1. Study on multi-ELVES in the Pierre Auger Observatory
- Author
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Collaboration, Pierre Auger, V��squez Ram��rez, Adriana, Abreu, Pedro, Aglietta, Marco, Albury, Justin M., Allekotte, Ingomar, Almela, Alejandro, Alvarez-Muniz, Jaime, Alves Batista, Rafael, Anastasi, Gioacchino Alex, Anchordoqui, Luis A., Andrada, Bel��n, Andringa, Sofia, Aramo, Carla, Ara��jo Ferreira, Paulo Ricardo, Arteaga Velazquez, Juan Carlos, Asorey, Hern��n Gonzalo, Assis, Pedro, Avila, Gualberto, Badescu, Alina Mihaela, Bakalova, Alena, Balaceanu, Alexandru, Barbato, Felicia, Barreira Luz, Ricardo Jorge, Becker, Karl-Heinz, Bellido, Jose A., Berat, Corinne, Bertaina, Mario Edoardo, Bertou, Xavier, Biermann, Peter L., Binet, Virginia, Bismark, Kathrin, Bister, Teresa, Biteau, Jonathan, Blazek, Jiri, Bleve, Carla, Bohacova, Martina, Boncioli, Denise, Bonifazi, Carla, Bonneau Arbeletche, Luan, Borodai, Nataliia, Botti, Ana Martina, Brack, Jeffrey, Bretz, Thomas, Brichetto Orchera, P. Gabriel, Briechle, Florian Lukas, Buchholz, Peter, Bueno, Antonio, Buitink, Stijn, Buscemi, Mario, B��sken, Max, Caballero-Mora, Karen S., Caccianiga, Lorenzo, Canfora, Fabrizia, Caracas, Ioana, Carceller, Juan Miguel, Caruso, Rossella, Castellina, Antonella, Catalani, Fernando, Cataldi, Gabriella, Cazon, Lorenzo, Cerda, Marcos, Chinellato, Jose Augusto, Chudoba, Jiri, Chytka, Ladislav, Clay, Roger W., Cobos Cerutti, Agust��n, Colalillo, Roberta, Coleman, Alan, Coluccia, Maria Rita, Concei����o, R��ben, Condorelli, Antonio, Consolati, Giovanni, Contreras, Fernando, Convenga, Fabio, Correia Dos Santos, Diego, Covault, Corbin, Dasso, Sergio, Daumiller, Kai, Dawson, Bruce R., Day, Jarryd A., Almeida, Rogerio M. De, Jes��s, Joaqu��n De, Jong, Sijbrand J. De, De Mauro, Giuseppe, Mello Neto, Jo��o De, De Mitri, Ivan, Oliveira, Jaime De, Oliveira Franco, Danelise De, Palma, Francesco De, Souza, Vitor De, De Vito, Emanuele, R��o, Mariano Del, Deligny, Olivier, Deval, Luca, Matteo, Armando Di, Dobrigkeit, Carola, D'Olivo, Juan Carlos, Domingues Mendes, Luis Miguel, Anjos, Rita Dos, Santos, Diego Dos, Dova, Maria Teresa, Ebr, Jan, Engel, Ralph, Epicoco, Italo, Erdmann, Martin, Escobar, Carlos O., Etchegoyen, Alberto, Falcke, Heino, Farmer, John, Farrar, Glennys R., Fauth, Anderson, Fazzini, Norberto, Feldbusch, Fridtjof, Fenu, Francesco, Fick, Brian, Figueira, Juan Manuel, Filipcic, Andrej, Fitoussi, Thomas, Fodran, Tom����, Freire, Mart��n Miguel, Fujii, Toshihiro, Fuster, Alan, Galea, Cristina, Galelli, Claudio, Garc��a, Beatriz, Garc��a Vegas, Adrianna Luz, Gemmeke, Hartmut, Gesualdi, Flavia, Gherghel-Lascu, Alexandru, Ghia, Piera Luisa, GIACCARI, Ugo, Giammarchi, Marco, Glombitza, Jonas, Gobbi, Fabian, Gollan, Fernando, Golup, Geraldina, G��mez Berisso, Mariano, G��mez Vitale, Primo F., Gongora, Juan Pablo, Gonz��lez, Juan Manuel, Gonzalez, Nicolas Martin, Goos, Isabel, Gora, Dariusz, Gorgi, Alessio, Gottowik, Marvin, Grubb, Trent D., Guarino, Fausto, Guedes, Germano, Guido, Eleonora, Hahn, Steffen, Hamal, Petr, Hampel, Mat��as Rolf, Hansen, Patricia Mar��a, Harari, Diego, Harvey, Violet M., Haungs, Andreas, Hebbeker, Thomas, Heck, Dieter, Hill, Gary C., Hojvat, Carlos, H��randel, J��rg, Horvath, Pavel, Hrabovsky, Miroslav, Huege, Tim, Insolia, Antonio, Isar, Paula Gina, Janecek, Petr, Johnsen, Jeffrey A., Jury��ek, Jakub, K����p��, Alex, Kampert, Karl-Heinz, Karastathis, Nikolaos, Keilhauer, Bianca, Kemp, Julian, Khakurdikar, Abha, Kizakke Covilakam, Varada Varma, Klages, Hans, Kleifges, Matthias, Kleinfeller, Jonny, K��pke, Marcel, Kunka, Norbert, Lago, Bruno L., Lang, Rodrigo Guedes, Langner, Niklas, Leigui De Oliveira, Marcelo Augusto, Lenok, Vladimir, Letessier-Selvon, Antoine, Lhenry-Yvon, Isabelle, Lo Presti, Domenico, LOPES, Luis, L��pez, Rebeca, Lu, Lu, Luce, Quentin, Lundquist, Jon Paul, Machado Payeras, Allan, Mancarella, Giovanni, Mandat, Dusan, Manning, Bradley C., Manshanden, Julien, Mantsch, Paul, Marafico, Sullivan, Mariazzi, Analisa, Maris, Ioana Codrina, Marsella, Giovanni, Martello, Daniele, Martinelli, Sara, Mart��nez Bravo, Oscar, Mastrodicasa, Massimo, Mathes, Hermann-Josef, Matthews, James, Matthiae, Giorgio, Mayotte, Eric, Mazur, Peter, Medina-Tanco, Gustavo, Melo, Diego, Menshikov, Alexander, Merenda, Kevin-Druis, Michal, Stanislav, Micheletti, Maria Isabel, Miramonti, Lino, Mollerach, Silvia, Montanet, Fran��ois, Morello, Carlo, Mostafa, Miguel, M��ller, Ana L., Muller, Marcio Aparecido, Mulrey, Katharine, Mussa, Roberto, Muzio, Marco Stein, Namasaka, Wilson M., Nasr-Esfahani, Alina, Nellen, Lukas, Niculescu-Oglinzanu, Mihai, Niechciol, Marcus, Nitz, Dave, Nosek, Dalibor, Novotn��, Vladim��r, Nozka, Libor, Nucita, Achille, Nunez, Luis A., Palatka, Miroslav, Pallotta, Juan, Papenbreer, Philipp, Parente, Gonzalo, Parra, Alejandra, Pawlowsky, Jannis, Pech, Miroslav, Pedreira, Francisco, P��kala, Jan, Pelayo, Rodrigo, Pe��a-Rodr��guez, Jes��s, Pereira Martins, Edyvania Emily, Perez Armand, Johnnier, P��rez Bertolli, Carmina, Perlin, Mat��as, Perrone, Lorenzo, Petrera, Sergio, Pierog, Tanguy, Pimenta, M��rio, Pirronello, Valerio, Platino, Manuel, Pont, Bjarni, Pothast, Mart, Privitera, Paolo, Prouza, Michael, Puyleart, Andrew, Querchfeld, Sven, Rautenberg, Julian, Ravignani, Diego, Reininghaus, Maximilian, Ridky, Jan, Riehn, Felix, Risse, Markus, Rizi, Vincenzo, Rodrigues De Carvalho, Washington, Rodriguez Rojo, Jorge Rub��n, Roncoroni, Mat��as J., Rossoni, Simone, Roth, Markus, Roulet, Esteban, Rovero, Adrian, Ruehl, Philip, Saftoiu, Alexandra, Salamida, Francesco, Salazar, Humberto Ibarguen, Salina, Gaetano, Sanabria Gomez, Jose, S��nchez, Federico Andr��s, Santos, Edivaldo Moura, Santos, Eva, Sarazin, Fred, Sarmento, Raul, Sarmiento-Cano, Christian, Sato, Ricardo, Savina, Pierpaolo, Sch��fer, Christoph M., Scherini, Viviana, Schieler, Harald, Schimassek, Martin, Schimp, Michael, Schl��ter, Felix, Schmidt, David, Scholten, Olaf, Schovanek, Petr, Schr��der, Frank G., Schr��der, Sonja, Schulte, Josina, Sciutto, Sergio, Scornavacche, Marina, Segreto, Alberto, Sehgal, Srijan, Shellard, Ronald C., Sigl, Guenter, Silli, Gaia, Sima, Octavian, Smida, Radomir, Sommers, Paul, Soriano, Jorge F., Souchard, Julien, Squartini, Ruben, Stadelmaier, Maximilian, Stanca, Denis, Stani��, Samo, Stasielak, Jaroslaw, Stassi, Patrick, Streich, Alexander, Su��rez-Dur��n, Mauricio, Sudholz, Tristan, Suomijarvi, Tiina, Supanitsky, A. Daniel, Szadkowski, Zbigniew, Tapia, Alex, Taricco, Carla, Timmermans, Charles, Tkachenko, Olena, Tobiska, Petr, Todero Peixoto, Carlos J., Tom��, Bernardo, Torr��s, Zo��, Travaini, Andres, Travnicek, Petr, Trimarelli, Caterina, Tueros, Matias, Ulrich, Ralf, Unger, Michael, Vaclavek, Luk����, Vacula, Martin, Vald��s Galicia, Jose F., Valore, Laura, Varela, Enrique, V��squez-Ram��rez, Adriana, Veberic, Darko, Ventura, Cynthia, Vergara Quispe, Indira D., Verzi, Valerio, Vicha, Jakub, Vink, Jacco, Vorobiov, Serguei, Wahlberg, Hernan, Watanabe, Clara Keiko Oliveira, Watson, Alan, Weber, Marc, Weindl, Andreas, Wiencke, Lawrence, Wilczy��ski, Henryk, Wirtz, Marcus, Wittkowski, David, Wundheiler, Brian, Yushkov, Alexey, Zapparrata, Orazio, Zas, Enrique, Zavrtanik, Danilo, Zavrtanik, Marko, and Zehrer, Lukas
- Subjects
Physics ,Pierre Auger Observatory ,Polarity (physics) ,Astronomy ,Astrophysics ,Lightning ,Lightning strike ,Altitude ,Experimental High Energy Physics ,Light emission ,Satellite ,High Energy Physics ,ddc:620 ,Ionosphere ,Engineering & allied operations - Abstract
Since 2013, the four sites of the Fluorescence Detector (FD) of the Pierre Auger Observatory record ELVES with a dedicated trigger. These UV light emissions are correlated to distant lightning strikes. The length of recorded traces has been increased from 100 $\mu$s (2013), to 300 $\mu$s (2014-16), to 900 $\mu$s (2017-present), to progressively extend the observation of the light emission towards the vertical of the causative lightning and beyond. A large fraction of the observed events shows double ELVES within the time window, and, in some cases, even more complex structures are observed. The nature of the multi-ELVES is not completely understood but may be related to the different types of lightning in which they are originated. For example, it is known that Narrow Bipolar Events can produce double ELVES, and Energetic In-cloud Pulses, occurring between the main negative and upper positive charge layer of clouds, can induce double and even quadruple ELVES in the ionosphere. This report shows the seasonal and daily dependence of the time gap, amplitude ratio, and correlation between the pulse widths of the peaks in a sample of 1000+ multi-ELVES events recorded during the period 2014-20. The events have been compared with data from other satellite and ground-based sensing devices to study the correlation of their properties with lightning observables such as altitude and polarity.
- Published
- 2022
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