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DNA sequencing is the current key technology for historic or ancient biological samples and has led to many exciting discoveries in the field of paleogenomics. However, functional insights into tissue identity, cellular composition or gene regulation cannot be gained from DNA. Recent analyses have shown that, under favorable conditions, RNA can also be sequenced from ancient samples, enabling studies at the transcriptomic and regulatory level. Analyzing ancient RNA data from a Pleistocene canid, we find hundreds of intact microRNAs that are taxonomically informative, show tissue-specificity and have functionally predictive characteristics. With an extraordinary age of 14,300 years, these microRNA sequences are by far the oldest ever reported. The authenticity of the sequences is further supported by a) the presence of canid / Caniformia-specific sequences that never evolved outside of this clade, b) tissue-specific expression patterns (cartilage, liver and muscle) that resemble those of modern dogs and c) RNA damage patterns that are clearly distinct from those of fresh samples. By performing computational microRNA-target enrichment analyses on the ancient sequences, we predict microRNA functions consistent with their tissue pattern of expression. For instance, we find a liver-specific microRNA that regulates carbohydrate metabolism and starvation responses in canids. In summary, we show that straightforward paleotranscriptomic microRNA analyses can give functional glimpses into tissue identity, cellular composition and gene regulatory activity of ancient samples and biological processes that took place in the Pleistocene, thus holding great promise for deeper insights into gene regulation in extinct animals based on ancient RNA sequencing. ., (Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press for the RNA Society.)

Since 2002, published miRNAs have been collected and named by the online repository miRBase. However, with 11 000 annual publications this has become challenging. Recently, four specialized miRNA databases were published, addressing particular needs for diverse scientific communities. This development provides major opportunities for the future of miRNA annotation and nomenclature., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This essay describes the analysis of a scientific article, with the purpose of demonstrating the operability of that activity, common for all the high level professionals, especially researchers. 23 items were selected as the most relevant ones in this type of analysis, and each item, besides describing some analysis criteria, also used a selected scientific article to exemplify the analysis. It concludes that the analysed scientific study was well prepared and with high quality.

The present report describes the characteristics of the professor who teaches the disciplines that obtained the highest success indexes in the evaluation carried out by the students. It was executed at a Nursing Superior Education School in Lisbon (Portugal), regarding 16 professors who answered a questionnaire. We concluded that a professor who is well evaluated by the students has the following attributes: he is mature, well qualified for education, with a solid experience in teaching and a good experience in the exercise of the profession. In the professor's own opinion, they are able to establish a good relationship with their students, they consider themselves as being solidly efficient in teaching practice and they have a deep knowledge of their lectured disciplines. All of the professors use expository lectures, with student's interaction and dialogue, and complemented by the sharing of experiences and practical way of life, debates, discussions, dramatisations and simulations. The authors alert the need for further research on the subject.

This study aims at describing the design used in the evaluation of technical nursing courses in São Paulo State's Education System by means of quantitative and qualitative institutional performance indicators. Such indicators, established by former students and by the labor market, showed to be useful in the evaluation and demonstrated the need for increasing, by means of similar evaluation studies, parameters related to the academic staff's performance as well as that of practical teaching fields. It is concluded that the use of a reasonable number of indicators allowed the articulation among data and a better understanding of the evaluated institutions.

This investigation included 25 male adult patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction admitted in a Coronary Disease Unit located in the Municipality of São Paulo, Brazil. It aimed at identifying the meaning those patients give to the word comfort. Data collection was carried using a specific form and manually processed; answers to open questions were treated using the BARDIN's content analysis method and the results were basically analysed in absolute numbers and percentages and organized in tables and figures. Comfort was expressed by several ways, from material and financial conditions, enjoyment of personal interactions, sense of physical, psychological, and spiritual well-being to normal functioning which means recovery expectations, disease-freedom and capacity to perform usual activities. Material and financial conditions (29,4%) and personal interactions (21,6%) were emphasized. In addition to the conclusions directly related to the objective, the results showed that: (a) viewing the multidimensional aspects related to comfort, it should not be exclusively considered as dependent of nursing care; (b) various indicators identified suggested that the same meaning for comfort was expressed or described in most varied ways.

The purpose of this work is focused on the physical examinations made by the nurse, identifying four basic assumption originated from the performance of this procedure. It also suggests indicative guidelines of specificity to the nursing physical examinations.

It is an study, based on specific Bibliography, which purpose is to divulge up dated knowledge capable of establishing the importance of psychomotor skills. The article also describes the relation between the action and mental capabilities, both in the phylogenesis and ontogenesis level. The notion of relationship between all aspects that make up the human being and the environment with which man interacts, confirms the new global conceptions of the modern pedagogy.

The authors developed a survey on a population of 5 professors and 48 students on the reasons, that can to stimulate or to disfavour the voluntary attendance of the students to practice the psychomotor ability in the nursing laboratory. The results showed positive and negative reasons expected by professors and students to evaluate nursing laboratory training.

This article is a review of literature related to what motivates nursing graduates to attend freely a laboratory to better develop practical skills. It concluded that the literature indicates conditions that stimulate or discourage training of practical skills. These conditions are related to the professor, to techniques or procedures, to laboratory conditions, to evaluating systems and to the student himself.

The author reviews the literature regarding "nursing problems" and comments on the employment of these concepts and its theoretical entanglement, establishing the difference among "nursing problems", "patient's problems" and "patient's needs".

A comparision of the learning of basic nursing procedures was experimentally investigated. The main objectives were: a) to verify it students trained in nursing laboratory make less mistakes in their first real situation than those who had not similar training; b) to evaluate mursin laboratory training through a self-instructional strategy as compared with the traditional strategy. Sixty-four female students enrolled in the Fundamentals of Nursing Course were investigated They had no prior experience with bladder catheterization. All 64 students were thoroughly evaluated on the subject taugh after they were exposed both to lectures and practical demonstration. Three groups were formed A group A of 25, who received no training in the nursing laboratory was taken as control; a second group, B of 20 students, received the traditional training in the nursing laboratory; group C was composed of 19 students and their nursing laboratory training followed a self-instructional strategy. Each nursing student performed a bladder catheterization in a patient. A nurse-instructor supervised each student performance and assessed her mistakes. Following statistical analysis of the data it can be shown that: - No significant higher number of mistakes was made by group A (control) as compared with group BC groups B and C togethers and the same occurred to group B as compared with group C - Age and scores evaluation test, number of mistakes committed, and scores evaluation test or age were not statistically associated. - Similar mistakes were made by students of all three groups. - Time required for self-instruction varied greatly among students, but no association could be established with age, number of mistakes or scores evaluation test. - Most students praised highly self-instruction strategy and calimed that for better results should be adopted in the reaching of other laboratory procedures.

The authors describle the results of a small survey of the students' training for in the Nursing Laboratory of the School of Nursing the improvment of their psychomotor hability classroom laboratory. The students answered questions on the motivation for the use of the Laboratory, preferences for training alone or with classmates and for using the doll or a classmate to simulate the patient, the monitoring of a senior student, the bibliography used and the procedures selected for training.

Three advanced students were used as proctors in Fundamentals of Nursing for the academic periods of 1981 and 1982. Results are presented and the opinions of both, the proctors and oriented students, are discussed.

The Special Comission on Text-Book of the Nursing Brasilian Association (ABEn) developed a survey to stablish priorities for nursing publication in Brazil. A questionnaire was sent to three teachers of every brazilian school of nursing and the following subjects were emphasized: areas that needed coverage; difficulties encountered by professors in the edition of nursing texts; and their preference for available vehicles. 47,6% of the schools returned the questionnaires, but only 39,5% of the professors answered. A general lack of pertinent literature was recognized, but Psychiatric Nursing and Public Health were areas most frequently indicated. Professors expressed a general lack of both, the available time and financial resources, that were recognized as major difficulties for an effective dissemination of professional information.