, this review explores the use of fruit wastes as a substrate for SCP production. Many studies reported that the wastes from various fruits such as orange, sweet orange, mango, banana, pomegranate, pineapple, grapes, watermelon, papaya, and many others are potential substrates for SCP production. These SCPs can be used as a protein supplement in human foods or animal feeds. This paper discusses various aspects in regard to the potential of fruit wastes as a substrate for SCP production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agro-industrial wastes can be processed into valuable products. Successively, current investigation is an effort to optimize the acid hydrolysis of pomegranate peels waste (PPW) using central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM) for ethanol production. Concentration of sulfuric acid, temperature, and time of hydrolysis were used as dependent variables, whereas reducing sugars, total carbohydrates, extractives, weight loss, hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin contents were recorded as responses for PPW decomposition. The highest glucose level of 0.56 ± 0.04 mg mL−1 (with 5% acid concentration at 100 °C for 30 min) and carbohydrate contents of 1.53 ± 0.07 mg mL−1 (with 3% acid concentration at 75 °C for 45 min) were obtained. Subsequently, detoxification of hydrolysate was conducted employing 2.5% activated charcoal that reduced 62% of phenolic compounds. Detoxified hydrolysate was subjected to fermentation by ethanologenic yeasts: Metschnikowia sp. Y31, Metschnikowia cibodasensis Y34, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae K7 for 10 days experiment. Significant ethanol yield of 0.42 ± 0.08 g g−1 was noticed by Metschnikowia sp. Y31 on day 5 and 0.41 ± 0.07 g g−1 for Metschnikowia cibodasensis Y34 on day 2. The results demonstrated the hopeful prospect for bioethanologenesis using cellulosic wastes at marketable level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Currently, the increase in agroindustrial waste generation has encouraged the search for viable use alternatives. In this paper, four methods to obtain extracts from mango, soursop, and grape peels, as well as and grape seeds, are studied. Their efficiency is analyzed through extraction yields and antioxidant capacity characterization of the extracts. Method: The extraction was performed using solvent, Soxhlet, microwave-assisted, and ultrasound assisted extraction. The characterization of the extracts was made by total phenolic compounds and flavonoids quantification, as well as antioxidant capacity determination, using the DPPH, FRAP, and ORAC tests. Results: It was found that grape seed extracts obtained by different extraction methods, highlighting those obtained by microwave assisted extraction, present a high total content phenolic compounds (>321.381,41 ± 3.476,85 μg Gallic Acid/g) and flavonoids (>103.232,01 ± 4.638,19 μg Quercetin/g), in addition to high antioxidant activity, according to the results of the DPPH (152.280,08 ± 5.197,53 µg TROLOX/g), and ORAC (>124.566,81 ± 581,96 μg TROLOX/g) tests. Conclusions: The results presented in this study suggest that the extracts obtained from grape seeds, especially those obtained by means of microwave-assisted extraction, have a potential use in food and pharmaceutical industries, due to their high antioxidant capacity and their total phenolic compounds and flavonoids content.

Biohydrogen (H2) production has the potential to provide clean, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective energy sources. The effect of increasing oxidative stress on biohydrogen production by acid-treated anaerobic digestion microbial communities was studied. The use of varying amounts of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2; 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mM) for enhancing hydrogen production from melon fruit waste was investigated. It was found that H2O2 amendment to the H2-producing mixed culture increased hydrogen production. Treatment with 0.4 mM H2O2 increased cumulative H2 output by 7.7% (954.6 mL/L), whereas treatment with 0.1 mM H2O2 enhanced H2 yield by 23.8% (228.2 mL/gVS) compared to the untreated control. All treatments showed a high H2 production rate when the pH was 4.5 - 7.0. H2O2-treated samples exhibited greater resilience to pH reduction and maintained their H2 production rate as the system became more acidic during H2 fermentation. The application of H2O2 affected the volatile fatty acid (VFA) profile during biohydrogen fermentation, with an increase in acetic and propionic acid and a reduction in formic acid concentration. The H2O2 treatment positively affects H2 production and is proposed as an alternative way of improving H2 fermentation.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a numerical investigation of steam gasification of hydrochar derived from fruit wastes. Four fruit wastes, apple chip pomace, grape pomace, rotten apple, and apple juice pomace, were used as feedstocks. Aspen Plus was used to simulate the gasification process. The syngas composition, hydrogen to CO ratio (H 2 /CO), CO to CO 2 ratio (CO/CO 2), and heating value (HHV) of the resulting syngas were analyzed. Results show that hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) increases the CO and reduces the CO 2 content of the syngas after gasification. Accordingly, H 2 /CO reduces, and CO/CO 2 increases after HTC treatment. Hydrothermal treatment also improves the HHV of the syngas. The obtained HHV of syngas from hydrochar gasification ranged from 10.1 to 15.3 MJ/Nm3 depending on the process parameters. Additionally, effects of process parameters were studied. Increasing the steam to biomass ratio (SBR) leads to a higher H 2 /CO, enriching the syngas with hydrogen (up to 64.7 vol%). Higher SBR also lowers the CO/CO 2 ratio due to the consumption of CO and a rise in CO 2. HHV increases with increasing pressure, and hydrochars exhibit more changes in HHV than raw feedstocks. The reaction temperature contributes to an increase in the fraction of CO in the syngas (up to 39.6 vol%). Although hydrogen increased initially with temperature, a slight reduction was observed for the gas at elevated temperatures, reducing the H 2 /CO ratio and increasing the CO/CO 2 ratio. • A numerical study of steam gasification of hydrochar from fruit wastes is performed. • Aspen Plus equilibrium-based model is used to simulate the gasification process. • Effect of hydrothermal carbonization temperature on syngas composition is studied. • The composition, H 2 /CO, CO/CO 2 , and the heating value of product gas are computed. • Effects of steam to biomass ratio, temperature and pressure are investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The single cell protein (SCP) technique has become a popular technology in recent days, which addresses two major issues: increasing world protein deficiency with increasing world population and the generation of substantial industrial wastes with an increased production rate. Global fruit production has increased over the decades. The non-edible parts of fruits are discarded as wastes into the environment, which may result in severe environmental issues. These fruit wastes are rich in fermentable sugars and other essential nutrients, which can be effectively utilized by microorganisms as an energy source to produce microbial protein. Taking this into consideration, this review explores the use of fruit wastes as a substrate for SCP production. Many studies reported that the wastes from various fruits such as orange, sweet orange, mango, banana, pomegranate, pineapple, grapes, watermelon, papaya, and many others are potential substrates for SCP production. These SCPs can be used as a protein supplement in human foods or animal feeds. This paper discusses various aspects in regard to the potential of fruit wastes as a substrate for SCP production.

Fruit wastes, including the rind, skin, pulp, and seed, contain highly nutritious organic materials; however, they are often discarded without utilization. In countries such as Japan, these compounds have been used as ingredients in fish feed, although economic feasibility assessments are not generally performed. While Asian countries produce approximately 86% of tropical fruit, waste utilization in fish feed is uncommon. This study aimed to formulate fish feed containing tropical fruit waste and examine the related economic feasibility. Grated coconut, pineapple skin/crown, and jackfruit skin/pulp from three locations were selected as inexpensive and readily available wastes, and 16 different feeds (including control) were formulated to satisfy the nutritional requirements of the Malaysian mahseer (Tor tambroides). The results demonstrated that fruit waste has high nutritional content, such as lipids and proteins, which are suitable for fish feeds. The preliminary economic analysis indicated that seven of the 15 fruit-containing feed treatments were economically feasible. Thus, the utilization of tropical fruit wastes as fish feed is promising. Aquaculture verification tests should be conducted in future studies to examine whether there is improvement/deterioration in morbidity and fish meat quality, among other characteristics, which could also be factors that increase or decrease costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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For the first time, the potential of orange and banana peels as fruit wastes was evaluated in contrast with Euphorbia condylocarpa as a widely distributed medicinal plant of Kurdistan, Iran, for biosynthesis of Fe3O4, CuO, ZnO, and TiO2 NPs. The extracts of the green sources were assessed to monitor the bioreducing phytochemicals inside them using the UV‐Vis spectrophotometer. Moreover, the obtained green nanoparticles were identified using the micrograph and diffractogram techniques to show their size, shape, and morphology. Also, the antibacterial activities of the green NPs were investigated against common pathogenic bacteria of Pseudomonas aureus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutrients have been considered the main factor affecting microorganisms responsible for methane gas production during anaerobic digestion processes. In this study, the nutritional composition of some fruit wastes; mango (M), watermelon (W), pawpaw (P), their effects on methane gas production, and resulting energy values were assessed. Substrate samples for anaerobic digestion where prepared into various slurry treatments; M, W, P, WM, PW, MP, MWP and CONTROL. Proximate compositions of the substrates were determined using standard methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, while the mineral element composition were assayed using Perkin Elmer atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Model 306). Qualification of methane gas yields were by Exibd I Portable Multi-Gas Analyzer (Model 160204001). The energy values of the methane gas were determined using standard equations. The nutritional analysis revealed that the substrates had high amounts of nutritive contents suitable for methane gas production, however, pawpaw substrate contained a higher level of cellulose compared to the other two fruit wastes. At the end of the process the total methane gas yields from the different fruit waste treatments and the positive CONTROL (Cow dung) treatment were respectively 86.8cm3, 232.8 cm3, 0.0 cm3, 309.4 cm3, 103.2 cm3, 56.2 cm3, 263.2 cm3 and 252.2 cm3 from M, W, P, WM, PW, MP, MWP and CONTROL, each having energy value estimations of 62600 kJ/m3, 209600 kJ/m3, 0 kJ/m3, 274400 kJ/m3, 211200 kJ/m3, 69400 kJ/m3, 284400 kJ/m3, and 97200 kJ/m3. The energy potential of the methane gas produced from Watermelon treatment and other treatments made especially with watermelon waste were appreciably higher, if harnessed, can contribute immensely to the development of renewable energy in Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to design a biogas digester that works thermophilically and mesophilically and tested its performance to produce biogas and digestate. Methods: This study used some experimental methods, which consists of: (1) design and construction process of the digester which can facilitate the thermophilic process as a pretreatment of the feedstock and the anaerobic digestion process of the substrate; (2) determination of the quantity of biogas, liquid digestate, and compost; and (3) testing digestate quality as a liquid organic fertilizer for Ipomoea reptans. Results: The built biogas digester was able to accommodate thermophilic digestion that runs intensely in the pretreatment tank, where the complex organic compounds, namely cellulose and hemicellulose, decomposed intensively, so that it becomes a suitable substrate. As raw material, every 4 kg of banana waste, can produce biogas, digestate and dry compost of 10,200 cm3 (highest yield), 5900 mL, and 1420 g, respectively. The highest Ipomoea reptans growth was achieved by digestate treatment from banana waste. Conclusions: Thermophilic pretreatment could shorten the processing time to 3 days. Digestate treatment as a liquid organic fertilizer is able to provide a better supply of nutrients for plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing interest on the replacement of synthetic antioxidants with natural ones has directed many research toward the plant-derived raw materials. The special attention is focused on inexpensive or residual sources from food agricultural industries. Fruit peels are valuable wastes obtained from domestic and industrial sources. The potential of fruit wastes as sources of natural antioxidants was explored in the present research. The peels of five kinds of fruits commonly used were obtained from domestic consumption. Antioxidant activity of their separate extract was assessed using DPPH radical scavenging activity and ferric-reducing antioxidant power. Besides, total phenol, flavonoid anthocyanin, protein and soluble sugar contents of the samples were also determined. According to the results, the apple peel extract contained the most content of total flavonoid, soluble sugar, protein and ferric-reducing antioxidant power. The maximum DPPH radical scavenging activity (256.78 ± 4.54 mg AA.g^-1 dry weight = DW), total phenol (13.17 ± 0.268 mg of GAE.g^-1 DW) and total anthocyanin (0.811 ± 0.024 mg.g-1 DW) were observed in orange peel. This study demonstrated that fruit peels could serve as potential sources of antioxidants in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Fruit processing generates a large amount of waste that is generally discarded or underused. However the wastes of some fruits, such as acerola, contain bioactive substances with health promoting properties and potential technological applications. This paper evaluates the performance of a hybrid system composed of a microwave assisted rotary drum for the dehydration of acerola wastes and considers the efficiency of this new system and the product quality (bioactive compounds content). The mixture and segregation processes in the rotary drum induced by differences in moisture content, rotation speed, and filling degree were also evaluated. Good operating conditions for mixture were identified and they were related to the regimes of solids motion in the rotating drum. This study also analyzed the effects of power density and rotation speed on dehydration performance. Conditions with high moisture removal that lead to a product with high bioactive compounds content were also identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of the study were to determine the utilization of fruit and vegetable wastes combination towards bioethanol production with the used of indigenous yeasts as starter. Banana, papaya and napa cabbage as dominates wastes were taken as materials from Central market around Bandung City. Candida krusei and Hanseniaspora guilliermondii were indigenous yeasts that isolated from wastes and determined as ethanol and glucose-tolerance isolates on preliminary research. The best ethanol fermenting activities of the isolates were tested into mixed wastes and resulted the consortium with ratio 1:1 of C. krusei and H. guilliermondii as the best starter with bioethanol production of 5.09% at 48 h fermentation. The isolates were grown in modified nutrient broth/NB (Oxoid Ltd.) with 3% yeast extract/YE (Kraft Foods) and 10 ppm amoxicillin for 48 h at room temperatures (23-28°C). Various fruit and vegetable wastes had been set into treatment combination of banana (W1), papaya (W2), napa cabbage (W3). Water was added for 1.5 times of wastes volumes and then mashed with blender until homogeny. Every treatment was inoculated with 3% of C. krusei and H. guilliermondii (1:1) then incubated for 72 h at room temperatures (23-28°C). The results shown the best bioethanol production gained by W1 at 24 h incubation with the bioethanol contents of 7.38% and the production of bioethanol tend to decrease after 24 h incubation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruit wastes are a good source of pectin, which can be de-esterified into pectate and methanol by microbial pectinesterases. Methanol is an important fuel substance and thus, this study aimed at developing a scalable process for efficient biological conversion of fruit wastes into methanol. Pectin digesting bacteria were enriched, identified and the consortium was used for methanol production. Experiments were conducted in two phases, where, feasibility of methanol production using the enriched consortium was investigated in phase I and in phase II, the critical operational parameters such as substrate/inoculum (S/I) ratio, fraction of fruit waste, temperature and rpm were optimized. Initial reactor experimental study resulted in the production of 44.13 g/L methanol which was further optimized with respect to substrate fractionation, S/I ratio, temperature and rpm. Maximum methanol was obtained with whole blend fruit wastes as substrate with S/I ratio of 3 at 40 °C and 150 rpm. By further studying the pectin conversion efficiency of the microbe and efforts towards increasing it for higher methanol production this process can be scaled up or integrated into other biomass conversion processes for methanol as another product. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants need to be protected against pests and diseases, so as to assure an adequate production, and therefore to contribute to food security. However, some of the used pesticides are harmful compounds, and thus the right balance between the need to increase food production with the need to ensure the safety of people, food and the environment must be struck. In particular, when dealing with fruit and vegetable wastes, their content in agrochemicals should be monitored, especially in peel and skins, and eventually minimized before or during further processing to separate or concentrate bioactive compounds from it. The general objective of this review is to investigate initial levels of pesticide residues and their potential reduction through further processing for some of the most contaminated fruit and vegetable wastes. Focus will be placed on extraction and drying processes being amid the main processing steps used in the recuperation of bioactive compounds from fruit and vegetable wastes.

In this article, the authors report on the experiences of six years of foraging, describing how the fruit wastes generated in the Pannonhalmi Pálinkárium are utilized for foraging Hungarian grey cattle. The goal is not the control or improvement of the cattle’s growth indices but the problem-free, continuous and eco-friendly disposal of the fruit waste. They have found that the fruit waste or pomace is virtually nothing else than protein-enriched sugar-free fruit, and that during the utilization of this they have to maximally adapt to the cattle’s life-cycle, biological nature and environmental factors, and they will repay you by eating the pomace. They conclude that the grey cattle are a skin-and-hairs-covered bioreactor, which provides an economical service for the distillery through the utilization of the fruit waste. Nowadays, 150,000-200,000 tons of fruit waste is produced every year, and only a few percent of this is utilized in ruminant forage. By writing this article, the authors would like to expand our very scarce knowledge on this topic.

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The fast pyrolysis of the juice squeezing derived orange waste has been carried out in a continuous pyrolysis bench-scale plant consisting of a conical spouted bed reactor (CSBR). A prior study performed in thermobalance and a kinetic model consisting of a multi-component mechanism allowed determining the contents of pectin (35 wt%), hemicellulose (16.6 wt%) and cellulose (17.1 wt%), but that of lignin could not be satisfactorily determined as its degradation curve overlapped with other compounds such as sugars, proteins and fats. In the bench scale experiments, the bio-oil yields were very high in the 425–500 °C range (close to 55 wt%) due to the suitable features of the CSBR (high heat and mass transfer rates and short residence time of the volatiles), but they are lower for higher temperatures due to the promotion of secondary cracking reactions. Compared to lignocellulosic biomasses, the orange waste produced a bio-oil with more methanol and furfural and less phenolic species, which is an encouraging fact for its stability and valorization by catalytic cracking or steam reforming. The high concentration of CO 2 in the gas is a drawback for use for energy production. The char yield (33–27 wt%) was high in the whole range of temperatures studied and its high carbon content (71–73 wt%) and HHV (≈27 MJ kg −1 ) are suitable for use as fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maximizing the bioavailability of fermentable biomass components is a key challenge in biomass pretreatment due to the loss of sugars during conventional pretreatment approaches. Pretreatment of fruit peels and wastes (FPWs) with dilute acetic acid assisted in maximizing sugar recovery. Optimized conditions (0.2 M acetic acid, 100 °C, 1 h) at 10% substrate loading resulted in enhanced sugar recovery from banana peels (99.9%), pineapple wastes (99.1%), grape pomace (98.8%), and orange peels (97.9%). These high sugar recoveries retained the high C/N ratios (41–47) suitable for effective bioenergy production through the fermentation of these pretreated biomasses. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated considerable disruption of biomass structural integrity during acetic acid treatment, enhancing the surface area available for better microbial attachment. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that the acetic acid pretreatment yielded only minor changes to the functional groups in the biomasses, strongly suggesting minimal loss of fermentable sugars. Thus, acetic acid pretreatment aids in enhancing the bioavailability of fermentable sugars from these FPWs biomass, enabling improvements in bioenergy production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruits contain thousands of natural chemicals called phytochemicals, providing them with potential health benefits that help in protecting the body from diseases. The antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds is due to their ability to scavenge free radicals. The present study aimed to examine the effect of consumption of dried apple, orange and pomegranate wastes on blood lipid profiles of hypercholesterolemia rats. Nutritional value of apple, orange, pomegranate wastes powder was evaluated. This work was carried out on male white albino aged rats with weight of 197+20, randomly classified into six groups, the first group was fed on basal diet ‘‘negative control”. The other five groups were injected by 1% cholesterol to induce hypocholesterolemia. The second group was fed on basal diet as acute hypercholesterolemia rat's untreated ‘‘positive control”, the third was fed as ‘‘positive control” with hypercholesterolemia drug, the fourth until sixth groups were fed as ‘‘positive control” containing 5% apple, orange and pomegranate wastes for eight consecutive weeks. The Proximate chemical constituent and Antioxidant compositions (polyphones) were determined. Results revealed that all hypercholesterolemia groups administrated with fruits wastes of (5%) concentration had positive significance in profiles of blood lipid as compared with the positive control group at level 0.01. The highest acceptability score of bakery product are forfeited with fruit wastes, orange cake recorded a score of (7.67 + 1.37) followed by orange cookies with a score of (7.44 + 1.65) at (5%) concentration. Dietary intake like these raw food ingredients could help the healthy individuals to reduce CVD (cardiovascular disease) risk. The study recommended making the powder in the form of flavor which can be taken daily to prevent cholesterol disease on the long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruit wastes of mango endocarp and waste fruits peel from banana, orange and watermelon were pyrolysed respectively and subjected to different analyses to examine their thermal behaviour, chemical functional group, elemental and proximate content. The fruit wastes were dominated by volatile matter (52–67 wt%) containing aliphatic hydrocarbons, fatty acids and lignocellulosic components that can be recovered as potential fuel or chemical feedstock via pyrolysis. The wastes were also detected to have considerable amounts of fixed carbon (30–36 wt%), thus showing potential to be pyrolysed to produce biochar for use as activated carbon or catalyst support. The wastes can be pyrolysed at ≥ 400 °C to convert the majority of the waste content into volatiles for recovery as useful bio-oil and bio-gas, and the remaining solid mass can be recovered as bio-char. The results demonstrate that the fruit wastes show exceptional promise as a feedstock for pyrolysis conversion into potentially useful products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient, low-cost enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass is essential for cost-effective production of bioethanol. The aim of this study was to establish a fungal fermentation-based strategy for the economic enzymatic conversion of pineapple peel into fermentable sugars. Trichoderma viride was grown on passion fruit peel in order to improve its β-glucosidase production, and a crude extract was then used to hydrolyze pineapple peel. The effects of medium pH, cultivation time, and passion fruit peel concentration on β-glucosidase production were evaluated using a central composite rotational design (CCRD) combined with response surface methodology (RSM). Optimal β-glucosidase activity of 2.40 U mL was found after 6.5 days of cultivation in medium at pH 6.0, containing 2.0 % passion fruit peel. Saccharification of pineapple peel was also optimized by RSM and CCRD with respect to pH, temperature, β-glucosidase concentration, and reaction time and proceeded optimally at pH 4.0, 55 °C, with a β-glucosidase loading of 31.25 U g dry feedstock and 75 h of reaction. Under these conditions, T. viride crude extract hydrolyzed pineapple peel with a glucose yield of 65.3 %. This study therefore presents passion fruit peel as an attractive raw material for the production of β-glucosidases. In addition, it describes an improved, effective, and low-cost enzymatic method for the production of fermentable sugars from pineapple peel, an abundant and inexpensive agro-industrial waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioprocesses are often highly nonlinear due to process variability and complexity of biological systems. In this study, a series of batch experimental study was conducted on ethanol production using combined cassava and rejected mango fruits as a fermentation feedstock. The effects of pH and aeration rate were studied in the experiments. An advanced EMK model was developed to mathematically represent the simultaneous effects of pH and aeration rate on microbial kinetics for a highly nonlinear fermentation. The advantage of this proposed model is that it requires only small number of experimental runs to obtain a high-order order prediction response with an improved accuracy. The results showed that the model can fit the experimental data well within the given ranges of pH and aeration rate used in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is focused on the utilization of fruit and agro-industrial wastes for the production of yeast pectinases using response surface optimization techniques. Orange peel (OP), groundnut oil cake (GC), MnSO 4 and incubation period (IP) were found as significant parameters for pectinase production. The central composite design of media optimization indicated that OP (5), GC (4), MnSO 4 (0.08%, w/v) and IP (48 h) increased the pectinase production by 9-fold. Crude pectinase promoted the enzymatic peeling of oranges and processing of raw banana fibers. Topographical changes of enzyme treated orange and mango peels were studied using AFM which provides a new tool to unravel the role of pectin aggregation in the dissolution of middle lamella during enzymatic hydrolysis. Changes in the fingerprint regions of enzyme treated fruit substrates were observed along with the disappearance of the impurities such as waxes and pectin using FTIR spectral analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considerable amounts of fruit wastes and agro-food residues are generated worldwide as a result of food processing. Converting the bioactive components (e.g., carbohydrates, lipids, fats, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) in food wastes to biofuels is a potential remediation approach. This study highlights the characterization and hydrothermal conversion of several fruit wastes and agro-food residues such as aloe vera rind, banana peel, coconut shell, lemon peel, orange peel, pineapple peel and sugarcane bagasse to hydrogen-rich syngas through supercritical water gasification. The agro-food wastes were gasified in supercritical water to study the impacts of temperature (400–600 °C), biomass-to-water ratio (1:5 and 1:10) and reaction time (15–45 min) at a pressure range of 23–25 MPa. The catalytic effects of NaOH and K 2 CO 3 were also investigated to maximize the hydrogen yields and selectivity. The elevated temperature (600 °C), longer reaction time (45 min) and lower feed concentration (1:10 biomass-to-water ratio) were optimal for higher hydrogen yield (0.91 mmol/g) and total gas yield (5.5 mmol/g) from orange peel. However, coconut shell with 2 wt% K 2 CO 3 at 600 °C and 1:10 biomass-to-water ratio for 45 min revealed superior hydrogen yield (4.8 mmol/g), hydrogen selectivity (45.8%) and total gas yield (15 mmol/g) with enhanced lower heating value of the gas product (1595 kJ/Nm 3 ). The overall findings suggest that supercritical water gasification of fruit wastes and agro-food residues could serve as an effective organic waste management technology with regards to bioenergy production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]