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1. Break-down of the relationship between {\alpha}-relaxation and equilibration in hydrostatically compressed metallic glasses

Author

Cornet, Antoine, Shen, Jie, Ronca, Alberto, Li, Shubin, Neuber, Nico, Frey, Maximilian, Pineda, Eloi, Deschamps, Thierry, Martinet, Christine, Floch, Sylvie Le, Cangialosi, Daniele, Chushkin, Yuriy, Zontone, Federico, Cammarata, Marco, Vaughan, Gavin B. M., di Michiel, Marco, Garbarino, Gaston, Busch, Ralf, Gallino, Isabella, Goujon, Celine, Legendre, Murielle, Manthilake, Geeth, and Ruta, Beatrice

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract

It is usually assumed that the memory of any thermo-mechanical protocol applied to a glass can be erased by heating the material in the supercooled liquid. While this is true for thermally treated amorphous solids, we show that hydrostatic compression can irreversibly modify the atomic motion, thermodynamic state and structure of a prototypical metallic glass-former, in a way which depends on the degree of ergodicity reached by the material during compression. While enhanced kinetic and thermodynamic stability can be obtained by quenching the dense liquid, high-pressure annealing in the glass leads to thermal rejuvenation and complex structural rearrangements at the level of the short and medium range order. When heated above their glass transition temperature, these compressed glasses do not convert into the pristine supercooled liquid but rather transform into different systems, challenging the generally accepted idea of an equilibrium recovery controlled solely by the microscopic $\alpha$-relaxation process.

Published
2024

2. On the interplay of liquid-like and stress-driven dynamics in a metallic glass former observed by temperature scanning XPCS

Author

Frey, Maximilian, Neuber, Nico, Riegler, Sascha Sebastian, Cornet, Antoine, Chushkin, Yuriy, Zontone, Federico, Ruschel, Lucas, Adam, Bastian, Nabahat, Mehran, Yang, Fan, Shen, Jie, Westermeier, Fabian, Sprung, Michael, Cangialosi, Daniele, Di Lisio, Valerio, Gallino, Isabella, Busch, Ralf, Ruta, Beatrice, and Pineda, Eloi

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Condensed Matter - Soft Condensed Matter
Abstract

Modern detector technology and highly brilliant fourth-generation synchrotrons allow to improve the temporal resolution in time-resolved diffraction studies. Profiting from this, we applied temperature scanning X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) to probe the dynamics of a Pt-based metallic glass former in the glass, glass transition region, and supercooled liquid, covering up to six orders of magnitude in time scales. Our data demonstrates that the structural alpha-relaxation process is still observable in the glass, although it is partially masked by a faster source of decorrelation observed at atomic scale. We present an approach that interprets these findings as the superposition of heterogeneous liquid-like and stress-driven ballistic-like atomic motions. This work not only extends the dynamical range probed by standard isothermal XPCS, but also clarifies the fate of the alpha-relaxation across the glass transition and provides a new perception on the anomalous, compressed temporal decay of the density-density correlation functions observed in metallic glasses and many out-of-equilibrium soft materials.

Published
2024

5. Disentangling structural and kinetic components of the {\alpha}-relaxation in supercooled metallic liquids

Author

Neuber, Nico, Gross, Oliver, Frey, Maximilian, Bochtler, Benedikt, Kuball, Alexander, Hechler, Simon, Yang, Fan, Pineda, Eloi, Westermeier, Fabian, Sprung, Michael, Gallino, Isabella, Busch, Ralf, and Ruta, Beatrice

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Condensed Matter - Disordered Systems and Neural Networks
Abstract

The particle motion associated to the {\alpha}-relaxation in supercooled liquids is still challenging scientists due to its difficulty to be probed experimentally. By combining synchrotron techniques, we found the existence of microscopic structure-dynamics relationships in Pt42.5Cu27Ni9.5P21 and Pd42.5Cu27Ni9.5P21 liquids which allows us to disentangle structural and kinetic contributions to the {\alpha}-process. While the two alloys show similar kinetic fragilities, their structural fragilities differ and correlate with the temperature dependence of the stretching parameter describing the decay of the density fluctuations. This implies that the evolution of dynamical heterogeneities in supercooled alloys is determined by the rigidity of the melt structure. We find also that the atomic motion not only reflects the topological order but also the chemical short-range order, which can lead to a surprising slowdown of the {\alpha}-process at the mesoscopic length scale. These results will contribute to the comprehension of the glass transition, which is still missing.

Published
2022

11. Intensive heart rhythm monitoring to decrease ischemic stroke and systemic embolism—the Find-AF 2 study—rationale and design

Author

Wachter, Rolf, Gröschel, Klaus, Wasser, Katrin, Uhe, Tobias, Schäbitz, Wolf-Rüdiger, Köhrmann, Martin, Dichgans, Martin, Gröschel, Sonja, Uphaus, Timo, Hahn, Marianne, Zuhorn, Frederic, Wulff, Leonard, Plümer, Jorge, Kok, Lena, Janz, Marcel, Kitsiou, Alkisti, Gehmeyr, Julian, Dabbagh, Alhuda, Huber, Charlotte, Pelz, Johann, Wartenberg, Katja, Michalski, Dominik, Seidel, Mirko, Flissakowski, Oscar, Goschenhofer, Anna, Hussain, Rabia-Basari, Kim, Ina, Kinze, Stephan, Kroneberger, Christian, Lingnau, Michale, Lischewski, Dennis, Muhn, Florian, Rogge, Witold, Schieffer, Miriam, Setayesh-Roonizi, Anuscheh, Sparenberg, Paul, Schertel, Jill Marie, Ringleb, Peter, Purrucker, Jan, Berberich, Anne, Heyse, Miriam, Ungerer, Matthias, Bauer, Gregor, Reichardt, Christine, Etgen, Thorleif, Ebel, Bernhard, Milanković-Eberl, Dragana, Schwarte, Olav, Höcherl, Constanze, Asch, Eric-Manuel, Bojtschuk, Luisa, Frey, Maximilian, Dlouhy, Tomas, Ertl, Michael, Zickler, Philipp Patrick, Beier, Barbara, Braadt, Lino-Dominic, Gabrielyan, Inessa, Kermer, Pawel, Kaste, Matthias, Anter, Ahmed, Stirbulescu, Corina, Meleshchenco, Nataliia, Burgholte, Friederike, Lüers, Claus, Steiner, Thorsten, Cierpinski, Mari-Carmen, Lichti, Bethke, Florian, Bonowski, Lars, Eid, Hassan Abou, Vajda-Medina, Esteban, Probst, Mareike, Essa, Hisham, Frank, Benedikt, Stolte, Benjamin, Milles, Lennart, Soda, Hassan, Hiermann, Erich, Rascher, Renate Weinhardt Alexandra, Stan, Marius, Kääb, Stefan, Kellert, Lars, Dimitriadis, Konstantinos, Kopczak, Anna, Küster, Bettina, Sinner, Moritz, Steiger, Ignaz, Kaffe, Maria, Clauß, Sebastian, Janowitz, Daniel, Thaler, Raffael, Schellinger, Peter, Glahn, Jörg, Schubert, Jan, Jenniges, Simone, Markmann-Boenke, Silke, Putzer, Anne-Sophie, Straeten, Michael Schwarze Vera, Wiemer, Marcus, Kallmünzer, Bernd, Macha, Kosmas, Haupenthal, David, Balk, Stefanie, Kossel, Clara-Sophie, Häusler, Georg, Lehrieder, Dominik, Cidlinsky, Peter, Hametner, Christian, Vogl, Christine, Fischer, Thomas, Huttelmaier, Moritz, Nordbeck, Octavian Maniuc Peter, von Hardenberg, Albrecht, Jünemann, Martin, Braun, Tobias, Viard, Maxime, Gerner, Stefan, Omar, AlHaj, Genau, Sonja, Olbricht, Linus, Wassenberg, Matthias, Langguth, Niklas, Fräbel, Christian, Baumgart, Romy, Kalra, Love-Preet, Diel, Norma, Hoffmann, Frank, Kraft, Andrea, Schönmuth, Bettine, Giebler, Anja, Weber, Lorenz, Grond, Martin, Birringer, Jan, Lichte-Schneider, Sandra, Hütwohl, Daniela, Krause, Lars Udo, Petersen, Martina, Althaus, Katharina, Kirchmeier, Konstantin, Novikova, Liubov, Müller, Susanne, Schellong, Sebastian, Brudzinski, Mirko, Gerk, Ulrich, Palisch, Holger, Heinzel, Frank R., Fett, Jana, Suntha, Avinash, Burian, Katja, Schmitz, Bettina, Gutwinski, Anna, Angermüller, Veronika, Alhammoud, Tameem, Cakiroglu, Hüsniye, Bach, Ullrich, Nabavi, Darius, Offermann, Jens, Crome, Olaf, Dimitrijeski, Boris, Meincke, Carsten, Hamann, Gerhard, Alber, Burkhard, Müller, Robert, Pallesen, Lars-Peder, Pütz, Volker, Hartmann, Christian, Berrouschot, Jörg, Stoll, Anett, Keilitz, Janina, Klunk, Dietrich, Voigt, Roman, Kastrup, Andreas, Schröter, Andreas, Schmucker, Johannes, Pfeilschifter, Waltraud, Krämer, Christoffer, Wiemers, Milena, Simon, Micha, Finke, Alexander, Weiß, Christian, Hobohm, Carsten, Naupold, Katrin, Bley-Renning, Karen, Winter, Sabrina, Poli, Sven, Mengel, Annerose, Poli, Khouloud, Expósito, Alexandra Gómez, Mbroh, Joshua, Tieck, Maria, Rosenkranz, Michael, Boskamp, Stefan, Ritter, Nicolas, Seibel, Lena, Schöps, Christian, Ketzler, Rebecca, Nägele, Herbert, Sydow, Karsten, Kurka, Natalia, Schäfer, Jan Hendrik, Charisse, Daniel, Gruber, Katharina, Kohlhase, Konstantin, Lieschke, Franziska, Operhalski, Felix, Seiler, Alexander, Petzold, Gabor, Bode, Felix Jürgen, Stösser, Sebastian, Meißner, Julius, Ebrahimi, Taraneh, Nordsiek, Julia, Beckonert, Niklas, Weissenborn, Karin, Große, Gerrit Maximilian, Worthmann, Hans, Hennemann, Ann-Katrin, Jochmann, Svenja, Gründahl, Julius, Al-Ayoubi, Jana, Ernst, Johanna, Bähr, Oliver, Gruber, Herbert, Benesch, Sonka, Pollinger, Thomas, Alachkar, Nawar, Busch, Sonia, Butz, Steffi, Forkmann, Mathias, Mahnkopf, Christian, Mischke, Thomas, Schnupp, Steffen, Thomalla, Götz, Deb-Chatterji, Milani, Cheng, Bastian, Gelderblom, Mathias, Hoppe, Julia, Jensen, Märit, Schell, Maximilian, Schlemm, Eckhard, Marquardt, Lars, Kazarians, Haiko, Rheingans, Pia Franziska, Hötzer, Kai, Rose, Dietmar, Neumann-Haefelin, Tobias, Berthel, Jörg, Alijaj, Lirim, Krug, Joachim, Niethammer, Margit, Szöllösi, Géza-Attila, Obermann, Marc, Adochitei, Nicoletta, Strik, Herwig, Lenz, Arne, Steigerwald, Frank, Müller, Jörg, Honermann, Martin, Burgstaller, Marian Christoph, Kollmar, Rainer, Rashid, Maryam, Ganai, Ahmad Ajaz, Ossendorf, Saric, Majda, Tischer, Karl-Heinz, Toluli, Adela, Wollenweber, Frank Arne, Rahban, Laya, Silva, Thais Portugal, Lee, Miri, Grosch, Matthias Julius, Minnerup, Jens, Liman, Jan, Nückel, Martin, Böhm, Magdalena, Weber-Krüger, Mark, Brachmann, Johannes, Laufs, Ulrich, Gelbrich, Götz, Petroff, David, Prettin, Christiane, Schellinger, Peter D., Hamann, Gerhard F., Mende, Meinhard, and Wagner, Marcus

Published
2023
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14. Denser glasses relax faster: Enhanced atomic mobility and anomalous particle displacement under in-situ high pressure compression of metallic glasses

Author

Cornet, Antoine, Garbarino, Gaston, Zontone, Federico, Chushkin, Yuriy, Jacobs, Jeroen, Pineda, Eloi, Deschamps, Thierry, Li, Shubin, Ronca, Alberto, Shen, Jie, Morard, Guillaume, Neuber, Nico, Frey, Maximilian, Busch, Ralf, Gallino, Isabella, Mezouar, Mohamed, Vaughan, Gavin, and Ruta, Beatrice

Published
2023
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26. Sesquiterpene Lactones–Insights into Biosynthesis, Regulation and Signalling Roles

Author

Frey, Maximilian, Vahabi, Khabat, Cankar, Katarina, Lackus, Nathalie D., Padilla-Gonzalez, Federico, Ro, Dae Kyun, Rieseberg, Loren, Spring, Otmar, Tissier, Alain, Frey, Maximilian, Vahabi, Khabat, Cankar, Katarina, Lackus, Nathalie D., Padilla-Gonzalez, Federico, Ro, Dae Kyun, Rieseberg, Loren, Spring, Otmar, and Tissier, Alain

Abstract

Sesquiterpene lactones (STLs) are bitter tasting plant specialized metabolites derived from farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) that contain a characteristic lactone ring. STLs can be found in many plant families that are distantly related to each other and outside the plant kingdom. They are especially prevalent in the plant families Apiaceae and Asteraceae, the latter being one of the largest plant families besides the Orchidaceae. The STL diversity is especially large in the Asteraceae, which made them an ideal object for chemosystematic studies in these species. Many STLs show a high bioactivity, for example as protective compounds against herbivory. STLs are also relevant for pharmaceutical applications, such as the treatment of malaria with artemisinin. Recent findings have dramatically changed our knowledge about the biosynthesis of STLs, as well as their developmental, spatial, and environmental regulation. This review intents to update the currently achieved progress in these aspects. With the advancement of genome editing tools such as CRISPR/Cas and the rapid acceleration of the speed of genome sequencing, even deeper insights into the biosynthesis, regulation, and enzyme evolution of STL can be expected in the future. Apart from their role as protective compounds, there may be a more subtle role of STL in regulatory processes of plants that will be discussed as well.

Published
2024

32. Empirical calibration method for the thermal simulation of Cu47Ti34Zr11Ni8single tracks in laser powder bed fusion

Author

Bruckhaus, Lars, Wegner, Jan, Schnell, Norman, Schönrath, Hanna, Barreto, Erika Soares, Frey, Maximilian, Ellendt, Nils, Busch, Ralf, and Kleszczynski, Stefan

Abstract

Bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) are materials that, due to their amorphous microstructure, offer a unique combination of high strength, hardness, and elasticity, making them attractive for various applications. Using laser powder bed fusion (PBF-LB/M) enables overcoming the current limitations of BMGs in size and shape imposed by traditional manufacturing methods such as casting. Despite its potential, challenges such as porosity, (nano-) crystallization, and impurities affect the mechanical performance of additively manufactured BMGs. This study focuses on the Cu–Ti-based alloy Vit101, known for its higher strength and improved cost-effectiveness compared to Zr-based BMGs. In-situ high-speed pyrometry and thermal simulations of single tracks are employed to enhance the understanding of processing and controlling the thermal cycling of Vit101. The proposed experimental calibration is performed through an off-axis integration of the pyrometer, allowing for in-situ temperature measurements. The acquired data show sufficient congruence with the simulated cooling profiles. Minimal cooling rates in the range of 104K/s were measured and simulated above the glass transition temperature, indicating a large leeway for further development of glass-forming alloys. Scan track widths are evaluated for validation, resulting in minor deviations between 0.47% and 3.17%. However, challenges emerge at high scanning speeds, leading to higher deviations attributed to balling phenomena, which are not considered in the numerical model.

Published
2024
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33. Viscosity and surface tension of the Zr56.5Ti13.3Ni13.6Cu9.6S7 bulk metallic glass-forming liquid.

Author

Ruschel, Lucas Matthias, Kuball, Alexander, Adam, Bastian, Frey, Maximilian, and Busch, Ralf

Subjects
METALLIC glasses, SURFACE tension, VISCOSITY, BULK viscosity, LOW temperatures, GLASS transitions
Abstract

The viscosity of the Zr56.5Ti13.3Ni13.6Cu9.6S7 bulk glass forming alloy was measured in equilibrium liquid at low and high temperatures. Low temperature measurements were conducted in the vicinity of the glass transition using a thermomechanical analyzer, covering a viscosity range between 109 and 1014 Pa s. The high-temperature experiments were carried out by electromagnetic levitation of a spherical droplet in microgravity during a parabolic flight campaign (TEMPUS), ranging in viscosity from 50 to 800 mPa s. The viscosities were individually modeled using the Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann equation to obtain the fragility parameter D*, which displays a strong liquid behavior of 25.8 and 19.6 for the low and high temperature region, respectively. The Mauro–Yue–Ellison–Gupta–Allan viscosity model was additionally applied, revealing an even more accurate description across the whole temperature range. Next to viscosity, TEMPUS measurements allow the determination of surface tension. With a value of 0.9 N m−1, it is significantly lower than that of other Zr-based metallic glasses without the element sulfur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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36. Ni-Nb-P-based bulk glass-forming alloys: Superior material properties combined in one alloy family

Author

Ruschel, Lucas M., primary, Gross, Oliver, additional, Bochtler, Benedikt, additional, Li, Bosong, additional, Adam, Bastian, additional, Neuber, Nico, additional, Frey, Maximilian, additional, Jakovlev, Sergej, additional, Yang, Fan, additional, Jiang, Hao-Ran, additional, Gludovatz, Bernd, additional, Kruzic, Jamie J., additional, and Busch, Ralf, additional

Published
2023
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40. Denser glasses relax faster: enhanced atomic mobility and anomalous particle displacement under in-situ high pressure compression of metallic glasses

Author

Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Física, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. PTP-GlaDyM - Phase transitions, polymorphism, glasses and dynamics of the metastability, Cornet, Antoine, Garbarino, Gaston, Zontone, Federico, Chushkin, Yuriy, Jacobs, Jeroen, Pineda Soler, Eloi, Deschamps, Thierry, Li, Shubin, Ronca, Alberto, Shen, Jie, Morard, Guillaume, Neuber, Nico, Frey, Maximilian, Busch, Ralf, Gallino, Isabella, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Física, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. PTP-GlaDyM - Phase transitions, polymorphism, glasses and dynamics of the metastability, Cornet, Antoine, Garbarino, Gaston, Zontone, Federico, Chushkin, Yuriy, Jacobs, Jeroen, Pineda Soler, Eloi, Deschamps, Thierry, Li, Shubin, Ronca, Alberto, Shen, Jie, Morard, Guillaume, Neuber, Nico, Frey, Maximilian, Busch, Ralf, and Gallino, Isabella

Abstract

Despite that metallic glasses are among the most studied metallic materials, still very little is known on the evolution of their unique structural, dynamical and elastic properties under compression, owing to the difficulty to perform in-situ high pressure experiments. Coupling the brightest x-rays available in synchrotrons with cutting edge high pressure technologies, we provide direct evidence of the microscopic structural and dynamical mechanisms occurring under in-situ high pressure compression and decompression in the GPa range, from the onset of the perturbation up to a severely-deformed state. We show that while pressure promotes density increasing through quasi-elastic structural deformations, the atomic mobility exhibits a hysteresis and is enhanced up to a factor 15 even at temperatures well below the glass transition. This surprising behaviour results from a competition between fast avalanche-like atomic rearrangements and slow relaxation processes triggered by an anomalous super-diffusive collective particle displacement. These results provide new insights on the effect of deformation in non-ergodic materials and support the occurrence of string-like diffusion of liquid-like atoms in metallic glasses. They explain also the macroscopic impressive rejuvenation and strain hardening reported recently under ex-situ densifications., This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant Agreement No 948780)., Peer Reviewed, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructura::9.5 - Augmentar la investigació científica i millorar la capacitat tecnològica dels sectors industrials de tots els països, en particular els països en desenvolupament, entre d’altres maneres fomentant la innovació i augmentant substancialment, d’aquí al 2030, el nombre de persones que treballen en el camp de la investigació i el desenvolupa­ment per cada milió d’habitants, així com la despesa en investigació i desenvolupament dels sectors públic i privat, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructura, Postprint (author's final draft)

Published
2023

45. Size dependent vitrification in metallic glasses

Author

Lisio, Valerio Di, primary, Gallino, Isabella, additional, Riegler, Sascha, additional, Frey, Maximilian, additional, Neuber, Nico, additional, Kumar, Golden, additional, Schroers, Jan, additional, Busch, Ralf, additional, and Cangialosi, Daniele, additional

Published
2023
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48. Material Extrusion of Structural Polymer-Aluminum Joints

Author

Bechtel, Stephan, Schweitzer, Rouven, Frey, Maximilian, Busch, Ralf, Herrmann, Hans-Georg, and Publica

Subjects
polymer rheology, material extrusion, structural joints, thermal joining, aluminium, aging, PETG, PLA, additive manufacturing, ABS
Abstract

Generating polymer–metal structures by means of additive manufacturing offers huge potential for customized, sustainable and lightweight solutions. However, challenges exist, primarily with regard to reliability and reproducibility of the additively generated joints. In this study, the polymers ABS, PETG and PLA, which are common in material extrusion, were joined to grit-blasted aluminum substrates. Temperature dependence of polymer melt rheology, wetting and tensile single-lap-shear strength were examined in order to obtain appropriate thermal processing conditions. Joints with high adhesive strength in the fresh state were aged for up to 100 days in two different moderate environments. For the given conditions, PETG was most suitable for generating structural joints. Contrary to PETG, ABS–aluminum joints in the fresh state as well as PLA–aluminum joints in the aged state did not meet the demands of a structural joint. For the considered polymers and processing conditions, this study implies that the suitability of a polymer and a thermal processing condition to form a polymer–aluminum joint by material extrusion can be evaluated based on the polymer’s rheological properties. Moreover, wetting experiments improved estimation of the resulting tensile single-lap-shear strength.

Published
2022

49. Disentangling structural and kinetic components of the a-relaxation in supercooled metallic liquids

Author

Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Física, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. PTP-GlaDyM - Phase transitions, polymorphism, glasses and dynamics of the metastability, Neuber, Nico, Gross, Oliver, Frey, Maximilian, Bochtler, Benedikt, Kuball, Alexander, Hechler, Simon, Yang, Fan, Pineda Soler, Eloi, Westermeier, Fabian, Sprung, Michael, Schäfer, Florian, Gallino, Isabella, Busch, Ralf, Ruta, Beatrice, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Física, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. PTP-GlaDyM - Phase transitions, polymorphism, glasses and dynamics of the metastability, Neuber, Nico, Gross, Oliver, Frey, Maximilian, Bochtler, Benedikt, Kuball, Alexander, Hechler, Simon, Yang, Fan, Pineda Soler, Eloi, Westermeier, Fabian, Sprung, Michael, Schäfer, Florian, Gallino, Isabella, Busch, Ralf, and Ruta, Beatrice

Abstract

The particle motion associated to the a-relaxation in supercooled liquids is still challenging scientists due to its difficulty to be probed experimentally. By combining synchrotron tech- niques, we report the existence of microscopic structure-dynamics relationships in Pt42.5 Cu27 Ni 9.5P 21 and Pd 42.5Cu 27 Ni9.5 P21 liquids which allows us to disentangle structural and kinetic contributions to the a-process. While the two alloys show similar kinetic fragilities, their structural fragilities differ and correlate with the temperature dependence of the stretching parameter describing the decay of the density fluctuations. This implies that the evolution of dynamical heterogeneities in supercooled alloys is determined by the rigidity of the melt structure. We find also that the atomic motion not only reflects the topological order but also the chemical short-range order, which can lead to a surprising slowdown of the a- process at the mesoscopic length scale. These results will contribute to the comprehension of the glass transition, which is still missing., We acknowledge DESY (Hamburg, Germany), a member of the Helmholtz Association HGF, for the provision of experimental facilities. Parts of this research were carried out at PETRA III beamline P02.1 and we would like to thank Alexander Schoekel and Michael Wharmby for assistance. Further we want to thank our colleagues B. Adam, L. Ruschel, S.S. Riegler, H. Jiang, V. Lemkova, H. Voigt and J. Schmauch for collaboration and fruitful discussions concerning the topic. This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and inno- vation programme (Grant Agreement No 948780). The research activity has been sup- ported by the project CALIPSOplus under the Grant 307 Agreement 730872 from the EU Framework Program for Research 308 and Innovation HORIZON 2020. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. All data needed to evaluate the conclusions in the paper are present in the paper and/or the Supplementary Materials., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Published
2022

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