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Research suggests that expert understanding is characterized by coherent mental representations featuring a high level of connectedness. This paper advances the idea that educators can facilitate this level of understanding in students through the practicing connections framework: a practical framework to guide instructional design for developing deep understanding and transferable knowledge in complex academic domains. We start by reviewing what we know from learning sciences about the nature and development of transferable knowledge, arguing that connectedness is key to the coherent mental schemas that underlie deep understanding and transferable skills. We then propose features of instruction that might uniquely facilitate deep understanding and suggest that the connections between a domain’s core concepts, key representations, and contexts and practices of the world must be made explicit and practiced, over time, in order for students to develop coherent understanding. We illustrate the practicing connections approach to instructional design in the context of a new online interactive introductory statistics textbook developed by the authors.

The impact of free and encapsulated Lactobacillus plantarum addition on the physicochemical and microbiological properties during chilled storage (60 days) of dry‐fermented sausages have been studied. Control (C) treatment was performed without probiotic incorporation, and the reformulation was comprised of L. plantarum as free cells (F) in alginate spheres (EA), in water‐in‐oil simple emulsion (ESM) and in water‐in‐oil‐in‐water double emulsion (EDM). After 60 days of storage, lower (P < 0.05) lipid oxidation was observed in F and EA (0.602–0.625 mg MDA kg−1) while it was higher (P < 0.05) in EDM (1.949 mg MDA kg−1). Treatments C and ESM presented intermediate TBARS levels compared to other treatments at the end of storage. All dry‐fermented sausages presented high levels of lactic acid bacteria during the whole chilled storage (8.06–9.29 log CFU g−1 at day 0 and 8.02–9.35 log CFU g−1); however, EA treatment presented the highest L. plantarum viability even at 60 days of storage (8.34 log CFU g−1). Therefore, the strategy of L. plantarum inoculation in alginate spheres seems to be the best strategy for the delivery of probiotics during chilled storage of dry‐fermented sausages.

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Background: In recent years, probiotic foods have received special attention. The most commonly used probiotic microorganisms are Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, and to a lesser degree, Enterococcus and Pediococcus due to their importance for consumer health. Probiotics have also been used as food bioprotectors. Scopes and approach: This review addresses the potential use of different probiotic delivery strategies for use in meat products to guarantee the viability of the microorganisms throughout the different stages of processing, conservation and preparation, the aim being to obtain probiotic meat products (in some cases even combined with prebiotics) with a positive impact on consumer health. Key findings and conclusions: In the case of meat products, these studies have mostly focused on fermented meats and, to a lesser degree, on cooked frankfurter-type products or fresh products because the processing to which they are subjected does not guarantee full viability of the microorganisms. Traditionally, starters as free cells have been used to incorporate these microorganisms into meat products. More recently, new microorganism immobilization techniques such as encapsulation have been tested. These new strategies ensure enhanced viability even in meat products subject to thermal treatment during processing or cooking.

BACKGROUND: The vaccine efficacy (VE) of 1 or 2 doses of AS03-adjuvanted influenza A(H1N1) vaccine relative to that of 2 doses of nonadjuvanted influenza A(H1N1) vaccine in children 6 months to <10 years of age in a multinational study conducted during 2010-2011. METHODS: A total of 6145 children were randomly assigned at a ratio of 1:1:1 to receive 2 injections 21 days apart of A/California/7/2009(H1N1)-AS03 vaccine at dose 1 and saline placebo at dose 2, 2 doses 21 days apart of A/California/7/2009(H1N1)-AS03 vaccine (the Ad2 group), or 2 doses 21 days apart of nonadjuvanted A/California/7/2009(H1N1) vaccine (the NAd2 group). Active surveillance for influenza-like illnesses continued from days 14 to 385. Nose and throat samples obtained during influenza-like illnesses were tested for A/California/7/2009(H1N1), using reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Immunogenicity, reactogenicity, and safety were assessed. RESULTS: There were 23 cases of confirmed 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) (A[H1N1]pdm09) infection for the primary relative VE analysis. The VE in the Ad2 group relative to that in the NAd2 group was 76.8% (95% confidence interval, 18.5%-93.4%). The benefit of the AS03 adjuvant was demonstrated in terms of the greater immunogenicity observed in the Ad2 group, compared with the NAd2 group. CONCLUSION: The 4-8-fold antigen-sparing adjuvanted pandemic influenza vaccine demonstrated superior and clinically important prevention of A(H1N1)pdm09 infection, compared with nonadjuvanted vaccine, with no observed increase in medically attended or serious adverse events. These data support the use of adjuvanted influenza vaccines during influenza pandemics. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT01051661.

As correlações genéticas feno típicas e ambientais foram determinadas utilizando três rebanhos de bovinos da raça Hereford localizado nos municípios de Bagé e Nerval do Sul no Rio Grande do Sul. A. amostra em estudo era constituída por 183 animais, sendo 93 machos e 90 fêmeas envolvendo as características: Peso ajustado ao Desmame (PAD); Ganho médio diário do nascimento ao desmame GMDD); Peso ajustado no pós-desmame (PASJ e ganho médio do desmame ao pós-desmame (GMDS). O modelo matemático utilizado para o ajuste dos dados inclui as variáveis: rebanho, touro dentro do rebanho, sexo e interação rebanho e sexo. As correlações genéticas, fenotípicas e ambientais foram: PAD x GMDD (0,980; 0,970 e 0,975);PAD x PAS (0,493; 0,661 e 0, 71.5); PAD x GMDS (-0,043; 0,025 e 0,050); GMDDxPAS(0,422; 0,641 e 0,723); GMDD x GMDS (-0,110; 0,028 s 0,095) e PAS x GMDS (0,851; 0.761 e 0,724). De acordo com os valores obtidos de correlação genética a seleção indireta de uma característica peia outra é viável, a exceção da característica GMDS em relação a PAD e GMDD., Genotypic, phenotypic and environmental correlations between parameters were determined in three Hereford herds in the Bagé and Herval do Sul counties, state of Rio Grande do SuL One hundred and eight three (93 males and 90 females) were studied for the following characteristics: weight at weaning (WW; average daily weight gain from birth til weaning (ADWW); weight after weaning (WA Wj and average weight gain after weaning (A WA W). The mathematical model for the data included the following variables: herd, herdbull, sex and interaction of herd and sex. The genotypic, phenotypic and environmental correlations were: PAD x GMDD (0,980; 0,970 e 0,975);PAD x PAS (0,493; 0,661 e 0, 71.5); PAD x GMDS (-0,043; 0,025 e 0,050); GMDDxPAS(0,422; 0,641 e 0,723); GMDD x GMDS (-0,110; 0,028 s 0,095) e PAS x GMDS (0,851; 0.761 e 0,724). According to the genotypic correlations obtained, the indirect seletion of one characristic by the use of others is viable except for GMDS in relation to PAD and GMDD.