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14. Effect of dietary L-carnitine on growth performance and body composition in nursery and growing-finishing pigs

Author

Owen, K. Q., Nelssen, J. L., Goodband, R. D., Tokach, M. D., and Friesen, K. G.

Subjects
Swine -- Food and nutrition, Levocarnitine -- Health aspects, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of dietary L-carnitine on growth performance and carcass composition of nursery and growing-finishing pigs. In Exp. 1,216 weanling pigs (initially 4.9 kg and 19 to 23 d of age) were used in a 35-d growth trial. Pigs were blocked by weight in a randomized complete block design (six pigs per pen and six pens per treatment). Four barrows and four gilts were used to determine initial carcass composition. L-Carnitine replaced ground corn in the control diets to provide 250, 500, 750, 1,000, or 1,250 ppm. On d 35, three barrows and three gilts per treatment (one pig/block) were killed to provide carcass compositions. L-Carnitine had no effect (P [is greater than] 0.10) on growth, percentages of carcass CP and lipid, or daily protein accretion. However, daily lipid accretion tended to decrease and then return to values similar to those for control pigs (quadratic P [is less than] 0.10) with increasing dietary L-carnitine. In Exp. 2, 96 crossbred pigs (initially 34.0 kg BW) were used to investigate the effect of increasing dietary L-carnitine in growing-finishing pigs. Pigs (48 barrows and 48 gilts) were blocked by weight and sex in a randomized complete block design (two pigs/pen and eight pens/treatment). Dietary L-carnitine replaced cornstarch in the control diet to provide 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 ppm in grower (34 to 56.7 kg; 1.0% lysine) and finisher (56.7 to 103 kg; 0.80% lysine) diets. At 103 kg, one pig/pen was slaughtered, and standard carcass measurements were obtained. Dietary L-carnitine did not influence growth performance (P [is greater than] 0.10). However, increasing dietary carnitine decreased average and tenth-rib back-fat (quadratic, P [is less than] 0.10 and 0.05), and increased percentage lean and daily CP accretion rate (quadratic, P [is less than] 0.05). Break point analysis projected the optimal dosage to be between 49 and 64 ppm of L-carnitine for these carcass traits. It is concluded that dietary carnitine fed during the nursery or growing-finishing phase had no effect on growth performance; however, feeding 49 to 64 ppm of L-carnitine during the growing-finishing phase increased CP accretion and decreased tenth-rib backfat. Key Words: Pigs, Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, L-Carnitine

Published
2001

15. Cold temperature disinfestation of bagged flour

Author

Flinn, P. W., Arthur, F. H., Throne, James E., Friesen, K. S., Hartzer, K. L., Flinn, P. W., Arthur, F. H., Throne, James E., Friesen, K. S., and Hartzer, K. L.

Abstract

We conducted studies using a commercial freezer maintained at -17.8°C to determine the time needed to kill Tribolium castaneum eggs in a pallet of flour. Each bag weighed 22.7 kg, and there were 5 bags in each of 10 layers. The dimensions of the pallet were 109-cm wide by 132-cm long by 123-cm tall, and the weight of the stacked pallet was approximately 1152 kg. We conducted tests for nine internal goal temperatures of -12, -10, -8, -6, -4, -2, 0, 4 and 8°C. Internal temperatures in the most central location of the flour pallet reached: -11.0, -9.4, -6.9, -5.0, -3.5, -1.6, -0.1, 3.3, and 5.6°C and were achieved after 11.0, 9.1, 8.9, 7.2, 6.7, 5.8, 5.5, 5.2, and 4.2 days, respectively. For treatments where the goal temperature for the center bag ranged from -12 to 4°C, egg mortality was 100% in bags located in both the periphery and in the center of the pallet. When the temperature goal for the center bag was 8°C, 7 ± 2.5% of the eggs survived in bags located near the center of the pallet. Our data showed that temperatures that follow the dynamic temperature curve that takes place over 24.2 days (cool down and warm up for the 0°C temperature goal) resulted in 100% mortality of T. castaneum eggs. The reason for the difference in mortality for a static compared to a dynamic temperature treatment may be due to the fact that the dynamic temperature treatment occurs over a much longer duration. The fact that the treatment only required 5.5 days in the freezer before it could be shipped makes it a practical method to disinfest pallets of flour, especially because the bags do not need to be removed from the pallet and no chemicals are used.

Published
2015

22. Volatility of chlorinated n-alkanes (C10-C12): Vapor pressures and Henry's law constants

Author

Drouillard, K. G., Tomy, G. T., Muir, D. C.G., and Friesen, K. J.

Abstract

Polychlorinated n-decanes, n-undecanes, and n-dodecanes with chlorine numbers of two to six were utilized to assess physicochemical properties of short-chain (C10-C13) chlorinated paraffins. Subcooled-liquid vapor pressures (Ps), determined using the vapor pressure-gas-liquid chromatography correlation technique, ranged from 1.4 x 10-4 to 0.50 Pa at 25°C among the compounds studied. Vapor pressures tended to decrease with increasing carbon chain length and degree of chlorination according to the correlation: log P = -0.353(C No.) - 0.645(Cl No.) + 4.462. Henry's law constants (Hs), determined using gas-sparging techniques, ranged from 17.7 to 0.68 Pa·m3/mol for tetra- and pentachloro congeners at 23°C. The Henry's law constants for 1,10-dichlorodecane and 1,12-dichlorododecane, 499 and 648 Pa·m3/mol respectively at 25°C, were calculated from experimentally determined vapor pressures and water solubilities. Henry's law constants decreased with increasing degree of chlorination.

Published
1998

23. Estimating the aqueous solubilities of individual chlorinated n-alkanes (C10-C12) from measurements of chlorinated alkane mixtures

Author

Drouillard, K. G., Hiebert, T., Tran, P., Tomy, G. T., Muir, D. C.G., and Friesen, K. J.

Subjects
polycyclic compounds, Life Sciences, Biology
Abstract

Water solubilities of several chlorinated n-alkanes, with carbon chain lengths ranging from C10 to C12, were determined from simple synthetic mixtures because few of these compounds are available in pure form. The apparent solubilities (S'(w)) of several chlorinated n-decanes in the mixture were determined using the generator column technique. To assess the effect of the mixture on S'(w), the aqueous solubility and activity coefficient (γ(org)) of a reference compound, 1,10-dichlorodecane, were determined as a function of its mole fraction in the same synthetic mixture. The mixture exhibited a cosolute effect on the solubility of dichlorodecane, with apparent solubilities decreasing linearly with decreasing mole fraction. The results were used to correct the apparent solubilities of tetra- and pentachlorodecanes determined from the synthetic mixture, thereby providing estimates of the true subcooled-liquid aqueous solubilities of these compounds. The solubilities of polychlorinated decane, undecane, and dodecane congeners were also estimated using subcooled-liquid vapor pressures and Henry's law constants determined from previous experiments. The two methods yielded comparable estimates, within a factor of 1.5, of the true solubilities of polychlorinated decanes. Water solubilities for selected chlorinated n-alkane congeners among the three carbon chain lengths ranged from 22.4 to 975 μg/L and showed a trend of increasing solubility with increasing degree of chlorination to chlorine number five. The data, providing some of the first physical properties of individual isomers of C10 to C12 polychlorinated n-alkanes, may be useful in assessing the environmental behavior of chlorinated paraffins in general.

Published
1998

26. Detection of wire EMG activity in whiplash injuries using wavelets

Author

Panagiotacopulos, N. D., Lee, J. S., Pope, M. H., Magnusson, M. L., Wilder, D. G., Friesen, K., and Stielau, W.

Subjects
Adult, Male, Time Factors, Fourier Analysis, Electromyography, Accidents, Traffic, Reproducibility of Results, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Sensitivity and Specificity, Biomechanical Phenomena, Neck Muscles, Humans, Whiplash Injuries, Research Article, Muscle Contraction
Published
1997

29. Technology diffusion : the troll under the bridge : a pilot study of low and highhealth technology in British Columbia

Author

Kazanjian, Arminée, 1947 and Friesen, K

Abstract

This study set out to compile a classificatory scheme for examining technology in health care, and to generate hypotheses regarding patterns of diffusion and utilization in British Columbia. Specifically, the two objectives of the pilot study were: i) To develop from the literature on technology assessment a taxonomy for classifying technology in health care; and ii) to examine the empirical evidence on the diffusion and utilization of two diagnostic technologies - CT scanners and Automated Lab Tests selected specifically for their apparent dissimilitude on a number of dimensions such as cost, volume, and type of innovation.

Published
1990
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32. Prediction of outcome

Author

Spagrud, L., primary, von Baeyer, C., additional, Mpofu, C., additional, Ali, K., additional, Friesen, K., additional, and Mitchell, J., additional

Published
2004
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