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Objective: Left atrial appendage (LAA) thrombus has heretofore been considered a contraindication to percutaneous LAA closure (LAAC). Data regarding its management are very limited. The aim of this study was to analyse the medical and invasive treatment of patients referred for LAAC in the presence of LAA thrombus., Methods: This multicentre observational registry included 126 consecutive patients referred for LAAC with LAA thrombus on preprocedural imaging. Treatment strategies included intensification of antithrombotic therapy (IAT) or direct LAAC. The primary and secondary endpoints were a composite of bleeding, stroke and death at 18 months, and procedural success, respectively., Results: IAT was the preferred strategy in 57.9% of patients, with total thrombus resolution observed in 60.3% and 75.3% after initial and subsequent IAT, respectively. Bleeding complications and stroke during IAT occurred in 9.6% and 2.9%, respectively, compared with 3.8% bleeding and no embolic events in the direct LAAC group before the procedure. Procedural success was 90.5% (96.2% vs 86.3% in direct LAAC and IAT group, respectively, p=0.072), without cases of in-hospital thromboembolic complications. The primary endpoint occurred in 29.3% and device-related thrombosis was found in 12.8%, without significant difference according to treatment strategy. Bleeding complications at 18 months occurred in 22.5% vs 10.5% in the IAT and direct LAAC group, respectively (p=0.102)., Conclusion: In the presence of LAA thrombus, IAT was the initial management strategy in half of our cohort, with initial thrombus resolution in 60% of these, but with a relatively high bleeding rate (~10%). Direct LAAC was feasible, with high procedural success and absence of periprocedural embolic complications. However, a high rate of device-related thrombosis was detected during follow-up., Competing Interests: Competing interests: Relationship with industry: LNF has served as a proctor for Abbott and has received speaker honoraria from Edwards Lifesciences and Boston Scientific. All other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the content of this paper to disclose., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Background: Transcatheter edge-to-edge mitral valve repair may lead to a reduction in mitral valve area (MVA) and elevated mean transmitral gradient (TMG). The objectives of this study were to assess the value of baseline MVA by different imaging methods and to explore the associations between MVA indexed to body surface area or left ventricular forward stroke volume and postprocedural TMG., Methods: Preprocedural echocardiographic images from 76 consecutive patients were retrospectively reviewed. MVA planimetry from two-dimensional (2D) transthoracic echocardiography (MVA TTE ), 2D transesophageal echocardiography in the transgastric view (MVA 2D TEE ), and three-dimensional (3D) transesophageal echocardiography (MVA 3D ) were measured. Postprocedural TMGs were assessed at 1 to 3 months and all-cause mortality at 1 year., Results: Postprocedural mean TMG > 5 mm Hg was associated with a 3.42-fold (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-10.87; P = .04) increased risk for 1-year all-cause mortality. Patients with postprocedural TMG > 5 mm Hg (25% [19 of 76]) had significantly smaller preprocedural MVA 3D (3.9 ± 0.8 vs 5.2 ± 1.3 cm 2 , P < .01) and MVA TTE (4.9 ± 1.1 vs 5.8 ± 1.5 cm 2 , P = .01) compared with patients without elevated TMG. No significant difference was found for MVA 2D TEE (P = .20). The best threshold values for MVA 3D and MVA TTE to be associated with postprocedural TMG > 5 mm Hg were, respectively, 3.9 cm 2 (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.80; 95% CI, 0.66-0.94; sensitivity 62%, specificity 87%) and 4.6 cm 2 (AUC = 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54-0.82; sensitivity 53%, specificity 80%). MVA 3D indexed to body surface area and to stroke volume showed overall the best associations with postprocedural mean TMG > 5 mm Hg, with optimal thresholds, respectively, of 2.5 cm 2 /m 2 (AUC = 0.88; 95% CI, 0.77-0.98; sensitivity 92%, specificity 74%) and 95 cm 2 /L (AUC = 0.87; 95% CI, 0.77-0.97; sensitivity 85%, specificity 82%)., Conclusions: Elevated TMG following transcatheter edge-to-edge mitral valve repair was associated with increased mortality. The present results indicate that MVA 3D , MVA 3D indexed to body surface area, and MVA 3D indexed to stroke volume may be considered potential predictors of postprocedural TMG > 5 mm Hg and could help optimize patient selection, while the use of 2D methods for valve area were poorly associated with TMG., (Copyright © 2021 American Society of Echocardiography. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To determine the occurrence of vascular complications (VCs) following transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) with new-generation devices according to the use of a crossover technique (COT)., Background: The use of a COT (with/without balloon) has been associated with a reduction of VCs in TAVR patients. However, scarce data support its use with second-generation devices. Also, its potential benefit in obese patients (at high-risk of VCs) has not been elucidated., Methods: A multicenter study including 2214 patients who underwent full percutaneous transfemoral TAVR (COT, 1522 patients; no COT, 692 patients). Thirty-day events were evaluated according to the use of a COT using a multivariate logistic regression model. A subanalysis was performed in obese patients., Results: Primary access major VCs (3.5% COT vs 3.9% no COT; P=.19), major/life-threatening bleeding (3.4% COT vs 2.0% no COT; P=.33), and mortality rates (2.4% COT vs 2.6% no COT; P=.23) were similar between groups. However, minor VCs (11.7% COT vs 5.9% no COT; P<.001) and postprocedural acute renal failure (8.9% COT vs 3.9% no COT; P<.001) were higher in patients undergoing the COT. In the overall cohort, percutaneous closure device failure was more frequent in obese patients (4.0% in the obese group vs 1.9% in the non-obese group; P<.01), but these differences were no longer significant in those undergoing a COT (3.4% in the obese group vs 2.0% in the non-obese group; P=.12). Indeed, in the subset of obese patients, the COT tended to be associated with fewer VCs (3.4% COT vs 5.9% no COT; P=.09)., Conclusions: The use of a COT was not associated with a reduction of major VCs or improved outcomes. However, some patient subsets, such as those with higher body mass index, may benefit from the use of a COT. These findings would suggest the application of a tailored strategy, following a risk-benefit assessment in each TAVR candidate.

Background: In patients undergoing left atrial appendage (LAA) closure, an accurate sizing of the LAA is key to optimize device sizing, procedural success and reduce complications. Previous studies have shown that intraprocedural volume loading increases LAA dimensions and improves device sizing. However, the safety and effects on LAA and device sizing of administering a fluid bolus during pre-procedural transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) are unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the safety and impact on LAA dimensions and device sizing of an intravenous (IV) fluid bolus administered during TEE in the setting of the pre-procedural work-up for LAA closure., Methods: The study included a total of 72 patients who underwent TEE to assess suitability for LAAC and received a 500 ml IV bolus of normal saline. The LAA landing zone (LZ) and depth were measured by TEE before and after volume loading, and these measurements were used to predict the device size implanted during a subsequent percutaneous LAAC procedure., Results: There were no complications associated with volume loading. The baseline mean LZ was 19.6 ± 3.6 mm at 90 o , and 20.2 ± 4.1 mm at 135 o . Following fluid bolus, the maximum diameter increased 1.5 ± 1.0 mm at 90 o (p<0.001), and 1.3 ± 1.0 mm at 135 o (p<0.001). The baseline mean depth of the LAA was 26.5 ± 5.5 mm at 90 o , and 23.9 ± 5.8 mm at 135 o . After fluid bolus, the mean depth increased by 1.5 ± 1.8 mm (p<0.001) and 1.6 ± 2.0 (p<0.001), at 90 o and 135 o , respectively. Sizing based on post-bolus measurements of the LZ significantly improved the agreement with the final device size selection during the procedure in 71.0% of cases (vs. 42.0% with pre-bolus measurements)., Conclusions: Volume loading during ambulatory TEE as part of the pre-procedural work-up of LAAC is safe and significantly increases LAA dimensions. This strategy may become the new standard, particularly in centers performing LAAC with no TEE guidance, as it improves LAA sizing and more accurately predicts the final device size.

Background: Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has been shown to be a good alternative to surgery for treating severe symptomatic aortic stenosis (AS) across the whole range of surgical risk patients. Whereas most periprocedural TAVR complications have significantly decreased over time, conduction disturbances remain high. Approaches to decrease this shortcoming are under continuous investigation., Methods: We conducted a systematic review focusing on modifiable factors impacting post-TAVR conduction disturbances, such as balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV), type of new-generation transcatheter valve and implantation depth (ID). Search strategies were based on the best available evidence from each study. Primary endpoints were post-TAVR need of permanent pacemaker implantation (PPI) and new onset left bundle branch block (NOLBBB)., Results: Data from 35 studies with a total of 29,982 patients were analyzed. BAV did not negatively impact PPI rates after TAVR. In propensity-matched and randomized trials, the Evolut R valve was associated with higher rates of PPI compared to the Sapien 3 valve (25% vs. 19.2% in propensity-matched studies; 22.9% vs. 19% in a randomized trial). The Acurate Neo valve was associated with the lowest PPI rate in observational studies (10.4%), but a PPI rate similar to Sapien 3 was reported in a randomized trial (10% vs. 9%). The Portico valve system was associated with a higher PPI risk (PPI rate of 21.9% and 27.7% in propensity-matched and randomized studies, respectively). ID and its relation with the membranous septum (MS) length predicted post-TAVR conduction disturbances, particularly with Evolut R and Sapien 3 valves., Conclusions: Pre-TAVR BAV did not increase the risk of conduction disturbances post-TAVR. Among the new-generation transcatheter valve systems, Sapien 3 and Acurate Neo valves were associated with the lowest PPI rates followed by the Evolut and Portico valves. A deeper valve implantation and a shorter MS length determined an increased risk of conduction disturbances post-TAVR., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: AA, GMC, DDV and LJ have been supported by grants from Martin Escudero foundation. JRC has received Institutional research grants from Edwards Lifesciences, Medtronic and Boston Scientific. LF has received grants from Institut Servier; and has received research grants from Biotronik, Edwards Lifesciences, and Medtronic. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed., (2020 Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery. All rights reserved.)

Background: Few and controversial data exist on the outcomes of patients with paradoxical low-flow, low-gradient aortic stenosis (PLFLG-AS) following transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). This study aims to better characterize clinical outcomes and predictors of treatment futility in PLFLG-AS patients undergoing TAVR., Methods: In this multicenter study, 318 patients with PLFLG-AS undergoing TAVR were categorized according to treatment futility, defined as all-cause mortality, poor functional status (NYHA class III-IV) or deterioration in functional class at 1-year follow-up. Clinical outcomes and the factors associated with treatment futility were assessed., Results: The mean age of the patients was 81.0 ± 8.3 years and 50.3% were women. At 1-year follow-up, 17.6% died and 12.9% had heart failure hospitalization. Residual impaired functional capacity (NYHA ≥ II) was present in 54.4% of patients who were alive at 1-year, and 9.8% remained in NYHA III/IV. The primary endpoint was observed in 103 (32.4%) patients, of which 54% died and 46% had a poor or worsening functional class. Factors independently associated with treatment futility were the presence of atrial fibrillation (AF) (OR:1.79, 95%CI, 1.04-3.10), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (OR:2.66, 95%CI, 1.50-4.74) and a lower SVi (OR per each decrease in 10 ml/m 2 :1.89, 95%CI, 1.06-3.45). The risk of treatment futility of patients with AF, COPD and a SVi < 30 ml/m 2 was 66.38% (95%CI, 54.29%-78.48%)., Conclusion: Close to one-third of patients with PLFLG-AS failed to derive a benefit from TAVR. The presence of AF, COPD and a low SVi were predictors of treatment futility. Being able to identify patients less likely to improve after the procedure may help to guide management and improve outcomes in patients with PLFLG-AS., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest Dr. Rodés-Cabau has received institutional research grants from Edwards Lifesciencies, Medtronic and Boston Scientific. Dr. Pibarot reports having Core Lab contracts with Edwards Lifesciences for which he receives no direct compensation, and receiving grants from Edwards Lifesciences and Medtronic during the conduct of the study. The rest of authors do not report any potential conflict of interest with respect to the content of this study., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Despite the widespread use of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) to guide structural cardiac interventions, studies evaluating safety in this context are lacking., Objectives: This study sought to determine the incidence, types of complications, and factors associated with esophageal or gastric lesions following TEE manipulation during structural cardiac interventions., Methods: This was a prospective study including 50 patients undergoing structural cardiac interventions in which TEE played a central role in guiding the procedure (mitral and tricuspid valve repair, left atrial appendage closure, and paravalvular leak closure). An esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) was performed before and immediately after the procedure to look for new injuries that might have arisen during the course of the intervention. Patients were divided in 2 cohorts according to the type of injury: complex lesions (intramural hematoma, mucosal laceration) and minor lesions (petechiae, ecchymosis). The factors associated with an increased risk of complications were assessed., Results: Post-procedural EGD showed a new injury in 86% (n = 43 of 50) of patients, with complex lesions accounting for 40% (n = 20 of 50) of cases. Patients with complex lesions presented more frequently with an abnormal baseline EGD (70% vs. 37%; p = 0.04) and had a higher incidence of post-procedural dysphagia or odynophagia (40% vs. 10%; p = 0.02). Independent factors associated with an increased risk of complex lesions were a longer procedural time under TEE manipulation (for each 10-min increment in imaging time, odds ratio: 1.27; 95% confidence interval: 1.01 to 1.59) and poor or suboptimal image quality (odds ratio: 4.93; 95% confidence interval: 1.10 to 22.02)., Conclusions: Most patients undergoing structural cardiac interventions showed some form of injury associated with TEE, with longer procedural time and poor or suboptimal image quality determining an increased risk. Imaging experts performing this technique should be aware of the nature of potential complications, to take the necessary precautions to prevent their occurrence and facilitate early diagnosis and treatment., (Copyright © 2020 American College of Cardiology Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Conduction disturbances are the most frequent complication of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). However, no data exists regarding the outcomes of intraprocedural high-degree atrioventricular block (HAVB) or complete heart block (CHB) in patients without previous conduction disturbances., Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of intraprocedural-HAVB/CHB in patients without previous intraventricular conduction disturbances., Methods: The occurrence of intraprocedural-HAVB/CHB was assessed in 676 consecutive patients undergoing TAVR, and two groups were established according to its duration: persistent-HAVB/CHB (PHAVB/CHB) and transient-HAVB/CHB (THAVB/CHB), not present at the end of the procedure., Results: Intraprocedural-HAVB/CHB occurred in 50 patients (7.4%), being persistent in 32 (64.0%), and transient in 18 (36.0%). The use of Medtronic Corevalve Revalving System (MCRS) and a greater oversizing of the valve increased the risk of intraprocedural-HAVB/CHB (p < 0.001). Permanent pacemaker implantation (PPI) was more frequent in the PHAVB/CHB than in the THAVB/CHB group (96.9% vs. 33.3%; p < 0.001). At 1-month follow-up, the PHAVB/CHB group showed a 98% ventricular pacing rate (VPR) compared to 16% in the THAVB/CHB group (p < 0.001), and similar VPR were observed at 1-year follow-up (98% vs. 37%, p < 0.001). Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) decreased at 1-year follow-up in patients with PHAVB/CHB (-3.9 ± 1.8%, p = 0.003)., Conclusions: In TAVR recipients with no prior intraventricular conduction disturbances, intraprocedural-HAVB/CHB occurred in 7.4% of cases. HAVB/CHB was persistent in most cases and determined a high rate of PPI post-TAVR. Very high VPR at 1- and 12-month follow-up were observed, which in turn was associated with a negative effect on LVEF. These results support early PPI and close follow-up in patients developing intraprocedural-PHAVB/CHB., (© 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Objective: Recurrent infective endocarditis (IE) is a major complication of patients surviving a first episode of IE. This study sought to analyse the current state of recurrent IE in a large contemporary cohort., Methods: 1335 consecutive episodes of IE were recruited prospectively in three tertiary care centres in Spain between 1996 and 2015. Episodes were categorised into group I (n=1227), first-IE episode and group II (n=108), recurrent IE (8.1%). After excluding six patients, due to lack of relevant data, group II was subdivided into IIa (n=87), reinfection (different microorganism), and IIb (n=15), relapse (same microorganism within 6 months of the initial episode)., Results: The cumulative burden and incidence of recurrence was slightly lower in the second decade of the study (2006-2015) (7.17 vs 4.10 events/100 survivors and 7.51% vs 3.82, respectively). Patients with reinfections, compared with group I, were significantly younger, had a higher frequency of HIV infection, were more commonly intravenous drug users (IVDU) and prosthetic valve carriers, had less embolic complications and cardiac surgery, with similar in-hospital mortality. IVDU was found to be an independent predictor of reinfection (HR 3.92, 95% CI 1.86 to 8.28).In the relapse IE group, prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) and periannular complications were more common. Among patients treated medically, those with PVE had a higher relapse incidence (4.82% vs 0.43% in native valve IE, p=0.018). Staphylococcus aureus and PVE were independent predictors of relapse (HR 3.14, 95% CI 1.11 to 8.86 and 3.19, 95% CI 1.13 to 9.00, respectively) and in-hospital-mortality was similar to group I. Three-year all-cause mortality was similar in recurrent episodes compared with single episodes., Conclusion: Recurrent IE remains a frequent late complication. IVDU was associated with a fourfold increase in the risk of reinfection. PVE treated medically and infections caused by S. aureus increased the risk of relapse. In-hospital and long-term mortality was comparable among groups., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

This study aimed to compare the hemodynamic performance of transcatheter and surgical aortic valves in patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis and small aortic annulus (SAA) and to determine the valve hemodynamics according to transcatheter valve type. Consecutive surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) and transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) patients with SAA were case-matched (1:1) on the basis of sex, body surface area, aortic annulus diameter, and left ventricular ejection fraction. A total of 357 patients in each group constituted the final study population. A second match on the basis of aortic annulus diameter and valve/annulus calcium burden was performed within the TAVR group to compare the valve performance between balloon- (n = 52) and self-expanding (n = 52) transcatheter valve systems (BEV, SEV). The echocardiograms performed at hospital discharge were used for evaluating valve hemodynamics. The mean annulus diameter of the study population was 19.2 ± 0.3 mm. The TAVR group (vs SAVR) exhibited lower mean gradient (12 ± 7 mm Hg vs 15 ± 6 mm Hg, p <0.001), larger effective orifice area (1.46 ± 0.39 cm 2 vs 1.25 ± 0.37 cm 2 , p <0.001) and a lower rate of severe prosthesis-patient mismatch (PPM) (14% vs 24%, p = 0.001). Moderate-severe AR was present in 2.5% of the TAVR recipients versus none patient in the SAVR group. There were no differences in valve hemodynamics between balloon-expanding transcatheter valve system and self-expanding transcatheter valve system, and similar rates of severe PPM were observed in both groups (p = 0.488). In conclusion, TAVR presented superior valve hemodynamics and lower incidence of severe PPM compared with SAVR in SAA patients. Similar valve performance results were observed between transcatheter valve types., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: This study sought to determine the incidence, clinical impact, and changes over time of mitral regurgitation (MR) in patients with low-flow, low-gradient aortic stenosis (LFLG-AS) undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)., Background: Few data exist on the clinical impact and changes in severity over time of MR in patients with LFLG-AS undergoing TAVR., Methods: A total of 308 TAVR candidates with LFLG-AS were included. Patients were categorized according to MR severity at baseline, and presence of MR improvement at 12-month follow-up. Clinical outcomes were assessed at 1 and 12 months (+ echocardiography), and yearly thereafter., Results: Baseline mild and moderate-to-severe MR were present in 118 (38.3%) and 115 (37.3%) patients, respectively. MR was of functional and mixed etiology in 77.2% and 22.7% of patients, respectively. A total of 131 patients (42.5%) died after a median follow-up of 2 (1 to 3) years. Baseline moderate-or-greater MR had no impact on mortality (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.34; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.72 to 2.48) or heart failure hospitalization (HR: 1.02; 95% CI: 0.49 to 2.10). At 1-year follow-up, MR improved in 44.3% of patients and remained unchanged/worsened in 55.7%. The lack of MR improvement was associated with a higher risk of all-cause and cardiac mortality (HR: 2.02; 95% CI: 1.29 to 3.17; HR: 3.03; 95% CI: 1.27 to 7.23, respectively), rehospitalization for cardiac causes (HR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.04 to 2.15), and an increased overall-mortality/heart failure rehospitalization (HR: 1.94; 95% CI: 1.25 to 3.02). A higher baseline left ventricular end-diastolic diameter and a higher increase in left ventricular ejection fraction were found to be independent predictors of MR improvement at 1-year follow-up (odds ratio: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.51 to 0.94; and odds ratio: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.67 to 0.96, respectively)., Conclusions: Most TAVR candidates with LFLG-AS had some degree of MR, of functional origin in most cases. MR improved in about one-half of patients, with larger left ventricular size and a higher increase in left ventricular ejection fraction post-TAVR determining MR improvement over time. The lack of MR improvement at 1 year was associated with poorer outcomes., (Copyright © 2020 American College of Cardiology Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Transfemoral approach has been commonly used as secondary access in transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Scarce data exist on the use and potential clinical benefits of the transradial approach as secondary access during TAVR procedures. The objective of the study is to determine the occurrence of vascular complications (VC) and clinical outcomes according to secondary access (transfemoral versus transradial) in patients undergoing TAVR., Methods: This was a multicenter study including 4949 patients who underwent TAVR (mean age, 81±8 years, mean Society of Thoracic Surgeons score, 4.9 [3.3-7.5]). Transfemoral and transradial approaches were used as secondary access in 4016 (81.1%) and 933 (18.9%) patients, respectively. The 30-day clinical events (vascular and bleeding complications, stroke, acute kidney injury, and mortality) were evaluated and defined according to Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 criteria. Clinical outcomes were analyzed according to the secondary access (transfemoral versus transradial) in the overall population and in a propensity score-matched population involving 2978 transfemoral and 928 transradial patients., Results: Related-access VC occurred in 834 (16.9%) patients (major VC, 5.7%) and were related to the secondary access in 172 (3.5%) patients (major VC, 1.3%). The rate of VC related to the secondary access was higher in the transfemoral group (VC, 4.1% versus 0.9%, P <0.001; major VC, 1.6% versus 0%, P <0.001). In the propensity score-matched population, VC related to the secondary access remained higher in the transfemoral group (4.7% versus 0.9%, P <0.001; major VC, 1.8% versus 0%, P <0.001), which also exhibited a higher rate of major/life-threatening bleeding events (1.0% versus 0%, P <0.001). Significant differences between secondary access groups were observed regarding the rates of 30-day stroke (transfemoral: 3.1%, transradial: 1.6%; P =0.043), acute kidney injury (transfemoral: 9.9%, transradial: 5.7%; P <0.001), and mortality (transfemoral: 4.0%, transradial: 2.4%, P =0.047)., Conclusions: The use of transradial approach as secondary access in TAVR procedures was associated with a significant reduction in vascular and bleeding complications and improved 30-day outcomes. Future randomized studies are warranted.

Background: Although there have been several reports documenting complications related with transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) manipulation following cardiac surgery, there is a paucity of data regarding the safety of TEE used to guide catheter-based interventions. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, types and risk factors of complications associated with procedures requiring active TEE guidance., Methods: This study included 1249 consecutive patients undergoing either transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), Mitraclip, left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) or paravalvular leak closure (PVLC). Patients were divided into 2 cohorts based on the degree of probe manipulation required to guide the procedure and the risk of developing a TEE-related complication: low-risk (TAVI, n = 1037) and high-risk (Mitraclip, LAAO and PVLC, n = 212). Patients were further analyzed according to the occurrence of major and minor TEE-related complications., Results: The overall incidence of TEE-related complications was 0.9% in the TAVI group and 6.1% in the rest of the cohort (P < .001). Patients in the high-risk cohort had also a higher incidence of major-complications (2.8% vs 0.6%, P = .008), and factors associated with an increased risk were being underweight, having a prior history of gastrointestinal bleeding and the use of chronic steroids/immunosuppressive medications. Procedural time under TEE-manipulation was longer in patients exhibiting complications and was an independent predictor of major complications (OR = 1.13, 95% CI 1.01-1.25, for each 10 minutes increments in imaging time). Patients with major complications undergoing Mitraclip had the longest median time under TEE-manipulation (297 minutes) and a risk of developing a major-complication that was 10.64 times higher than the rest of the cohort (95% CI 3.30-34.29, P < .001)., Conclusion: The prevalence of TEE-related complications associated with interventional procedures is higher than previously reported. Undergoing a prolonged procedure, particularly in the setting of Mitraclip, was the main factor linked to TEE-related complications., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors report no conflict of interest with respect to the content of this article., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background Transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR) has emerged as an alternative therapeutic option for the treatment of severe mitral regurgitation in patients with prohibitive or high surgical risk. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the clinical procedural characteristics and outcomes associated with the early TMVR experience. Methods and Results Published studies and international conference presentations reporting data on TMVR systems were identified. Only records including clinical characteristics, procedural results, and 30-day and midterm outcomes were analyzed. A total of 16 publications describing 308 patients were analyzed. Most patients (65.9%) were men, with a mean age of 75 years (range: 69-81 years) and Society for Thoracic Surgery Predicted Risk of Mortality score of 7.7% (range: 6.1-8.6%). The etiology of mitral regurgitation was predominantly secondary or mixed (87.1%), and 81.5% of the patients were in New York Heart Association class III or IV. A transapical approach was used in 81.5% of patients, and overall technical success was high (91.7%). Postprocedural mean transmitral gradient was 3.5 mm Hg (range: 3-5.5 mm Hg), and only 4 cases (1.5%) presented residual moderate to severe mitral regurgitation. Procedural and all-cause 30-day mortality were 4.6% and 13.6%, respectively. Left ventricular outflow obstruction and conversion to open heart surgery were reported in 0.3% and 4% of patients, respectively. All-cause and cardiovascular-related mortality rates were 27.6% and 23.3%, respectively, after a mean follow-up of 10 (range: 3 to 24) months. Conclusions TMVR was a feasible, less invasive alternative for treating severe mitral regurgitation in patients with high or prohibitive surgical risk. TMVR was associated with a high rate of successful valve implantation and excellent hemodynamic results. However, periprocedural complications and all-cause mortality were relatively high.

The presence of a small aortic annulus poses a considerable challenge in the management of patients with severe aortic stenosis, especially in elderly women, where it is a very frequent finding. The optimal approach for treating these patients remains controversial, and several surgical strategies such as aortic root enlargement, supra-annular stented prosthetic valves, stentless bioprosthesis, and sutureless bioprostheses have been proposed to improve valve hemodynamics and clinical outcomes. More recently, transcatheter aortic valve replacement has emerged as a valid alternative for the treatment of aortic stenosis and excellent valve hemodynamic results have been observed among patients with a small aortic annulus. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the current definition, prevalence, and clinical impact of small aortic annulus in patients with aortic stenosis, and evaluate the different therapeutic strategies currently available to improve valve hemodynamics and outcomes in this population.

Background: Significant mitral regurgitation (MR) is associated with poorer outcomes in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Factors associated with MR improvement have not been studied thoroughly., Methods: Retrospective analysis of consecutive patients treated with TAVR with more than mild MR at baseline. MR evolution was assessed at 1-3 and 6-12 months after intervention. MR severity and mechanisms were assessed by echocardiography. Mitral annulus calcification (MAC) was quantified using preoperative cardiac CT., Results: From 674 consecutive TAVR recipients, 78 with more than mild MR had a 6-12 months follow-up. Following TAVR, MR improved in 34 patients (43%), remained stable in 38 (49%) and worsened in 6 (8%). Patients with MR improvement had greater tenting area (141 ± 56 vs. 99 ± 40 mm 2 , P < 0.01), tenting height (7.2 ± 1.9 vs. 5.6 ± 1.9 mm, P < 0.01) and lower ejection fraction (43 ± 16 vs. 52 ± 14%, P = 0.01). MAC was frequent (87.7% of patients) and a trend in greater MAC was observed in patients without MR improvement (3560 ± 5587 vs. 2053 ± 2800, P = 0.16). In multivariable analysis, tenting area (OR per 10 mm 2 increase: 1.012, 95% CI, 1.001-1.024 P = 0.039) and annulus calcifications associated with leaflet restriction (OR = 0.108, 95% CI, 0.012-0.956, P = 0.045) were independently associated with MR outcome after TAVR., Conclusion: Larger mitral valve tenting area was associated with more improvement of MR after TAVR whereas extensive MAC associated with leaflet restriction was associated with less improvement. This may help in the clinical decision-making process of TAVR candidates with concomitant MR., (© 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

In-hospital infections (IHI) are one of the most common and serious problems after invasive procedures. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is an increasingly used alternative to surgery in patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence, origin, risk factors, and clinical outcomes of IHI after TAVI. A total of 303 consecutive patients with severe aortic stenosis who underwent transfemoral TAVI were included and followed during a median time of 21 months. We examined the occurrence, types, origin, and timing of infections during hospital stay as well as short- and long-term clinical outcomes according to the occurrence of IHI. A total of 51 patients (17%; 62 infectious episodes) experienced IHI after TAVI. Respiratory and urinary tract infections were the most frequent type of infections (44% and 34%, respectively), followed by surgical site infection (8%) and bloodstream infection (5%). Positive cultures were obtained in 74% of the samples, of which 65% were gram-negative bacilli. Modifiable factors such as bleeding (p = 0.005) and length of coronary care unit stay (p <0.001) were independently associated with an increased infection risk. Patients with IHI had a longer hospital stay (14 vs 6 days, p <0.001), an increased mortality (hazard ratio 2.48, 95% CI 1.45 to 4.23) and readmission rate (hazard ratio 2.0, 95% CI 1.27 to 3.14) during the follow-up. In conclusion, IHI is a frequent complication after TAVI with a significant impact on short- and long-term clinical outcomes. The most important risk factors associated with the development of this complication were modifiable periprocedural aspects. These results underline the importance to implement specific preventive strategies to reduce in-hospital-acquired infections after TAVI., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)