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Fossil spinicaudatan taxonomy heavily relies on carapace features (size, shape, ornamentation) and palaeontologists have greatly refined methods to study and describe carapace variability. Whether carapace features alone are sufficient for distinguishing between species of a single genus has remained untested. In our study, we tested common palaeontological methods on 481 individuals of the extant Australian genus Ozestheria that have been previously assigned to ten species based on genetic analysis. All species are morphologically distinct based on geometric morphometrics (p ≤ 0.001), but they occupy overlapping regions in Ozestheria morphospace. Linear discriminant analysis of Fourier shape coefficients reaches a mean model performance of 93.8% correctly classified individuals over all possible 45 pairwise species comparisons. This can be further increased by combining the size and shape datasets. Nine of the ten examined species are clearly sexually dimorphic but male and female morphologies strongly overlap within species with little influence on model performance. Ornamentation is commonly species‐diagnostic; seven ornamentation types are distinguished of which six are species‐specific while one is shared by four species. A transformation of main ornamental features (e.g. from punctate to smooth) can occur among closely related species suggesting short evolutionary timescales. Our overall results support the taxonomic value of carapace features, which should also receive greater attention in the taxonomy of extant species. The extensive variation in carapace shape and ornamentation is noteworthy and several species would probably have been assigned to different genera or families if these had been fossils, bearing implications for the systematics of fossil Spinicaudata., Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.fbg79cnxs

Das Buch mit 75 Illustrationen und Kurztexten ist eine Reise durch die Geschichte und Welt der Freien Universität Berlin und entstand im April 2023 anlässlich ihres 75-jährigen Gründungsjubiläums. Die Bilder zeigen, ohne Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit, mit Augenzwinkern, eine vernetzte und internationale Universität, die sich seit ihren Anfängen und fortwährend ihren Leitwerten Freiheit, Gerechtigkeit und Wahrheit verpflichtet fühlt und zu einem bedeutenden Teil der Stadt und des Wissenschaftsraums Berlin geworden ist. Aspekte ihrer Geschichte und Gegenwart wurden künstlerisch interpretiert von Yves Haltner, einem Schweizer Illustrator und Grafiker, der in Berlin lebt und arbeitet., The book containing 75 illustrations and short texts is a journey through the history and world of Freie Universität Berlin. It was created in April 2023 to mark the occasion of the 75th anniversary of the university’s founding. With a hint of irony and pointed fragmentary playfulness, the images depict a connected, international university deeply committed to its core values: freedom, justice, truth. The university has become an important part of Berlin as a city and research hub. Various aspects of the past and present of the university were artistically interpreted by Yves Haltner, a Swiss illustrator and graphic designer who lives and works in Berlin.

Η παρούσα ψηφιακή έκδοση περιλαμβάνει τις εισηγήσεις που παρουσιάστηκαν στο πλαίσιο της διαδικτυακής ημερίδας με θέμα «Το ΜΟG ως αντικείμενο μελέτης: Ιστοριογραφία, Τραυματική μνήμη, Δημόσια Ιστορία, Ιστορική Εκπαίδευση», η οποία πραγματοποιήθηκε στις 28 Μαΐου 2022 και συνδιοργανώθηκε από το Εργαστήριο Ιστορίας και Κοινωνικών Επιστημών του Πανεπιστημίου Αιγαίου και το Πρόγραμμα «Μνήμες από την Κατοχή στην Ελλάδα» του Freie Universität Berlin. Αντικείμενο της Ημερίδας, όπως και των Πρακτικών της, είναι η επιστημονική αποτίμηση, επιβεβαιωτική ή κριτική, της εγκυρότητας και της λειτουργικότητας του εκπαιδευτικού προγράμματος «Μνήμες από την Κατοχή στην Ελλάδα» και ειδικότερα οι επιστημολογικές, ιστοριογραφικές, διδακτικές-παιδαγωγικές παραδοχές και παράμετροί του, με γνώμονα την ενδεχόμενη εφαρμογή του στο ελληνικό εκπαιδευτικό σύστημα. Μια εφαρμογή που θα αποβλέπει κατά κύριο λόγο στη διεύρυνση της ιστορικής κουλτούρας και της ιστορικής σκέψης των μαθητών μέσω της εξοικείωσής τους (όπως και των εκπαιδευτικών) με νέα εργαλεία μάθησης. Επιπλέον, επιδιώκονται η διεργασία της τραυματικής μνήμης της περιόδου της Κατοχής και η αύξηση και προώθηση του γνωστικού κεφαλαίου για τον αντιστασιακό αγώνα του ελληνικού λαού, όπως και για τις ηθικές και οικονομικές οφειλές της Γερμανίας, παράγοντες που έχουν καθοριστική σημασία για την απονομή ιστορικής δικαιοσύνης, χωρίς την οποία δεν είναι εφικτή η ελληνογερμανική συμφιλίωση για το επίμαχο και τραυματικό παρελθόν., Die vorliegende digitale Publikation enthält die Beiträge der Online-Tagung mit dem Titel „MOG als Untersuchungsgegenstand: Geschichtsschreibung, traumatische Erinnerung, Public History, Geschichtsbildung“. Die Tagung fand am 28. Mai 2022 statt und wurde vom Labor für Geschichts- und Sozialwissenschaften der Universität der Ägäis und dem Projekt "Erinnerungen an die Okkupation in Griechenland" (MOG) der Freien Universität Berlin organisiert. Ziel der Konferenz und des Tagungsbandes ist eine Analyse des Bildungsprojekts "Erinnerungen an die Okkupation in Griechenland" hinsichtlich seiner wissenschaftlichen Methodik und Nutzbarmachung. Die Betrachtung soll insbesondere die epistemologischen, historiographischen sowie die didaktischen und pädagogischen Konzepte und Ansätze im Hinblick auf eine mögliche Anwendung im griechischen Bildungswesen umfassen. Die Anwendung soll in erster Linie dazu dienen, die Geschichtskultur und das historische Denken der SchülerInnen und PädagogInnen zu bereichern, in dem sie mit neuen Lernmitteln vertraut gemacht werden. Die Auseinandersetzung mit der traumatischen Erinnerung an die Besatzungszeit soll dabei ebenso gefördert werden wie das kollektive Wissen über den griechischen Widerstand sowie die moralische und ökonomische Schuld Deutschlands. Diese Faktoren spielen eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Wiedergutmachung historischen Unrechts, da ohne sie angesichts der kontroversen und traumatischen Vergangenheit eine deutsch-griechische Aussöhnung nicht möglich ist.

Magmatic volatile release was crucial for the build‐up and composition of the early atmosphere and thus for the origin and evolution of life. Even though the rate of intrusive to extrusive magma production on Earth is high, intrusive volatile release is commonly neglected in studies modeling the composition of the early atmosphere. This can mainly be attributed to the solubility of volatiles like H2O and CO2. The solubility is increasing with depth and thus is thought to prevent the release of these volatiles. However, due to the accumulation of H2O and CO2 within the melt during fractional crystallization, the solubility can be exceeded even at greater depths. In our study, we developed a novel numeric model to quantify the amount of H2O and CO2 that can be released from an intrusive system if we consider the process of fractional crystallization. Additionally, we take the possibility of melt ascent and the formation of hydrous minerals into account. According to our simulations, the release of H2O and CO2 from an intrusive magma body is possible within the whole lithosphere. However, the release strongly depends on the initial volatile budget, the formation of hydrous phases, the depth of the intrusion and the buoyancy of the melt. Considering all these factors, our study suggests that about 0%–85% H2O and 100% CO2 can be released from mafic intrusions. This renders the incorporation of the intrusive volatile release mandatory in order to determine the volatile fluxes and the composition of early Earth's atmosphere., Key Points: In our model, we quantify the release of H2O and CO2 from a magma body and its significance for early Earth. We examine the effect of fractional crystallization on the solubility and release of volatiles. We consider the buoyancy of the melt and the formation of hydrous minerals., Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659, https://doi.org/10.35003/MDMAJD

The Cenozoic strata of the Xining Basin, NE Tibet, have provided crucial records for understanding the tectonic and palaeo‐environmental evolution of the region. Yet, the age of the lower part of the sedimentary stratigraphy and, consequently, the early tectonic evolution of the basin remain debated. Here, we present the litho‐ and magnetostratigraphy of various early Eocene sections throughout the Xining Basin independently constrained by the U–Pb radiometric age of a carbonate bed. Our study extends the dated stratigraphy down to 53.0 Ma (C24n.1r) and reveals highly variable accumulation rates during the early Eocene ranging from 0.5 to 8 cm/ka. This is in stark contrast to the low but stable accumulation rates (2–3 cm/ka) observed throughout the overlying Palaeogene and Neogene strata. Such a pattern of basin infill is not characteristic of flexural subsidence as previously proposed, but rather supports an extensional origin of the Xining Basin with multiple depocentres, which subsequently coalesced into a more stable and slowly subsiding basin. Whether this extension was related to the far‐field effects of the subducting Pacific Plate or the India–Asia collision remains to be confirmed by future studies., European Research Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000781, Hessisches Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Kunst http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003495

Teatro na Escola Hermann Matern de Moscou: tradição em interpretação, inovações educacionais e perspectivas sobre atividades artísticas – Este artigo descreve os mais de 45 anos de história de tradição teatral na Escola Hermann Matern de Moscou e como esta tradição se transformou em inovação educacional na década de 1990. Um concurso anual de interpretação intitulado Semana do Teatro para Crianças começou a ser realizado a partir do fim da década de 1990 para estudantes do 1º ao 11º ano. Entretanto, desde meados daquela década foram introduzidas algumas modalidades educacionais novas baseadas nesta tradição teatral como vivência no ensino de Humanidades nesta escola. Juntamente com modalidades educacionais tradicionais, os estudantes foram incentivados a encenar o material escolhido, principalmente nas disciplinas de literatura e línguas estrangeiras (alemão e inglês), mas também de história. O artigo objetiva acompanhar o surgimento de comunidades de teatro escolar coesas resultantes do envolvimento de crianças em atividades de interpretação.

Spaceborne impact ionization mass spectrometers, such as the Cosmic Dust Analyzer on board the past Cassini spacecraft or the SUrface Dust Analyzer being built for NASA's upcoming Europa Clipper mission, are of crucial importance for the exploration of icy moons in the Solar System, such as Saturn's moon Enceladus or Jupiter's moon Europa. For the interpretation of data produced by these instruments, analogue experiments on Earth are essential. To date, thousands of laboratory mass spectra have been recorded with an analogue experiment for impact ionization mass spectrometers. Simulation of mass spectra of ice grains in space is achieved by a Laser Induced Liquid Beam Ion Desorption (LILBID) approach. The desorbed cations or anions are analyzed in a time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer. The amount of unstructured raw data is increasingly challenging to sort, process, interpret and compare with data from space. Thus far this has been achieved manually for individual mass spectra because no database containing the recorded reference spectra was available. Here we describe the development of a comprehensive, extendable database containing cation and anion mass spectra from the laboratory LILBID facility. The database is based on a Relational Database Management System with a web server interface and enables filtering of the laboratory data using a wide range of parameters. The mass spectra can be compared not only with data from past and future space missions but also mass spectral data generated by other, terrestrial, techniques. The validated and approved subset of the database is available for general public (https://lilbid-db.planet.fu-berlin.de)., Plain Language Summary: Thousands of laboratory mass spectra, each with an individual set of experimental parameters, have been recorded so far using a facility situated at Freie Universität Berlin, Germany. The mass spectra help analyze and interpret data returned from spacecraft in the vicinity of icy moons in the Solar System. The unstructured laboratory data is increasingly challenging to sort and compare to the data from space. We developed an extendable database containing the laboratory data. The database is available for general public and allows filtering the stored data for a wide range of experimental parameters and, in turn, significantly improves analysis of data not only from past space missions but also future missions in particular., Key Points: We describe the development of a comprehensive spectral database containing laboratory analogue data for spaceborne mass spectrometers. The database is based on a Relational Database Management System with a web interface and accessible for community use. Filtering the laboratory data using a wide range of experimental parameters allows a straightforward analysis of returned flight data., EC, Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (H2020) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100010661, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6863855, https://sbnarchive.psi.edu/pds3/cassini/cda/COCDA_0007.tar.gz

Late Cenozoic was a period of large-scale extension in the Aegean. The extension is mainly recorded in the metamorphic core complexes with little data from the sedimentary sequences. The exception is the Thrace Basin in the northern Aegean, which has a continuous record of Middle Eocene to Oligocene marine sedimentation. In the Thrace Basin, the Late Oligocene–Early Miocene was characterized by north-northwest (N25°W) shortening leading to the termination of sedimentation and formation of large-scale folds. We studied the stratigraphy and structure of one of these folds, the Korudağ anticline. The Korudağ anticline has formed in the uppermost Eocene–Lower Oligocene siliciclastic turbidites with Early Oligocene (31.6 Ma zircon U–Pb age) acidic tuff beds. The turbidites are underlain by a thin sequence of Upper Eocene pelagic limestone. The Korudağ anticline is an east-northeast (N65°E) trending fault-propagation fold, 9 km wide and 22 km long and with a subhorizontal fold axis. It is asymmetric with shallowly-dipping northern and steeply-dipping southern limbs. Its geometry indicates about 1 km of shortening in a N25°W direction. The folded strata are unconformably overlain by Middle Miocene continental sandstones, which constrain the age of folding. The Korudağ anticline and other large folds in the Thrace Basin predate the inception of the North Anatolian Fault (NAF) by at least 12 myr. The Late Oligocene–Early Miocene (28–17 Ma) shortening in the Thrace Basin and elsewhere in the Balkans forms an interlude between two extensional periods, and is probably linked to changes in the subduction dynamics along the Hellenic trench., TÜBİTAK, İTÜ-BAP, TÜBA, Freie Universität Berlin (1008)

Carbonate minerals are ubiquitous in most sediment-hosted mineral deposits. These deposits can contain a variety of carbonate types with complex paragenetic relationships. When normalized to chondritic values (CN), rare-earth elements and yttrium (REE+YCN) can be used to constrain fluid chemistry and fluid-rock interaction processes in both low- and high-temperature settings. Unlike other phases (e.g., pyrite), the application of in situ laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (LA-ICP-MS) data to the differentiation of pre-ore and hydrothermal carbonates remains relatively untested. To assess the potential applicability of carbonate in situ REE+Y data, we combined transmitted light and cathodoluminescence (CL) petrography with LA-ICP-MS analysis of carbonate mineral phases from (1) the Proterozoic George Fisher clastic dominated (CD-type) massive sulfide deposit and from (2) correlative, barren host rock lithologies (Urquhart Shale Formation). The REE+YCN composition of pre-ore calcite suggests it formed during diagenesis from diagenetic pore fluids derived from ferruginous, anoxic seawater. Hydrothermal and hydrothermally altered calcite and dolomite from George Fisher is generally more LREE depleted than the pre-ore calcite, whole-rock REE concentrations, and shale reference values. We suggest this is the result of hydrothermal alteration by saline Cl--rich mineralizing fluids. Furthermore, the presence of both positive and negative Eu/Eu* values in calcite and dolomite indicates that the mineralizing fluids were relatively hot (>250°C) and cooled below 200–250°C during ore formation. This study confirms the hypothesis that in situ REE+Y data can be used to differentiate between pre-ore and hydrothermal carbonate and provide important constraints on the conditions of ore formation., Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001656, https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.3.1.2020.005

Prominent excursions in the number of cosmogenic nuclides (e.g., 10Be) around 774 CE/775 document the most severe solar proton event (SPE) throughout the Holocene. Its manifestation in ice cores is valuable for geochronology, but also for solar‐terrestrial physics and climate modeling. Using the ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) climate model in combination with the Warning System for Aviation Exposure to SEP (WASAVIES), we investigate the transport, mixing, and deposition of the cosmogenic nuclide 10Be produced by the 774 CE/775 SPE. By comparing the model results to the reconstructed 10Be time series from four ice core records, we study the atmospheric pathways of 10Be from its stratospheric source to its sink at Earth's surface. The reconstructed post‐SPE evolution of the 10Be surface fluxes at the ice core sites is well captured by the model. The downward transport of the 10Be atoms is controlled by the Brewer‐Dobson circulation in the stratosphere and cross‐tropopause transport via tropopause folds or large‐scale sinking. Clear hemispheric differences in the transport and deposition processes are identified. In both polar regions the 10Be surface fluxes peak in summertime, with a larger influence of wet deposition on the seasonal 10Be surface flux in Greenland than in Antarctica. Differences in the peak 10Be surface flux following the 774 CE/775 SPE at the drilling sites are explained by specific meteorological conditions depending on the geographic locations of the sites., Plain Language Summary: During large solar storms, high energy particles are hurled with enormous force toward Earth by the Sun. As these particles collide with atmospheric constituents (such as oxygen or nitrogen) unique nuclides of cosmogenic origin are formed in the higher atmosphere. From there they are transported downwards and finally precipitate at the surface due to different sink processes. Their imprints can be conserved over thousands of years within natural archives, such as ice cores or tree rings. Analysis of these natural archives around the globe indicates that the strongest solar storm over the last 10.000 years happened around 774 CE/775. This event is estimated to have been up to two orders of magnitude stronger, than the strongest known events documented for the satellite era. In this study, we model and analyze the transport and deposition of the cosmogenic nuclides produced by the extreme 774 CE/775 event, by applying a new experimental setup. Our results might help to interpret the fingerprints of historical extreme events with respect to the prevailing atmospheric conditions., Key Points: The modeled transport and deposition of the cosmogenic nuclide10Be produced by the 774/775 solar proton event was compared to 10Be ice core records. Hemispheric differences in stratospheric and cross‐tropopause transport, and deposition were identified, with polar summertime maxima of 10Be surface flux. Differences in reconstructed10Be surface fluxes are explained by the local ratio of wet to dry deposition maximizing in the summertime., MEXT Japan Society for the Promotion of Science http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001691

On October 7, 2008, the asteroid 2008 TC3 exploded as it entered the Earth’s atmosphere, producing significant dust (in the atmosphere) and delivering thousands of stones in a strewn field in Sudan, collectively known as the Almahata Sitta (AhS) stones. About 600 fragments were officially recovered in 2008 and 2009. Further rocks were collected since the fall event by local people. From these stones, 249 were classified at the Institut für Planetologie in Münster (MS) known as MS‐xxx or MS‐MU‐xxx AhS subsamples. Most of these rocks are ureilitic in origin (168; 67%): 87 coarse‐grained ureilites, 60 fine‐grained ureilites, 15 ureilites with variable texture/mineralogy, four trachyandesites, and two polymict breccias. We identified 81 non‐ureilitic fragments, corresponding to 33% of the recovered samples studied in Münster. These included chondrites, namely 65 enstatite chondrites (43 EL; 22 EH), 11 ordinary chondrites (OC), one carbonaceous chondrite, and one unique R‐like chondrite. Furthermore, three samples represent a unique type of enstatite achondrite. Since all AhS stones must be regarded as individual specimens independent from each other, the number of fresh ureilite and enstatite chondrite falls in our meteorite collections has been increased by several hundred percent. Overall, the samples weigh between, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100005156

The spatial and angular emission patterns of artificial and natural light emitted, scattered, and reflected from the Earth at night are far more complex than those for scattered and reflected solar radiation during daytime. In this commentary, we use examples to show that there is additional information contained in the angular distribution of emitted light. We argue that this information could be used to improve existing remote sensing retrievals based on night lights, and in some cases could make entirely new remote sensing analyses possible. This work will be challenging, so we hope this article will encourage researchers and funding agencies to pursue further study of how multi‐angle views can be analyzed or acquired., Plain Language Summary: When satellites take images of Earth, they usually do so from directly above (or as close to it as is reasonably possible). In this comment, we show that for studies that use imagery of Earth at night, it may be beneficial to take several images of the same area at different angles within a short period of time. For example, different types of lights shine in different directions (street lights usually shine down, while video advertisements shine sideways), and tall buildings can block the view of a street from some viewing angles. Additionally, since views from different directions pass through different amounts of air, imagery at multiple angles could be used to obtain information about Earth's atmosphere, and measure artificial and natural night sky brightness. The main point of the paper is to encourage researchers, funding agencies, and space agencies to think about what new possibilities could be achieved in the future with views of night lights at different angles., Key Points: Remote sensing using the visible band at night is more complex than during the daytime, especially due to the variety of artificial lights. Views of night lights intentionally taken from multiple angles provide several advantages over near‐nadir or circumstantial view geometries. Night lights remote sensing would benefit from greater consideration of the role viewing geometry plays in the observed radiance., EC H2020 H2020 Societal Challenges http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100010676, Helmholtz Association http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100009318, Slovak Research and Development Agency, Xunta de Galicia (Regional Government of Galicia) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100010801, National Aeronautics and Space Administration http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000104, University of Hong Kong http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003803, Fonds de recherche du Québec, EC Emprego, Assuntos Sociais e Inclusão European Social Fund http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004895, Natural Environment Research Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000270, City of Cologne, Germany

Esta publicação analisa a situação de insegurança alimentar na cidade de Belo Horizonte, capital do estado de Minas Gerais e município reconhecido nacionalmente por um histórico de execução de políticas públicas de segurança alimentar. Os dados analisados foram coletados por meio de pesquisa de opinião pública representativa da população Belo-horizontina, realizada em pontos de fluxo distribuídos em 113 bairros entre os dias 7 e 27 de abril de 2022. Esta pesquisa foi coordenada pelo Grupo de Pesquisa Alimento para Justiça: Poder, Política e Desigualdades Alimentares na Bioeconomia, da Freie Universität Berlin (Alemanha), em parceria com pesquisadoras/es da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), do Fórum de Pesquisadores em Soberania e Segurança Alimentar de Belo Horizonte, da Subsecretaria de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional da Prefeitura de Belo Horizonte, do Instituto Fome Zero (IFZ) e do Centro de Estudo das Metrópolis da Universidade de São Paulo (CEM/USP). Os resultados demonstram que 55,7% dos domicílios viviam algum tipo de insegurança alimentar, seja leve (30,1%), moderada (12,4%) ou grave (13,2%). Verificou-se também que alguns domicílios estavam mais expostos à insegurança alimentar que outros, por exemplo quando eram chefiados por única pessoa do sexo feminino (63,3%) ou de raça ou cor parda (57,3%) e preta (68,4%), ou ainda, quando tinham em sua composição crianças de até 4 anos (66,9%) ou crianças e adolescentes de 5 a 17 anos (64,7%). A frequência de insegurança alimentar é também significativa nos domicílios cuja renda per capita é equivalente a até ¼ do salário-mínimo (R$ 303,00, trezentos e três reais) (86,9%). Conclui-se que a insegurança alimentar se reproduz a partir do entrelaçamento de desigualdades, o que exige um conjunto amplo de ações que venham a superar tais assimetrias, o que inclui uma ação Estatal que articule diferentes níveis e esferas de poder, com participação popular, e de abordagem intersetorial, que integre e assegure um conjunto de direitos e políticas à população que mais precisa., This publication analyses the food insecurity situation in the city of Belo Horizonte, the capital of the Brazilian state Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte is publicly recognized for its history of implementing public policies on food security. The data analyzed was collected through a public opinion survey representative of the population of Belo Horizonte, with data collection carried out in areas with high pedestrian flow distributed in 113 neighborhoods from 7 to 27 April 2022. The Research Group Food for Justice: Power, Politics and Food Inequalities in the Bioeconomy, based at the Freie Universität Berlin (Germany), coordinated this data collection in cooperation with researchers from the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), the Forum of Researchers on Food Sovereignty and Food Security of Belo Horizonte and the Undersecretariat of Food Security and Nutrition of the Mayor of Belo Horizonte, Fome Zero Institute (IFZ) and Center for the Study of Metropolis of the Universidade de São Paulo (CEM/USP). The results show that 55.7% of households experienced food insecurity, whether mild (30.1%), moderate (12.4%), or severe (13.2%). The findings also point out that some domiciles were more exposed to food insecurity than others, according to household features. For example, food insecurity was significantly higher in households headed by a single female person (63.3%), headed by someone who was racialized as brown (57.3%) or black (68.4%), or when the household had in its composition children up to 4 years old (66.9%) or children and teenagers from 5 to 17 years old (64.7%). The frequency of food insecurity is also significant in households whose per capita income is equivalent to up to 25% of the minimum wage (R$303.00, three hundred and three reais) (86.9%). It is possible to conclude that food insecurity is reproduced from the interweaving of inequalities, which requires a broad set of actions to overcome such asymmetries. It includes a state action that articulates different levels and spheres of power, with popular participation, and an intersectoral approach, which integrates and ensures rights and policies to the most vulnerable population.

Die zurückliegenden Jahre haben deutlich gemacht, welche Bedeutung Innovationen im Biotechnologie- und Gesundheitssektor für Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft haben. Allgegenwärtig sichtbare Unternehmen wie Curevac und BioNTech zeigen, welchen zentralen Beitrag Ausgründungen aus den Lebenswissenschaften leisten können. Die Metropolregion Berlin hat als Ökosystem für Bio- und HealthTech Startups im vergangenen Jahrzehnt rapide an Bedeutung gewonnen. Während die Metropolregion Berlin bei digitalen Startups bereits führend ist, verbleiben für forschungsintensive Technologie-Startups im Bereich der Biotechnologie und Gesundheitswirtschaft Potenziale ungenutzt. Aus dem qualitativen und quantitativen Vergleich des Berliner Ökosystems mit dem europaweit führenden Ökosystem Cambridge (UK) sowie weiteren Standorten in Deutschland, haben wir sechs Kernherausforderungen herausgearbeitet. Diesen muss sich sich die Metropolregion Berlin stellen, um im Spitzenfeld der Ökosysteme für Bio & HealthTech Startups weiter aufzuholen. Die wichtigste Herausforderung für Berlin stellt die Nachhaltigkeit eines vernetzten Ökosystems für forschungsintensive Bio- und HealthTech Startups dar. Zwar können gründungsinteressierte Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler prinzipiell auf erfolgskritische Ressourcen wie Talent, Wissen, Beziehungen, Patente und Kapital zurückgreifen, diese werden bisher jedoch nur unzureichend genutzt und sind häufig nicht in ausreichendem Maße vorhanden. Statt einem sich stetig verstärkenden regionalen Kreislauf, wie er sich im IT-Sektor entwickelt hat, geht im Bereich der Biotechnologie und Gesundheitswirtschaft immer wieder Kapital und Wissen verloren, insbesondere weil die Entwicklungs- und Vermarktungszyklen vergleichsweise lang und kapitalintensiv sind. Die weiteren Herausforderungen stellen Facetten dieses Problems dar. ● Gründungen für Bio- und Health Tech haben ein Skalierungsproblem, was die Nachhaltigkeit des Ökosystems gefährdet ● Auf lange & oft exklusiv öffentliche Förderung folgen Investments von lokal schwach vernetzten privaten InvestorInnen ● Gründungsteams mangelt es an Spezialisierung im Management ● Gründungsteams mangelt es an unternehmerischer und (angewandt-) wissenschaftlicher Erfahrung ● Gründungsteams benötigen belastbares Netzwerk zu Personen aus privater und öffentlicher F&E vor Ort ● Trotz Spitzenforschung halten Startups nicht ausreichend Eigentum an breiten Patenten sowie starken und international ausgerichteten IP-Portfolios. Für jede Herausforderung wurden konkrete Handlungsempfehlungen abgeleitet. Wir schlagen vor, diese systematisch zu evaluieren und für die Implementierung eine zentrale Dialogplattform zu schaffen, die in engem Schulterschluss mit der Berliner Wissenschaft, Wirtschaft und Politik arbeitet. Sie soll durch diese Maßnahmen die Fertigstellung zahlreicher Infrastrukturprojekte in der Metropolregion (z.B. Campus Buch, FUBIC etc.) bis 2023 programmatisch begleiten und auf mehr Nachhaltigkeit im Startup Ökosystem für Bio & HealthTech Startups hinwirken., The past few years have made it clear how important innovations in the biotechnology and healthcare sector are for the economy and society. Companies such as Curevac and BioNTech show the central contribution that start-ups from the life sciences can make. The Berlin metropolitan region has rapidly gained importance as an ecosystem for biotech and health tech startups over the past decade. While there is still potential for research-intensive technology startups in the biotech and healthtech sectors, the Berlin metropolitan region is already a leader in digital startups. From the qualitative and quantitative comparison of the Berlin ecosystem with the leading ecosystem in Europe, Cambridge (UK), and other locations in Germany, we have identified six core challenges that the Berlin metropolitan region must address in order to continue catching up on the leading field of ecosystems for bio & health tech startups. The most important challenge for Berlin is the sustainability of a networked ecosystem for research-intensive bio and health tech startups. Although scientists interested in founding startups can in principle draw on success-critical resources such as talent, knowledge, relationships, patents and financial capital, these have so far been underutilized and are often not available in sufficient quantities. Sustainability of a networked ecosystem for research-intensive bio and health tech startups represents the most important challenge for Berlin. Although scientists interested in founding startups can in principle draw on success-critical resources such as talent, knowledge, relationships, patents and capital, these have so far been underutilized and are often not available in sufficient quantities. Rather than a steadily strengthening regional cycle, as has developed in the IT sector, capital and knowledge are repeatedly lost in the biotechnology and healthcare industries, particularly because development and commercialization cycles are comparatively long and capital-intensive. The other challenges represent facets of this problem. ● Bio and health tech startups have a scaling problem, which threatens the sustainability of the ecosystem. ● Long & often exclusive public funding is followed by investments from from weak locally connected private investors ● Founding teams lack specialization in management ● Founding teams lack entrepreneurial and (applied) scientific experience ● Startup teams need robust network with people from private and public R&D in the area ● Despite cutting-edge research, startups do not hold sufficient ownership of broad patents and strong and internationally focused IP portfolios. Specific recommendations for action were derived for each challenge. We propose to systematically evaluate these and to create a central dialog platform for implementation that works in close cooperation with Berlin's science, business and political communities. Through these measures, it should programmatically accompany the completion of numerous infrastructure projects in the metropolitan region (e.g. Campus Buch, FUBIC, etc.) until 2023 and work towards more sustainability in the startup ecosystem for bio & health tech startups.

Purpose: The pesticide DDT and its metabolites represent a contamination risk for the aquatic environment, especially the polar metabolite DDA. The study provides a quantitative assessment of long-term pollution risks from sedimentary DDT residues with a special focus on DDA. It presents an overview of the contamination range of different DDX compounds in the sediments of a canal in Berlin (Germany), resulting from a former industrial point source that has implications for drinking water resources in the nearby area. The comprehensive analysis scheme provides information on free accessible and potentially metabolized precursors also in the non-extractable residues. This allows a quantitative assessment of the DDA pollution potential derived from the sedimentary DDT residues., Materials and methods; The area was investigated for fine-grained sediment by means of a geo-electric mapping. Twelve sediment cores were taken in four areas (three in each section). A wider range of precursor metabolites has been included due to their transformation potential to the polar metabolite DDA. The sediments were analysed quantitatively for extractable and easily releasable fractions by application of a variety of degradation techniques as well as a dispersion extraction procedure on the sediment samples. These extracts were fractionated and subsequently analysed by GC-MS., Results and discussion: Concentrations were obtained for extractable and bound metabolites. Different scenarios for the calculation of the amount of contaminated sediment are displayed as a tool for contamination assessment. The formation potential of DDA as the water-soluble metabolite is presented. Several precursor metabolites, e.g. DDD and DDMS, extractable from the sediment organic matter, revealed a high potential for a long-term formation of DDA, especially in the easily releasable fraction (via hydrolysis) with a mean concentration of up to 11,000 μg g−1 dry sediment. The resulting DDA contamination potential represents a significant pollution risk for the groundwater from a downstream waterworks area and by remobilisation into the whole ecosystem and adjacent rivers., Conclusions: The application of the presented methods provides a tool for a quantitative assessment of the long-term release potential of DDA under different scenarios by a comprehensive analysis of contaminated sediments (and soils). This approach can be transferred to pollutants that are also characterized by a complex metabolism accompanied by bound residue formation., DFG

Raman spectroscopy has been widely used in mineralogy and petrology for identifying mineral phases. Some recent applications of Raman spectroscopy involve measuring the residual pressure of mineral inclusions, such as quartz inclusions in garnet host, to recover the entrapment pressure condition during metamorphism. The crystallographic orientations of entrapped inclusions and host are important to know for the modelling of their elastic interaction. However, the analysis of tiny entrapped mineral inclusions using EBSD technique requires time consuming polishing. The crystallographic orientations can be measured using polarized Raman spectroscopy, as the intensities of Raman bands depend on the mutual orientation between the polarization direction of the laser and the crystallographic orientation of the crystal. In this study, the Raman polarizability tensor of quartz is first obtained and is used to fit arbitrary orientations of quartz grains. We have implemented two rotation methods: (1) sample rotation method, where the sample is rotated on a rotation stage, and (2) polarizer rotation method, where the polarization directions of the incident laser and the scattered Raman signal are parallel and can be rotated using a circular polarizer. The precision of the measured crystallographic orientation is systematically studied and is shown to be ca. 0.25 degrees using quartz wafers and quartz plates that are cut along known orientations. It is shown that the orientation of tiny mineral inclusions (ca. 2–5 μm) can be precisely determined and yield consistent results with EBSD., Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100005156, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659, Freie Universität Berlin (1008)

The partially eclogitized crustal rocks on Holsnøy in the Bergen Arcs, Norway, indicate that eclogitization is caused by the interplay of brittle and ductile deformation promoted by fluid infiltration and fluid‐rock interaction. Eclogitization generated an interconnected network of millimeter‐to‐kilometer‐wide hydrous eclogite‐facies shear zones, which presumably caused transient weakening of the mechanically strong lower crust. To decipher the development of those networks, we combine detailed lithological and structural mapping of two key outcrops with numerical modeling. Both outcrops are largely composed of preserved granulite with minor eclogite‐facies shear zones, thus representing the beginning phases of eclogitization and ductile deformation. We suggest that deformation promoted fluid‐rock interaction and eclogitization, which gradually consumed the granulite until fluid‐induced reactions were no longer significant. The shear zones widen during progressive deformation. To identify the key parameters that impact shear zone widening, we generated scale‐independent numerical models, which focus on different processes affecting the shear zone evolution: (i) rotation of the shear zones caused by finite deformation, (ii) mechanical weakening due to a limited amount of available fluid, and (iii) weakening and further hydration of the shear zones as a result of continuous and unlimited fluid supply. A continuous diffusion‐type fluid infiltration, with an effective diffusion coefficient around D=10−16m2s, coupled with deformation is prone to develop structures similar to the ones mapped in field. Our results suggest that the shear zones formed under a continuous fluid supply, causing shear zone widening, rather than localization, during progressive deformation., Key Points: Continuous fluid supply causes shear zone widening. Shear zones widen during strain accumulation., Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659, Norges Forskningsråd http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100005416

Sometimes, a rather high stress drop characterizes earthquakes induced by underground fluid injections or productions. In addition, long-term fluid operations in the underground can influence a seismogenic reaction of the rock per unit volume of the fluid involved. The seismogenic index is a quantitative characteristic of such a reaction. We derive a relationship between the seismogenic index and stress drop. This relationship shows that the seismogenic index increases with the average stress drop of induced seismicity. Further, we formulate a simple and rather general phenomenological model of stress drop of induced earthquakes. This model shows that both a decrease of fault cohesion during the earthquake rupture process and an enhanced level of effective stresses could lead to high stress drop. Using these two formulations, we propose the following mechanism of increasing induced seismicity rates observed, e.g., by long-term gas production at Groningen. Pore pressure depletion can lead to a systematic increase of the average stress drop (and thus, of magnitudes) due to gradually destabilizing cohesive faults and due to a general increase of effective stresses. Consequently, elevated average stress drop increases seismogenic index. This can lead to seismic risk increasing with the operation time of an underground reservoir., PHASE University consortium project of Freie Universität Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin (1008)

Die beschlossenen Maßnahmen zur Eindämmung der Corona-Pandemie sind ein Fokuspunkt einer vielschichtigen Debatte: infektiologisch notwendig, politisch durchaus umstritten und für Individuen und Gesellschaft sehr belastend. In einer Demokratie müssen politische Maßnahmen von einer Mehrheit getragen werden, sonst verlieren sie Akzeptanz und Legitimität. Ob die Maßnahmen aber unterstützt werden, ist in der jüngeren Vergangenheit in Zweifel gezogen worden. In einer repräsentativen Umfrage haben wir zu zwei Zeitpunkten (Dezember 2020 und März 2021) nach der Unterstützung der Corona-Maßnahmen gefragt. Für beide Zeitpunkte finden wir eine breite Zustimmung in der Bevölkerung, auch wenn im Zeitverlauf ein rückläufiger Trend erkennbar ist. Die Differenzierung in verschiedene Subgruppen zeigt Unterschiede zwischen Altersgruppen, vor allem aber zwischen den Wähler*innen verschiedener Parteien. Im Zeitverlauf zeigt sich vor allem bei älteren Befragten sowie bei Anhänger*innen von SPD oder FDP ein überdurchschnittlich starker Rückgang in der Unterstützung.

Um die jeweils geltenden Regeln zur Eindämmung der Corona-Pandemie einhalten zu können, müssen sie den Menschen bekannt sein. Zugleich muss in einer Demokratie auch gewährleistet werden, dass über bestehende Regeln diskutiert und gestritten werden darf. Dass grundlegende Informationen rund um die Pandemie sie aber erreichen, kann keinesfalls vorausgesetzt werden, sondern hängt vielmehr von der Informationslandschaft und vor allem von der Art und Weise der Mediennutzung durch Bürger*innen ab. Mit diesem Policy Brief gehen wir der Frage nach, wer in Deutschland welche Medien nutzt, um sich über die Pandemie zu informieren. Unsere Befunde basieren dabei auf repräsentativen Bevölkerungsdaten, die wir im Rahmen des BMBF-geförderten Forschungsprojekts RAPID-COVID im März 2021 erhoben haben. Dabei zeigt sich, dass nationale öffentlich-rechtliche Sender von rund drei Viertel der Befragten genutzt werden; auch regionale öffentlich-rechtliche Sender, private Rundfunkanbieter sowie Lokal- und Regionalzeitungen werden breit genutzt. Dagegen werden Medien, die sich als Alternative zum Mainstream verstehen, kaum genutzt. Was Hintergründe betrifft, so greifen Anhänger*innen der AfD deutlich seltener auf nationale öffentlich-rechtliche Fernseh- und Radiosender zu, dafür aber häufiger als Sympathisant*innen anderer Parteien auf Medien, die sich als Alternative zum Mainstream verstehen.

This policy was approved by the Academic Senate of Freie Universität Berlin on May 5, 2021, and thereby entered into force., The german version can be found at the following DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17169/refubium-30559

Die Eindämmung der Corona-Pandemie stellt Politik und insbesondere Regierungen vor immense Herausforderungen. Wie zufrieden ist die deutsche Bevölkerung mit dem Krisenmanagement unter dem Eindruck massiver Einschnitte in das wirtschaftliche, soziale und kulturelle Leben? In unserer repräsentativen Längsschnittbefragung stellt die Bevölkerung den politischen Akteuren kein gutes Zeugnis aus. Fast die Hälfte der Befragten sind im März 2021 unzufrieden mit dem Krisenmanagement und ein Fünftel sogar "total unzufrieden". Ein Blick in verschiedene Bevölkerungsgruppen zeigt, dass gerade Wähler*innen der AfD, der FDP und der Linken unzufrieden sind, während Wähler*innen von CDU/CSU das Krisenmanagement positiver sehen. Auch Befragte ohne Fachhochschulreife und Menschen aus den neuen Bundesländern bewerteten das Handeln der Politik weniger positiv. Zudem nahm die Zufriedenheit von Dezember 2020 zu März 2021 deutlich ab - gerade bei älteren Befragten. Insgesamt zeigt sich, dass die Ablehnung der Maßnahmen zur Eindämmung häufig mit Unzufriedenheit einhergehen, aber Unterstützer*innen der Maßnahmen nicht unbedingt zufriedener mit dem Krisenmanagement der Regierung sind.

Meinungsverschiedenheiten sind wichtig für eine lebendige Demokratie, doch wenn sich zwei Lager unversöhnlich gegenüberstehen, wird es schwer, Debatten zu führen und Kompromisse zu finden. Hat die Pandemie Deutschland gespalten? In einer repräsentativen Längsschnittbefragung untersuchen wir, wie Befürworter*innen und Gegner*innen der Corona-Maßnahmen wahrgenommen werden und wie sich beide Gruppen gegenüberstehen. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Befürworter*innen insgesamt sehr positiv wahrgenommen werden, Gegner*innen dagegen sehr negativ. Dieses Muster spiegelt eine mehrheitliche Unterstützung der Maßnahmen in der Bevölkerung wider und findet sich auch über verschiedene soziodemografische Gruppen hinweg. Einzig Wähler*innen der AfD stehen Befürworter*innen wie Gegner*innen im Mittel eher neutral gegenüber. Zudem finden wir eine hohe affektive Polarisierung zwischen beiden Gruppen: Sowohl Befürworter*innen als auch Gegner*innen nehmen ihre eigene Gruppe deutlich positiver als die jeweils andere wahr. Dies ist besonders ausgeprägt bei Befürworter*innen, die andere Befürworter*innen sehr positiv, Gegner*innen dagegen sehr negativ bewerten. Das Muster ist bei Gegner*innen weniger eindeutig.

On 23 April 1957, Dr. Albert Schweitzer had his “A Declaration of Conscience” published via Radio Oslo. The call for nuclear disarmament was broadcasted by many international radio stations and printed one day later in the New York Times on 24 April 1957. This exhibition was opened on 24 April 2017, sixty years later, and was on display at the Berlin Anti-War Museum’s Peace Gallery until 24 September 2017. Meanwhile the Foundation German Albert Schweitzer Center (“Stiftung Deutsches Albert-Schweitzer-Zentrum Frankfurt/Main”) has organized presentations of this Schweitzer Peace Exhibition in many public places. This exhibition is based on texts by Dr. Albert Schweitzer and addresses his commitment: 1) against any war in principle, 2) against nuclear weapons and nuclear war, 3) for the reverence for life., Errata: S. 35 "citizen" statt: "cititzen". / p. 35 "citizen" not: "cititzen"

After the onset of plate collision in the Alps, at 32–34 Ma, the deep structure of the orogen is inferred to have changed dramatically: European plate break-offs in various places of the Alpine arc, as well as a possible reversal of subduction polarity in the eastern Alps have been proposed. We review different high-resolution tomographic studies of the upper mantle and combine shear- and body-wave models to assess the most reliable geometries of the slabs. Several hypotheses for the tectonic evolution are presented and tested against the tomographic model interpretations and constraints from geologic and geodetic observations. We favor the interpretation of a recent European slab break-off under the western Alps. In the eastern Alps, we review three published scenarios for the subduction structure and propose a fourth one to reconcile the results from tomography and geology. We suggest that the fast slab anomalies are mainly due to European subduction; Adriatic subduction plays no or only a minor role along the Tauern window sections, possibly increasing towards the Dinarides. The apparent northward dip of the slab under the eastern Alps may be caused by imaging a combination of Adriatic slab, from the Dinaric subduction system, and a deeper lying European one, as well as by an overturned, retreating European slab., GRNE graduate school, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DE), H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (), http://www.orfeus-eu.org/eida

Monitoring the groundwater chemical composition and identifying the presence of pollutants is an integral part of any comprehensive groundwater management strategy. The present study was conducted in a part of West Tripura, northeast India, to investigate the presence and sources of trace metals in groundwater and the risk to human health due to direct ingestion of groundwater. Samples were collected from 68 locations twice a year from 2016 to 2018. Mixed Ca–Mg–HCO3, Ca–Cl and Ca–Mg–Cl were the main groundwater types. Hydrogeochemical methods showed groundwater mineralization due to (1) carbonate dissolution, (2) silicate weathering, (3) cation exchange processes and (4) anthropogenic sources. Occurrence of faecal coliforms increased in groundwater after monsoons. Nitrate and microbial contamination from wastewater infiltration were apparent. Iron, manganese, lead, cadmium and arsenic were above the drinking water limits prescribed by the Bureau of Indian Standards. Water quality index indicated 1.5% had poor, 8.7% had marginal, 16.2% had fair, 66.2% had good and 7.4% had excellent water quality. Correlation and principal component analysis reiterated the sources of major ions and trace metals identified from hydrogeochemical methods. Human exposure assessment suggests health risk due to high iron in groundwater. The presence of unsafe levels of trace metals in groundwater requires proper treatment measures before domestic use. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s10653-020-00637-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The Rum Layered Suite, NW Scotland, hosts Cr-spinel seams at the bases of peridotite–troctolite macro-rhythmic units in the eastern portion of the intrusion. Here, we present detailed field observations together with microstructural and mineral chemical analyses for the Unit 7–8 Cr-spinel seam and associated cumulates in the Eastern Layered Intrusion. Detailed mapping and sampling reveal significant lateral variations in the structural characteristics and mineral compositions of the Unit 7–8 boundary zone rocks. Although the Cr-spinel seam is laterally continuous over ~ 3 km, it is absent towards the centre and the margins of the intrusion. The compositional characteristics of Cr-spinel and plagioclase vary systematically along strike, exhibiting a chemical evolution towards more differentiated compositions with increasing distance from the main feeder conduit of the Rum intrusion; the Long Loch Fault. On the basis of our combined datasets, we propose that the upper part of the troctolite, the anorthosite layer underlying the Cr-spinel seam and the seam itself formed during a multi-stage magma replenishment event. The stages can be summarised as follows: (1) peridotite schlieren and anorthosite autoliths formed following melt infiltration and cumulate assimilation in the crystal mush of the Unit 7 troctolite. (2) The anorthosite layer then formed from the Unit 7 troctolite crystal mush by thermal erosion and dissolution due to infiltrating magma. (3) Subsequent dissolution of the anorthosite layer by new replenishing magma led to peritectic in situ crystallisation of the Unit 7–8 Cr-spinel seam, with (4) continued magma input eventually producing the overlying Unit 8 peridotite. In the central part of the Rum Layered Suite, the aforementioned assimilation of the troctolitic footwall formed the anorthosite layer. However, the absence of anorthosite in close proximity to the Long Loch Fault can be explained by enhanced thermochemical erosion close to the feeder zone, and its absence close to the margins of the intrusion, at maximum distance from the Long Loch Fault, may be due to cooling of the magma and loss of erosion potential. In line with other recent studies on PGE-bearing chromitites in layered intrusions, we highlight the importance of multi-stage intrusive magma replenishment to the formation of spatially coupled anorthosite and Cr-spinel seams, as well as the lateral mineral chemical variations observed in the Unit 7–8 boundary zone cumulates., Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347

Das Verbundprojekt SIMULTAN erforscht die Früherkennung für Instabilität, Unruhe und Kollaps von Erdfällen. Der neuartige Forschungsansatz kombiniert strukturelle, geophysikalische, petrophysikalische und hydrologische Kartierungsmethoden, die von Sensorentwicklung und mulit-skaliger Überwachung flankiert werden, und umfasst eine Informationsplattform. Kollapsprozesse an Erdfällen finden generell in den obersten wenigen 100 Metern der Erdkruste statt. Individuelle Prozesskomponenten können einfach sein und verstanden werden. Aber es wechselwirken auch Prä-Kollapsprozesse und Vorläufer auf unterschiedlichen raum-zeitlichen Skalen und mit kleinen Variationen miteinander. Dies erfordert innovative, multi-skalige Beobachtungen, Analysen und integrierte Früherkennungskonzepte, besonders für urbane Bereiche, die bisher noch nicht vollständig entwickelt verfügbar sind und auch noch nicht als automatische operationelle Systeme arbeiten. Zur Identifizierung und Quantifizierung von Subrosionsbereichen zeigten sich bohrlochseismische Verfahren mit kombinierten P- und S-Wellen als zielführend. Als besonderer Indikator, der sich auch für Langzeitmonitoring eignet, hat sich dabei das ungewöhnliche Konversionsverhalten der Wellen in Subrosionszonen gezeigt. Neue Prozessingverfahren zur Detektion kleiner seismischer Ereignisse und für emergente Einsätze unterstützen den Ansatz von angepassten Arraymessungen. Geodätisch-gravimetrische Überwachungsnetze sind auch unter urbanen Bedingungen geeignet, durch Subrosion verursachte Oberflächendeformationen und Massenverlagerungen räumlich-zeitlich zu erfassen und zu überwachen. Nivellements liefern bezüglich der Oberflächendeformation höchste Genauigkeiten; zugleich sind sie vergleichsweise kostengünstig zu realisieren. Die Integration von GNSS hat in Verbindung mit dem Nivellement die räumliche Auflösung im Untersuchungsgebiet zusätzlich gestützt und hat das Potenzial, diese großräumig zu kontrollieren. Gravimetrische Messungen sind mit einem sehr hohen Aufwand verbunden. Die Kombination oberflächengeophysikalischer Verfahren mit einer vertikal hochaufgelösten direct push-basierten Erkundung im Raum mit einem maßgeschneiderten hydrogeologischen Monitoring bietet eine zuverlässige Grundlage für numerische Prozessmodellierungen und ermöglichen es, erdfallrelevante Prozesse abzubilden und zu erfassen. Karstaquifer- und geomechanische Modellierungen konnten die Prozesse in den Fokusgebieten erfolgreich abbilden, sobald diese mit realistischen Werten unterlegt wurden. Es zeigt sich somit insgesamt, dass sowohl flächenhafte Messungen und zeitlich wiederholte Kampagnen sehr vorteilhaft sind, da sie es erlauben, Fehler zu verringern und beanspruchte Bereiche einzugrenzen. Erst dieses integrierte Vorgehen ermöglicht es, potenzielle Wegsamkeiten im Untergrund hochauflösender als bisher abzubilden und zu bewerten. Als solches stellt es ein Instrumentarium zur Charakterisierung und angepassten Überwachung von Untergrundbereichen im Allgemeinen zur Verfügung. Diese Ergebnisse und Szenarien stehen der Öffentlichkeit auf einer Informationsplattform zur Verfügung (http://simultan.gfz-potsdam.de). BMBF - Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung - Projektträger Jülich/Sonderprogramm GEOTECHNOLOGIEN (Frühwarnsysteme)/03G0843 (A bis J)/EU