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In late 2019, an outbreak caused by a novel coronavirus started in China (Graham and Baric, 2020; Hu et al., 2020; Maxmen, 2021). A global pandemic was declared in March 2020, as COVID-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus (World Health Organization, 2020b), escalated outside China (World Health Organization, 2020a). In mid-2021, when vaccination campaigns began to show positive effects on the control of the disease in several countries (Kaur and Gupta, 2020), the COVID-19 pandemic caused millions of deaths and hundreds of millions of infections (Dong et al., 2020). To fight the pandemic, governments reacted with measures designed to contain the spread of the virus, especially through measures aimed to reduce social interactions, including lockdowns (Wilder-Smith and Freedman, 2020), travel restrictions (Chinazzi et al., 2020), and limiting people’s access to non-essential activities (Storr et al., 2021). Humanity suffered a notable impact as a result of the pandemic, including losses of jobs and an abrupt disruption in global demand of goods and services (Barua, 2020; McKibbin and Fernando, 2020; Nicola et al., 2020). The pandemic further degraded the quality of life of the most vulnerable people, particularly those with mental health problems (Brooks et al., 2020), victims of domestic violence (Usher et al., 2020), children (Singh et al., 2020), or indigenous populations (Lane, 2020). As a result, an increase in economic inequality and worldwide poverty is expected, especially in developing countries (World Bank, 2020), and a peak in the suicide rate (Kawohl and Nordt, 2020). On the other hand, global reduction of human activities has had some positive effects on the global environment, especially for air and water quality (Rutz et al., 2020), and noise reduction (Zambrano-Monserrate et al., 2020). Marine ecosystems for example experienced less impacts derived from commercial fishing due to disruptions in large markets such as the United States (White et al., 2021a) or the European Union (Prellezo and Carvahlo, 2020; Coll et al., 2021). info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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METEOR-Berichte

Table S1—Surface samples of FF borrow area: Concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Hg (mg kg-1) and PCBs, PAHs e HCB (ng g-1). Classification according to the Portuguese legislation (Ordinance 1450/2007).

Museums have traditionally been described as “storehouses of artefacts”, of original, authentic, material and objects that have been collected, researched, and preserved over the years to educate the public. It is widely accepted, and expected, that the presentation of authentic objects is favoured and prioritised by museums. These objects often bear a level of historical significance and have a high economic value, increasing a museum's prestige and distinctiveness. The authentic collections make museums authentic places which consequently seek to provide “authentic” experiences for visitors. Nevertheless, although museums are valued for the authenticity of their collections, they are sometimes challenged with sourcing or presenting new authentic material. As a consequence, museums often incorporate artificial artefacts into their collections, as is the case for many science museums and scientific collections. In fact, the use of replicas and casts is ever more common in science museums for pedagogical, operational, and economic reasons. However, does this incorporation strip the museum and the object itself of authenticity? Does a replica communicate in the same way as the original object? Or can it ever be considered as having the same level of authenticity as the original object from a museological point of view?, Anais do Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, v. 17 (2018): Suplemento Nº3 - Património, ciência e saúde: intervir, conhecer, preservar e valorizar

The deep-sea sharks associated as by-catch of the Madeiran midwater drifting longline fishery for scabbardfishes (Aphanopus spp.) were investigated by means of an experimental survey at 800-1200 m depth within the Canary Islands Exclusive Economic Zone, whose fishing grounds have been exploited during the past 15 years. Nine species of chondrichthyans were identified, belonging to five families: Pseudotriakidae, Centrophoridae, Etmopteridae, Somniosidae and Chimaeridae. Data on length, weight and sex ratio for the 436 chondrichthyan individuals caught in the March 2009 survey are given. Several voucher specimens of each species caught were deposited in the collections of the Natural History Museum of Funchal., Se investigaron los tiburones de profundidad en las capturas accesorias de la pesquería de palangre de deriva de media agua que tiene por objetivo el sable negro (Aphanopus spp.) mediante una campaña experimental en la Zona Económica Exclusiva de Canarias a profundidades de 800 a 1200 m, en caladeros que han venido siendo explotados en los últimos 15 años. Se identificaron nueve especies de condrictios pertenecientes a cinco familias: Pseudotriakidae, Centrophoridae, Etmopteridae, Somniosidae y Chimaeridae. Se aportan datos de talla, peso y proporción de sexos para los 436 ejemplares de condrictios capturados en la campaña de marzo de 2009. Los especímenes de referencia capturados fueron depositados en las colecciones del Museo de Historia Natural de Funchal.

Submitted by Cristina Santos (cmaria@ua.pt) on 2019-12-03T10:28:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Documento.pdf: 3751215 bytes, checksum: 65391d13734580fdcb5706022fcdb9ab (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2019-12-03T10:28:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Documento.pdf: 3751215 bytes, checksum: 65391d13734580fdcb5706022fcdb9ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-12-17 Mestrado em Ciências do Mar e da Atmosfera

O vulcão de lama serpentinizada Yinazao, localizado no forearc das Marianas, numa margem ativa não acrecionária, foi amostrado durante a Expedição 366 do programa IODP – International Ocean Discovery Program (Sites U1491 e U1492). Foram encontrados minerais de aragonite e calcite predominantemente nos primeiros metros dos cores, onde, tanto a oxidação e a circulação de água do mar mais se fazem sentir na coluna sedimentos. Os objetivos deste trabalho são entender os processos envolvidos na formação destes carbonatos autigénicos no vulcão de lama Yinazao e, então, inferir sobre a fonte de carbono na formação dos mesmos, comparando este sistema com o da formação dos carbonatos no Golfo de Cádis, que é derivado do metano. Para cumprir com os objetivos propostos, foi realizado um estudo mineralógico e geoquímico das amostras dos Sites U1491 e U1492. Foi então, proposto um modelo de formação destes carbonatos baseado na comparação das características dos carbonatos autigénicos do vulcão de lama serpentinizada Yinazao com as características dos carbonatos autigénicos de vulcões de lama sedimentares e pockmarks do Golfo de Cádis. No vulcão de lama Yinazao, as diferentes fases autigénicas indicam diferentes temperaturas de formação e/ou composição de fluidos intersticiais de formação, sendo que estas diferenças são claramente refletidas na mineralogia. Há a possibilidade que estas diferenças sejam apenas o resultado de diferentes enquadramentos no vulcão de lama: flanco ou cume do vulcão de lama. No vulcão de lama serpentinizada Yinazao, os resultados indicam que a principal fonte de carbono na formação dos carbonatos, é a água do mar e não o metano. A precipitação destes carbonatos autigénicos é o resultado da reação entre os fluidos com influência da água do mar com os fluidos que sofreram a influência de processos de serpentinização, com grande alcalinidade e enriquecidos em Ca e Sr, que ascendem no vulcão de lama Yinazao The Yinazao serpentinite mud volcano, located at the Marianas forearc, on an active non-accretionary convergent margin, was sampled during the International Ocean Discovery Program - IODP Exp. 366 (Sites U1491 and U1492). Authigenic aragonite and calcite minerals were found predominantly within the top meters of the cores where both oxidation and seawater circulation in the sedimentary column are higher. The aims of this work are the understand of the processes involved in the formation of these authigenic carbonates within the Yinazao mud volcano, infer the major Carbon source and compare this system with the Gulf of Cadiz carbonates formation, that is methane-derived. To accomplish the proposed objectives, it was carried out a mineralogic and geochemical study of U1491 and U1492 samples. Based on the comparison of the features of authigenic carbonates from Yinazao serpentinite mud volcano with the features of authigenic carbonates from sedimentary mud volcanoes and pockmarks at Gulf of Cadiz, a model of Yinazao carbonates was proposed. At Yinazao mud volcano, the different authigenic phases indicate distinct formation temperature and/or pore fluids composition and these differences are clearly reflected on the mineralogy. There is the possibility that these distinct formation temperatures and/or pore-fluids composition is just the result of distinct setting: flank or summit of the mud volcano. In Yinazao serpentinite mud volcano, the results indicate that the major carbon source on carbonate formation is not methane, but seawater related. The precipitation of these authigenic carbonates is the result of the reaction between the seawater sourced fluids with the serpentinization sourced fluids, highly alkaline and enriched in Ca and Sr, ascending at the Yinazao mud volcano Mestrado em Ciências do Mar e da Atmosfera

Family Rhincodontidae Rhincodon typus Smith, 1828���Tubar��o-baleia, pintado; Whale shark Wirtz et al. 2008: 3 | Carneiro et al. 2014: 10. Distribution in Macaronesia. Madeira, Azores (Santos et al. 1997; Porteiro et al. 2010), Canary Islands (Brito et al. 2002; Brito Hern��ndez & Sancho Rafel 2003) and Cape Verde (Reiner 1996, 2005; Monteiro et al. 2008; Wirtz et al. 2013). Remarks. the species has been observed underwater by divers, including ichthyologists, in coastal waters of the island of Madeira and also by Madeiran tuna fleet fishermen. Although there are no specimens in collection from the area, the oceanic character and actual distribution range and the unmistakable external characters of this species, validates its inclusion in this checklist., Published as part of Biscoito, Manuel, Ribeiro, Cl��udia & Freitas, Mafalda, 2018, Annotated checklist of the fishes of the archipelago of Madeira (NE Atlantic): I-Chondrichthyes, pp. 459-494 in Zootaxa 4429 (3) on page 462, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4429.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1285016, {"references":["Wirtz, P., Fricke, R. & Biscoito, M. J. (2008) The coastal fishes of Madeira Island - new records and an annotated check-list. Zootaxa, 1715, 1 - 26.","Carneiro, M., Martins, R., Landi, M. & Costa, F. O. (2014) Updated checklist of marine fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf. European Journal of Taxonomy, 73, 1 - 73. https: // doi. org / 10.5852 / ejt. 2014.73","Santos, R. S., Porteiro, F. & Barreiros, J. P. (1997) Marine fishes of the Azores: annotated checklist and bibliography, Arquipelago, 1 (Supplement), 1 - 244.","Porteiro, F., Menezes, G., Afonso, P., Monteiro, J. & Santos, R. (2010) Marine fish (Chondrichthyes, Actinopterygii). In: Borges, P. A. V., Costa, A., Cunha, R., Gabriel, R., Goncalves, V., Martins, A. F., Melo, I., Parente, M., Raposeiro, P., Rodrigues, P., Santos, R. S., Silva, L., Vieira, P. & Vieira, V. (Eds.), A list of the terrestrial and marine biota from the Azores. Principia, Cascais, pp. 326 - 350.","Brito, A., Pascual, P. J., Falcon, J. M., Sancho, A. & Gonzalez, G. (2002) Peces de las Islas Canarias: catalogo comentado e ilustrado. Francisco Lemus, La Laguna, 419 pp.","Reiner, F. (1996) Catalogo dos peixes do Arquipelago de Cabo Verde. nº 2. Publicacoes Avulsas do IPIMAR, Lisboa, 339 pp.","Reiner, F. (2005) Peixes do Arquipelago de Cabo Verde. Instituto Nacional de Desenvolvimento das Pescas. Mindelo, 340 pp.","Monteiro, P., Ribeiro, D., Silva, J. A., Bispo, J. & Goncalves, J. (2008) Ichthyofauna assemblages from two unexplored Atlantic seamounts: Northwest Bank and Joao Valente Bank (Cape Verde archipelago). Scientia Marina, 72, 133 - 143. https: // doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2008.72 n 1133","Wirtz, P., Brito, A., Falcon, J. M., Freitas, R., Fricke, R., Monteiro, V., Reiner, F. & Tariche, O. (2013) The coastal fishes of the Cape Verde Islands - new records and an annotated check-list. Spixiana, 36, 113 - 142."]}

Biscoito, Manuel, Ribeiro, Cláudia, Freitas, Mafalda (2018): Annotated checklist of the fishes of the archipelago of Madeira (NE Atlantic): I-Chondrichthyes. Zootaxa 4429 (3): 459-494, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4429.3.2

Family Squalidae Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758 —No common name in Madeira; Piked dogfish Bowdich 1825: 74–75 (as Spinax acanthias) Noronha & Sarmento 1934: 135 (as Acanthias acanthias) Belloc 1934: 140 | Fowler 1936: 69 | Albuquerque 1954 –56: 115 | Cadenat & Blache 1981: 47–48 | McEachran & Branstetter 1984: 146 | Sanches 1986: 78 | Lloris et al, 1991: 239 | Carneiro et al. 2014: 13. Distribution in Macaronesia. Azores (Santos et al.1997; Arruda 1997) and Canary Islands (Brito et al. 2002; Brito Hernández & Sancho Rafel 2003). Remarks. Bowdich (1825) seems to be the original source of all subsequent references of this species to the archipelago of Madeira. In his account (pp.74–75) he says “Two dead sharks (the spinax acanthias and scymnus licha) lay on the beach;” (referring to the beach of Porto Santo). It is improbable that two fishes (Squalus acanthias and Dalatias licha), occurring in such different habitats had been abandoned together by fisherman. The report of D. licha indicates that we are probably in the presence of a discard of the fishery for the black scabbard fish, where this species is sometimes caught as a by catch. On the other hand there are no records of a Squalus being caught the same way until now. Moreover, the name Spinax has been used in the past to identify members of the genus Etmopterus (Etmopteridae), which in the present case makes sense, as these species occur in the same habitat and are usually caught the same way as D. licha. Not having access to the specimens seen by Bowdich, one cannot confirm his identifications, but in view of the above and since no specimens or other material from Madeira were found in natural history museum collections in Funchal and elsewhere, we propose that this species should be excluded from the list of Chondrichthyans of Madeira.

Family Dalatiidae * Dalatias licha (Bonnaterre, 1788) ���Gata, Trabolha; Kitefin shark Bowdich 1825: 74 (as Scymnus licha) Lowe 1838: 194 (as Scymnus nicaeensis) G��nther 1870: 425 | Collet 1890: 219 | Roule 1912: 17 | Noronha & Samento 1934: 144 (as Scymnus lichia) Krefft & Tortonese 1973: 46 (as Scymnorhinus licha) Fowler 1936: 86 | Noronha & Sarmento 1948: 107 | Maul 1948: 139 | Nunes 1953: 148 | Albuquerque 1954 ��� 56: 132 | McEachran & Branstetter 1984: 136 | Compagno 1984a: 63���64 | Sanches 1986: 90 | Lloris et al. 1991: 225 | Carneiro et al. 2014: 14 | Delgado et al. 2017. Distribution in Macaronesia. Madeira, Azores (Santos et al. 1997; Arruda 1997; Porteiro et al. 2010), Canary Islands (Brito et al. 2002; Brito Hern��ndez & Sancho Rafel 2003) and Cape Verde (Reiner 1996, 2005). Remarks. skin, oil, jaws and formalin preserved specimens in MMF collections (dated from 1940, 42 and 44). The DSI in the framework of the project ARQMAD-02-P96, 1996 caught this species using bottom long-lines at a depth 600���700 m, SW of Porto Moniz, Madeira. Maul (1948) refers as frequent all year, from offshore. * Squaliolus laticaudus Smith & Radcliffe, 1912 ���Tubar��o-an��o; Spined pygmy shark Noronha 1926: 386 | Noronha & Sarmento 1934: 144; 1948: 22 (as Squaliolus sarmenti) Maul 1948: 139 | Albuquerque 1954 ���56: 135 (as Euprotomicrus sarmenti) Lloris et al. 1991: 239 (as Squaliodus laticaudus sic) Krefft & Tortonese 1973: 48 | Cadenat & Blache 1981: 108���111 | McEachran & Branstetter 1984: 145 | Compagno 1984a: 108���109 | Sanches 1986: 94 | Carneiro et al. 2014: 14. Distribution in Macaronesia. Madeira, Azores (Silva et al. (1998) report as the first record of the species to Azores; Santos et al. (1997) give as a new record, referring to Silva et al. (1998) specimen; Porteiro et al. 2010), Canary Islands (Brito et al. 2002; Brito Hern��ndez & Sancho Rafel 2003) and Cape Verde (Reiner 1996, 2005). Remarks. Noronha���s specimen is deposited in FMNH collections (58862 ��� Squaliolus sarmenti: Off C��mara de Lobos, Funchal, Madeira, eastern Atlantic, depth about 500���800 fathoms). Also a preserved specimen in AMNH (I-15731) and thirteen records, including stomach content and formalin preserved specimens in MMF collections (from 1940 to 2004). Maul (1948) refers as rare, from offshore., Published as part of Biscoito, Manuel, Ribeiro, Cl��udia & Freitas, Mafalda, 2018, Annotated checklist of the fishes of the archipelago of Madeira (NE Atlantic): I-Chondrichthyes, pp. 459-494 in Zootaxa 4429 (3) on pages 472-473, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4429.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1285016, {"references":["Bowdich, T. E. (1825) Excursions in Madeira and Porto Santo, during the Autumn of 1823, while on his third voyage to Africa. G. B. Whittaker, London, xii + 272 pp.","Lowe, R. T. (1838) A synopsis of the fishes of Madeira; with the principal synonyms, Portuguese names, and characteres of the new Genera and Species. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 2, Part 3 (14), 173 - 200.","Gunther, A. (1870) Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum. Vol. 8. British Museum (Natural History), London, 549 pp.","Collet, R. (1890) Sur quelques poissons rapportes de Madere par le prince de Monaco. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 15, 218 - 224.","Roule, L. (1912) Notice sur les Selaciens conserves dans les collections du Musee Oceanograpique. Bulletin de l'Institut Oceanographique, Monaco, 243, 1 - 36.","Noronha, A. C. & Sarmento, A. A. (1934) Os peixes dos mares da Madeira. Diario de Noticias, Funchal, 146 pp.","Krefft, G. & Tortonese, E. (1973) Squalidae. In: Hureau, J. - C. & Monod, Th. (Eds.), Check-list of the fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and of the Mediterranean (CLOFNAM). Unesco, Paris, pp. 37 - 48.","Fowler, H. W. (1936) The Marine Fishes of West Africa. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 70 (1 & 2), 1 - 605 & 607 - 1493.","Noronha, A. C. & Sarmento, A. A. (1948) Vertebrados da Madeira: Peixes. Junta Geral do Distrito Autonomo do Funchal, Funchal, 181 pp.","Maul, G. E. (1948) Lista Sistematica dos peixes assinalados nos mares da Madeira e indice alfabetico. In: Noronha, A. C. & Sarmento, A. A. Vertebrados da Madeira: Peixes. Junta Geral do Distrito Autonomo do Funchal, Funchal, 137 - 181.","Nunes, A. A. (1953) Peixes da Madeira. Junta Geral do Distrito Autonomo do Funchal, Funchal, 274 pp. + xxv pls.","Albuquerque, R. M. (1954 - 56) Peixes de Portugal e ilhas adjacentes. Portugaliae Acta Biologica, Museu Nacional de Historia Natural e da Ciencia, Lisboa, Serie B, 1164 pp.","McEachran, J. D. & Branstetter, S. (1984) Squalidae. In: Whitehead, P. J. P., Bauchot, M. - L., Hureau, J. - C. & Tortonese, E. (Eds.), Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Unesco, Paris, pp. 128 - 147.","Compagno, L. J. V. (1984 a) FAO species catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 1. Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. In: FAO Fisheries Synopsis. Vol. 4. FAO, Rome, pp. 1 - 249.","Sanches, J. G. (1986) Nomenclatura e diagnose dos principais peixes marinhos de Portugal. (Ciclostomos, Selaceos e Holocefalos). Instituto Nacional de Investigacao das Pescas, Lisboa, 184 pp.","Lloris, D., Rucabado, J. & Figueroa, H. (1991) Biogeography of the Macaroneisan Ichthyofauna (the Azores, Madeira, the Canary Islands, Cape verde and the African Enclave, Boletim do Museu Municipal do Funchal 43, 191 - 241.","Carneiro, M., Martins, R., Landi, M. & Costa, F. O. (2014) Updated checklist of marine fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf. European Journal of Taxonomy, 73, 1 - 73. https: // doi. org / 10.5852 / ejt. 2014.73","Santos, R. S., Porteiro, F. & Barreiros, J. P. (1997) Marine fishes of the Azores: annotated checklist and bibliography, Arquipelago, 1 (Supplement), 1 - 244.","Arruda, L. M. (1997) Checklist of the marine fishes of the Azores. Arquivos do Museu Bocage, Nova Serie, 3 (2), 13 - 164.","Porteiro, F., Menezes, G., Afonso, P., Monteiro, J. & Santos, R. (2010) Marine fish (Chondrichthyes, Actinopterygii). In: Borges, P. A. V., Costa, A., Cunha, R., Gabriel, R., Goncalves, V., Martins, A. F., Melo, I., Parente, M., Raposeiro, P., Rodrigues, P., Santos, R. S., Silva, L., Vieira, P. & Vieira, V. (Eds.), A list of the terrestrial and marine biota from the Azores. Principia, Cascais, pp. 326 - 350.","Brito, A., Pascual, P. J., Falcon, J. M., Sancho, A. & Gonzalez, G. (2002) Peces de las Islas Canarias: catalogo comentado e ilustrado. Francisco Lemus, La Laguna, 419 pp.","Reiner, F. (1996) Catalogo dos peixes do Arquipelago de Cabo Verde. nº 2. Publicacoes Avulsas do IPIMAR, Lisboa, 339 pp.","Reiner, F. (2005) Peixes do Arquipelago de Cabo Verde. Instituto Nacional de Desenvolvimento das Pescas. Mindelo, 340 pp.","Noronha, A. C. (1926) A new species of deep water shark (Squaliolus sarmenti) from Madeira. Annals of the Carnegie Museum, 16, 385 - 389.","Cadenat, J. & Blache, J. (1981) Requins de Mediterranee et d'Atlantique: plus particulierement de la cote occidentale d'Afrique. Editions de l'Office de la recherche scientifique et technique outre-mer, Paris, 330 pp.","Silva, A. A., Duarte, P. C., Giga, A. & Menezes, G. M. (1998) First record of the spined pygmy shark, Squaliolus laticaudus (Smith & Radcliffe, 1912) in the Azores, extending its distribution in the North-eastern Atlantic. Arquipelago. Life and Marine Sciences, 16 A, 57 - 61."]}

Family Echinorhinidae Echinorhinus brucus (Bonnaterre 1788) ���No common name in Madeira; Longnose spurdog McEachran & Branstetter 1984: 138 | Sanches 1986: 91. Distribution in Macaronesia. All references to Macaronesia seem to be based on literature and apparently no specimens have been caught in the area or at least were not deposited in museum collections (Santos et al. 1997; Brito et al. 2002; Carneiro et al. 2014; Hanel & John 2014). Remarks. Since there are neither reliable references nor specimens in collection, this species should be excluded from the list of Chondrichthyans of Madeira., Published as part of Biscoito, Manuel, Ribeiro, Cl��udia & Freitas, Mafalda, 2018, Annotated checklist of the fishes of the archipelago of Madeira (NE Atlantic): I-Chondrichthyes, pp. 459-494 in Zootaxa 4429 (3) on pages 487-488, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4429.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1285016, {"references":["McEachran, J. D. & Branstetter, S. (1984) Squalidae. In: Whitehead, P. J. P., Bauchot, M. - L., Hureau, J. - C. & Tortonese, E. (Eds.), Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Unesco, Paris, pp. 128 - 147.","Sanches, J. G. (1986) Nomenclatura e diagnose dos principais peixes marinhos de Portugal. (Ciclostomos, Selaceos e Holocefalos). Instituto Nacional de Investigacao das Pescas, Lisboa, 184 pp.","Santos, R. S., Porteiro, F. & Barreiros, J. P. (1997) Marine fishes of the Azores: annotated checklist and bibliography, Arquipelago, 1 (Supplement), 1 - 244.","Brito, A., Pascual, P. J., Falcon, J. M., Sancho, A. & Gonzalez, G. (2002) Peces de las Islas Canarias: catalogo comentado e ilustrado. Francisco Lemus, La Laguna, 419 pp.","Carneiro, M., Martins, R., Landi, M. & Costa, F. O. (2014) Updated checklist of marine fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf. European Journal of Taxonomy, 73, 1 - 73. https: // doi. org / 10.5852 / ejt. 2014.73","Hanel, R. & John, H. - C. (2014) A revised checklist of Cape Verde Islands sea fishes. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 1 - 35. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jai. 12621"]}

Family Myliobatidae * Myliobatis aquila (Linnaeus, 1758) —Ratão-águia; Common eagle ray Günther 1870: 489 | Noronha & Sarmento 1934: 124 | Nobre 1935: 489 | Fowler 1936: 134 | Noronha & Sarmento 1948: 122 | Maul 1948: 140 | Nunes 1953: 199 | Albuquerque 1954 –56: 177 | Krefft & Stehmann 1973b: 74 | McEachran & Capapé 1984: 206 | Sanches 1986: 117 | Lloris et al. 1991: 233 | Wirtz et al. 2008: 5 | Ebert & Stehmann 2013: 405| Carneiro et al. 2014: 16 | Almada et al. 2015: 4. Belloc 1934: 175 (as Leiobatus aquila). Distribution in Macaronesia. Madeira, Azores (Santos et al. 1997; Arruda 1997; Porteiro et al. 2010; Carneiro et al. 2014), Canary Islands (Brito et al. 2002; Brito Hernández & Sancho Rafel 2003) and Cape Verde (Reiner 1996, 2005; Wirtz et al. 2013; Hanel & John 2014). Remarks. one preserved specimen in BMNH (1898.1.26.47), five formalin and ethanol preserved specimens in MMF collection (dated from 1960 to 2006). Although Maul (1948) refers as coastal and rare, it is commonly observed in Madeira and Porto Santo. At least 12 specimens collected off Madeira’s north coast between 2005 and 2014 lived from a few months to 10 years in the Aquarium of Porto Moniz (Carolina Ornelas, pers. comm.). Aetomylaeus bovinus (Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1817) —Dormideiro; Bull ray Lowe 1838: 196, 1843–60: 99 (as Myliobatis aquila) Günther 1870: 490 | Noronha & Sarmento 1934: 124 (as Myliobatis bovina) Nobre 1934: 490 | Fowler 1936: 135 | Maul 1948: 140 | Nunes 1953: 199 | Albuquerque 1954 –56: 178 (as Pteromylaeus bovina) Krefft & Stehmann 1973b: 74 | McEachran & Capapé 1984: 206 | Sanches 1986: 118 | Lloris et al. 1991: 236 | Wirtz et al. 2008: 5 | Ebert & Stehmann 2013: 407 | Carneiro et al. 2014: 16 | Almada et al. 2015: 4 (as Pteromylaeus bovinus). Distribution in Macaronesia. Madeira, Canary Islands (Brito et al. 2002; Brito Hernández & Sancho Rafel 2003) and Cape Verde (Reiner 1996, 2005; Wirtz et al. 2013; Hanel & John 2014). Remarks. Lowe (1843–60) gives a detailed description of this species leaving no doubt that he is referring to A. bovinus and not M. aquila. Günther (1870) refers at least three specimens from Madeira, two of them sent by R. T. Lowe. Although there are no specimens in the MMF collections, this record was confirmed by underwater photos (Wirtz et al. 2008 and the authors).

Family Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus plumbeus (Nardo, 1827) —No common name in Madeira; Sandbar Shark Lloris et al. 1991: 223 | Branstetter 1984a: 109 | Carneiro et al. 2014: 12. Distribution in Macaronesia. possibly Madeira archipelago, Azores (Arruda 1997), Canary Islands (Brito Hernández & Sancho Rafel 2003) and Cape Verde (Reiner 1996, 2005; Wirtz et al. 2013). Remarks. According to Ebert & Stehmann (2013) the occurrence of C. plumbeus in Madeira is possible. Since neither specimens nor other material in natural history museum collections were found, nor reliable observations were recorded, at this point, the presence of this species is considered as subject to confirmation. Galeocerdo cuvier (Péron & Lesuer, 1822) —Tubarão-tigre; Tiger shark Branstetter 1984a: 111 | Lloris et al. 1991: 228 | Carneiro et al. 2014: 12. Distribution in Macaronesia. possibly Madeira archipelago, Azores (Santos et al. 1997; Arruda 1997; Porteiro et al. 2010), Canary Islands (Brito et al. 2002; Brito Hernández & Sancho Rafel 2003) and Cape Verde (Reiner 1996, 2005; Monteiro et al. 2008; Wirtz et al. 2013) Remarks. no specimens or other material from Madeira were found in natural history museum collections. Carneiro et al. (2014) noted that Ebert & Stehmann (2013) indicated the presence of the species in Madeira based on its geographical distribution. Since the species has been reported from the remaining Macaronesian archipelagos and it has been collected in the Azores, the occurrence of the species in Madeiran waters is also expected, but at this point, the presence of this species is considered as subject to confirmation. Rhizoprionodon acutus (Rüppell, 1837) —Tubarão-bicudo, Milk shark Compagno 1973: 31 | Cadenat & Blache 1981: 244–247 | Compagno 1984b: 525–26 | Branstetter 1984a: 114 | Sanches 1986: 75 | Lloris et al. 1991: 237 | Wirtz et al. 2008: 3 | Carneiro et al. 2014: 12. Distribution in Macaronesia. possibly Madeira archipelago and Cape Verde (Reiner 1996, 2005; Menezes et al. 2004; Wirtz et al. 2013). Remarks. no specimens or other material from Madeira were found in natural history museum collections. Wirtz et al. (2008), considered this record from Madeira as very doubtful. Carneiro et al. (2014) state that R. acutus was indicated as native from Madeira by Compagno (1984b), but its presence was not confirmed. At this point, the presence of this species is considered as subject to confirmation.

Family Alopiidae * ▲ Alopias superciliosus Lowe, 1841 — Peixe-rato-de-natura; Bigeye thresher Lowe 1841: 39 (as Alopecias superciliosus) Springer 1973a: 17 | Cadenat & Blache 1981: 145–149 | Compagno 1984a: 231–232 | Quéro 1984a: 91 | Sanches 1986: 60 | Lloris et al. 1991: 220 | Wirtz et al. 2008: 3 | Carneiro et al. 2014: 10. Distribution in Macaronesia. Madeira, Azores (Santos et al. 1997; Arruda 1997; Porteiro et al. 2010), Canary Islands (Brito et al. 2002; Brito Hernández & Sancho Rafel 2003) and Cape Verde (Cadenat & Blache 1981). Remarks. Madeira is the type locality, but the holotype is unknown. There is one formalin preserved specimen in MMF collection, dated from 2012 (MMF 42302), caught on the black scabbard fish longline. Although this species has economic importance in many regions of the world (Nieto et al. 2015), in Madeira it is not used for consumption (Nunes 1953). In 1996 during the project ARQMAD-02-P96 of the DSI, one specimen of this species was caught SW of Porto Moniz, Madeira, while hauling a bottom longline at 800-900 m depth. * Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre, 1788) —Peixe-rato, Thresher Lowe 1838: 194 (as Carcharias vulpes) Lowe 1852: 253 | Belloc 1934: 140 | Nobre 1935: 438–439 (as Alopias vulpes) Noronha & Sarmento 1934: 122 and 135 (as Alopecias vulpes) Fowler 1936: 43 | Maul 1948: 138 | Albuquerque 1954 –56: 85 | Springer 1973a: 17 | Cadenat & Blache 1981: 143–144 | Sanches 1986: 59 | Carneiro et al. 2014: 10. Distribution in Macaronesia. Madeira, Azores (Santos et al. 1997; Arruda 1997; Porteiro et al. 2010) and Canary Islands (Brito et al. 2002; Brito Hernández & Sancho Rafel 2003). Remarks. one mounted specimen in the MMF exhibition. Maul (1948) refers as frequent all year.

Family Pristidae Pristis pristis (Linnaeus, 1758) ���No common name in Madeira; Common sawfish Noronha & Sarmento 1934: 110 and 143 (as Pristis antiquorum Latham) Nobre 1935: 467 | Noronha & Sarmento 1948: 105 | Maul 1948: 139 | Nunes 1953: 134 | Albuquerque 1954 ���56: 144 | Krefft & Stehmann 1973d: 51 | Stehmann & B��rkel 1984b: 154 | Sanches 1986: 96 | Lloris et al. 1991: 236 | Wirtz et al. 2008: 3 | Carneiro et al. 2014: 15. Distribution in Macaronesia. possibly Madeira archipelago, Canary Islands (Lloris et al. 1991; Brito et al. 2002; Brito Hern��ndez & Sancho Rafel 2003) and questionably Cape Verde (Reiner 1996, 2005; Wirtz et al. 2013, Hanel & John 2014). Remarks. no specimens or other material from Madeira was found in major natural history collections. Although Maul (1948) refers it as very rare, we opt to consider the presence of this species as in need of confirmation. ORDER RAJIFORMES, Published as part of Biscoito, Manuel, Ribeiro, Cl��udia & Freitas, Mafalda, 2018, Annotated checklist of the fishes of the archipelago of Madeira (NE Atlantic): I-Chondrichthyes, pp. 459-494 in Zootaxa 4429 (3) on page 485, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4429.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1285016, {"references":["Noronha, A. C. & Sarmento, A. A. (1934) Os peixes dos mares da Madeira. Diario de Noticias, Funchal, 146 pp.","Nobre, A. (1935) Fauna Marinha de Portugal. I Vertebrados (Mamiferos, Repteis e Peixes). Editora do Minho, Porto, 574 pp.","Noronha, A. C. & Sarmento, A. A. (1948) Vertebrados da Madeira: Peixes. Junta Geral do Distrito Autonomo do Funchal, Funchal, 181 pp.","Maul, G. E. (1948) Lista Sistematica dos peixes assinalados nos mares da Madeira e indice alfabetico. In: Noronha, A. C. & Sarmento, A. A. Vertebrados da Madeira: Peixes. Junta Geral do Distrito Autonomo do Funchal, Funchal, 137 - 181.","Nunes, A. A. (1953) Peixes da Madeira. Junta Geral do Distrito Autonomo do Funchal, Funchal, 274 pp. + xxv pls.","Albuquerque, R. M. (1954 - 56) Peixes de Portugal e ilhas adjacentes. Portugaliae Acta Biologica, Museu Nacional de Historia Natural e da Ciencia, Lisboa, Serie B, 1164 pp.","Krefft, G. & Stehmann, M. (1973 d) Pristidae. In: Hureau, J. - C. & Monod, Th. (Eds.), Check-list of the fishes of the northeastern Atlantic and of the Mediterranean (CLOFNAM). Unesco, Paris, pp. 51 - 52.","Stehmann, M. & Burkel, D. L. (1984 b) Pristidae. In: Whitehead, P. J. P., Bauchot, M. - L., Hureau, J. - C. & Tortonese, E. (Eds.), Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Unesco, Paris, pp. 153 - 155.","Sanches, J. G. (1986) Nomenclatura e diagnose dos principais peixes marinhos de Portugal. (Ciclostomos, Selaceos e Holocefalos). Instituto Nacional de Investigacao das Pescas, Lisboa, 184 pp.","Lloris, D., Rucabado, J. & Figueroa, H. (1991) Biogeography of the Macaroneisan Ichthyofauna (the Azores, Madeira, the Canary Islands, Cape verde and the African Enclave, Boletim do Museu Municipal do Funchal 43, 191 - 241.","Wirtz, P., Fricke, R. & Biscoito, M. J. (2008) The coastal fishes of Madeira Island - new records and an annotated check-list. Zootaxa, 1715, 1 - 26.","Carneiro, M., Martins, R., Landi, M. & Costa, F. O. (2014) Updated checklist of marine fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf. European Journal of Taxonomy, 73, 1 - 73. https: // doi. org / 10.5852 / ejt. 2014.73","Brito, A., Pascual, P. J., Falcon, J. M., Sancho, A. & Gonzalez, G. (2002) Peces de las Islas Canarias: catalogo comentado e ilustrado. Francisco Lemus, La Laguna, 419 pp.","Reiner, F. (1996) Catalogo dos peixes do Arquipelago de Cabo Verde. nº 2. Publicacoes Avulsas do IPIMAR, Lisboa, 339 pp.","Reiner, F. (2005) Peixes do Arquipelago de Cabo Verde. Instituto Nacional de Desenvolvimento das Pescas. Mindelo, 340 pp.","Wirtz, P., Brito, A., Falcon, J. M., Freitas, R., Fricke, R., Monteiro, V., Reiner, F. & Tariche, O. (2013) The coastal fishes of the Cape Verde Islands - new records and an annotated check-list. Spixiana, 36, 113 - 142.","Hanel, R. & John, H. - C. (2014) A revised checklist of Cape Verde Islands sea fishes. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 1 - 35. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jai. 12621"]}