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We create a national-level longitudinal dataset to analyze how children’s participation in public and voucher-assisted housing affects age-26 earnings and adult incarceration. Naïve OLS estimates suggest that returns to subsidized housing participation are negative, but that relationship is driven by household selection into assisted housing. Household fixed effects estimates indicate that additional years of public housing increase earnings by 6.2 percent for females and 6.1 percent for males, while voucher-assisted housing increases earnings by 4.8 percent for females and 2.7 percent for males. Childhood participation in assisted housing also reduces the likelihood of adult incarceration for all household race/ethnicity groups. (JEL I38, J13, J31, K42, R38)

Mutual benefit societies evolved as the major provider for sickness, accident and life insurance in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries on both sides of the Atlantic. One of the major problems facing insurers was the risk of adverse selection, i.e. that unhealthy individuals had more incentives than healthy individuals to insure when priced for the average risk. By empirically examining whether longevity among insured individuals in a nationwide mutual health society was different from a matched sample of uninsured individuals, we seek to identify the presence of adverse selection. We find no compelling evidence showing that unhealthy individuals were more likely to insure, or reasons to believe that problems related to adverse selection would have been a major reason for government intervention in the health insurance market in Sweden.

In 2020, The COVID-19 crisis has put great pressure on the economy worldwide. Only time can tell whether the COVID-19 crisis will have permanent effects on corporate and household behaviour and how it will affect society at large. This article examines historical experiences of how households managed the financial consequences of rising mortality during the 1918 influenza pandemic. We find that the previous pandemic led to an immediate and major increase in primarily small-sum industrial life insurance policies designed for blue-collar workers. The increase in new policies did not, however, have a lasting effect. By the time the pandemic had faded, the number of policies had dropped to below pre-pandemic conditions. This historical experience underlines the fact that there are limits to the extent to which even a major shock, such as a pandemic, can lead to behavioural change among households as currently being predicted in relation to COVID-19.

There is a never-ending quest for a stable economy with full employment and low inflation. Economists have suggested and policymakers have experimented with different fiscal and monetary policy regimes since at least the beginning of the industrial revolution. In this paper, we study Swedish stabilization policies through six policy regimes between 1873 and 2019. We focus on discretionary stabilization policies by estimating policy shocks. We then explore how Swedish stabilization policies have evolved over time through these shocks: how different institutional setups affected the policies and how policymakers responded to key economic events such as financial crises and wars.

We describe a method for removing the numerical errors in the modeling of linear evolution equations that are caused by approximating the time derivative by a finite difference operator. The method is based on integral transforms realized as certain Fourier integral operators, called time dispersion transforms, and we prove that, under an assumption about the frequency content, it yields a solution with correct evolution throughout the entire lifespan. We demonstrate the method on a model equation as well as on the simulation of elastic and viscoelastic wave propagation., 41 pages, 8 figures

Computing images in reverse time migration and model parameter gradients from adjoint wavefields in full-waveform inversion (FWI) requires the correlation of a forward-propagated wavefield with another reverse-propagated wavefield. Although in theory only two wavefield propagations are required, one forward propagation and one reverse propagation, it requires storing the forward-propagated wavefield as a function of time to carry out the correlations, which is associated with significant input/output (I/O) cost. Alternatively, three wavefield propagations can be carried out to reverse propagate the forward-propagated wavefield in tandem with the reverse-propagated wavefield. We have determined how highly accurate reverse time migrated images and FWI model parameter gradients for anisotropic elastic FWI can be efficiently computed without significant disk I/O using two wavefield propagations by means of the principle of superposition.

During the industrialization period, the rate of workplace-related accidents increased. Because of the lack of public insurance, mutual health insurance societies became the main providers of workplace accident insurance among workers. Due to large differences in accident risk, health insurance societies were potentially exposed to the risk of adverse selection, since they employed equal pricing for all members regardless of risk profile. This article investigates the impact of workplace accident risk on health insurance selection and outcomes. We employ household budget surveys encompassing urban workers in Sweden during the early twentieth century. We find evidence for a redistribution from low- to high-risk-exposed workers, as workplace accident risk had a significant and positive impact on receiving health insurance benefits, also when controlling for a variety of factors. Workers exposed to greater risks in the workplace were more likely to have health insurance but did not pay higher premiums. The redistribution from low- to high-risk-exposed workers was largely accepted and viewed as an act of solidarity between workers. Given that health insurance societies were aware of this redistribution, we argue for the presence of informed, rather than adverse, selection.

Summary The oil and gas industry has developed highly sophisticated technology for offshore hydrocarbon exploration. The traditional focus has been on hydrocarbon exploration and production targets. These targets are commonly buried under a few kilometres of sedimentary layers and 3D seismic technology has been the main type of data acquired for characterizing these targets. A secondary focus has been on the shallow section, and it has mostly been driven by shallow hazard investigations to aid the drilling of those targets. This characterization is commonly done with 2D high-resolution seismic referred to as site surveys. In recent years, shallower targets have been sought for carbon capture and storage (CCS). It is best to store carbon dioxide in its critical state which is achieved at burial depths of about 800 m. Thus, the goal is to locate porous rocks with a natural seal at depths of 800 m-1500 m below the seabed. Deeper reservoirs can be used for CCS, but shallower ones are more economical. In addition, offshore mineral exploration is at the point of becoming a commercial activity. To characterize these mineral reservoirs or deposits, the selected type of data needs to resolve the very near surface (first few decametres) at a very high resolution in an efficient way that enables the location of targets with an area extension of 100 to 300 m. Thus, in 2021 3D seismic is aimed at best resolving the very shallow and the very deep. These facts motivated the set of experiments acquired in the AM20-lab in the Norwegian Atlantic Margin in 2020. In this paper, we focus on AM20-lab test 2. While the focus of test 2 is to achieve ultra-high resolution near-surface 3D seismic for mineral exploration, the data provides multipurpose value for medium and deep targets as well. The survey was designed and acquired with a novel signal apparition decasource encoding and was benchmarked against pentasource data from a production multiclient survey which was designed for hydrocarbon exploration

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of immigration on the labour market outcomes of low-educated natives (i.e. residents without a university diploma). Using the labour market competition theory, which argues that the labour market effects of natives depend on the skill set of immigrants, the paper addresses whether immigrants are complementary to or substitutes for native workers.Design/methodology/approachLongitudinal matched employer–employee data on Sweden are used to estimate how low-educated natives, in regions experiencing the greatest influx of refugees from the Balkan wars, responded to this supply shock with regard to real wages, employment and job mobility between 1990 and 2003.FindingsFirst, the analysis shows that low-educated native workers respond to the arrival of immigrants with an increase in real wages. Second, although employment prospects in general worsened for low-skilled workers in most regions, this is not attributable to the regions experiencing the largest supply shock. Third, there are indications that low-skilled natives in immigration-rich regions are more likely to change workplace, particularly in combination with moving upwards in the wage distribution.Originality/valueRather than seeing an emergence of the commonly perceived displacement mechanism when an economy is subject to a supply shock, the regional findings suggest that high inflows of immigrants tend to induce a mechanism that pulls native workers upwards in the wage distribution. This is important, as the proportion of immigrants is seldom evenly distributed within a nation.

Welfare researchers have regarded statutory accident insurance in 1916 as a starting point for the exceptional expansion of the Swedish welfare state. However, rather less attention has been paid to the roles played by mutual insurance societies and employer compensation schemes in offering voluntary welfare protection. We argue that voluntary welfare protection was an integral part of the early-twentieth century welfare system and played a crucial role in protecting workers in the case of sickness and accident. We also examine the limitations of these arrangements and explore the ways in which the design of the statutory scheme ensured that there was a continuing role for voluntary provision after the new Act came into operation. We also explore the impact of the scheme on wage levels, and show how its introduction eroded the wage premiums which had previously been earned by workers in high-risk industries.

The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) is a space-borne observatory of gravitational waves to be launched by ESA and NASA in the 2030s. Interferometric measurements are made between three spacecraft orbiting the Sun. The measurements are dependent on the geometric information due to the relative locations between the spacecraft as well as the intrinsic parameters of the astrophysical objects that generate the gravitational waves. We show that the measurements of mildly chirping gravitational waves can be approximated by means of a tri-linear representation, where the geometric information about the location of the observed object as well as that of the spacecraft locations are separated by different factors. We discuss that for low frequencies the relative approximation error is proportional to the square of the signal's carrier frequency and illustrate this accuracy in numerical experiments. For the sake of illustration, we outline a simple algorithm for extracting parameters from the observed gravitational waves. ©, EPL, 140 (1), ISSN:0295-5075, ISSN:1286-4854

Decarbonizing the energy-intensive and natural resource-based industries is possible but may substantially increase the cost of production. Whether such cost increases will reduce economic welfare depends on how the downstream industries respond to the higher cost for intermediate goods. In this paper, we explore how downstream industries in the EU15 responded to upstream carbon technology shocks and prices shocks during the period 1998–2014. Our results show that downstream industries do not respond to technology shocks directly but that they do respond to price shocks. A 5 percent upstream price increase is followed by a 4 percent increase in capital investments, 3 percent increase in productivity and a 4 percent reduction in the carbon intensity among manufacturing industries. The utilities and construction industries respond primarily by increasing prices and reducing wages. Prices increase by approximately by 1 percent and real wages fall by approximately 2 percent following a five percent upstream price increase.