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The creative fashion industry produces several textile products that play an important role in the national economy. In various countries, this industry has continued to grow along with the strong flow of information technology and e-commerce. The development of textile products for fashion is very dynamic and competitive. Competition is not only about price, but also the quality of organic/synthetic materials, the comfort provided, and designs that change every 4–6 months. Recently, creative fashion not only relies on natural and synthetic polymer-made fibers but also biomass-based waste materials. Therefore, this study aims to manufacture textile products from biomass-based waste materials that can be applied to the creative fashion industry. Two types of raw materials from oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB), namely, whole-empty fruit bunches (WEFB) and stalk-empty fruit bunches (SEFB), are used as an excellent innovation of rayon viscose fiber (RVF), a noncotton organic yarn capable of providing a solution to the 99% import of global cotton needs. This is expected to increase competitiveness, as well as the added value of palm oil products and their derivatives. The process of manufacturing DP chemically includes prehydrolysis, cooking, bleaching to dissolve the lignin and noncellulosic materials as well as isolation to purify POEFB fiber. Furthermore, DP testing is carried out to determine product quality and compare it with the national product standards. The results show that the alpha-cellulose content reaches >94% with variations in the active alkali of 18%, 20% and 24%. This implies that the WEFB and SEFB are used to fulfill the first requirements of the national standard (SNI 938:2017). The WEFB with an active alkali variation of 24% meets the SNI standard for rayon pulp with a value of S10 = 3.07 and S18 = 7.14%, while all variations of SEFB show opposite results. The use of active alkali at 24% had a brighter color than between 18% and 20%. Additionally, the fiber density of WEFB appears to be higher than that of SEFB. These results correlate positively with DP prepared using 24% alkali as the optimum treatment for all products, as well as the morphological observations performed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which shows that WEFB fixated fiber had a larger diameter than SEFB.

Recently, the isolation of chitin nano-crystals (ChNCs) via green methods has received great interests in the scientific research community. In this study, one-pot and eco-friendly process to isolate ChNCs from Metapenaeus ensis shell via solid maleic acid hydrolysis was proposed. It was found that the highest ChNC yield can be reached to 10.42% when at the condition of 75% acid concentration and 110 °C for 3 h, and that the as-prepared ChNC suspensions exhibited extraordinary colloidal stability for 7 months. The corresponding length of ChNCs was 170.6 nm and the carboxylic group content was as high as 0.173 mmol/g. ChNCs were then applied as the efficient and green supports of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and found that ChNCs can help generate Ag NPs with tiny and uniform particle size. The study paves a great potential way to isolate ChNCs from marine crustacean with high colloidal stability and the potential application in the preparation of uniform noble metal nanoparticles. A one-pot facile and environmental friendly approach to isolate ChNCs from Chitin (Metapenaeus ensis shell as the marine biomass precursors) with high colloidal stability via solid maleic acid hydrolysis is proposed.

It is an emerging issue to chase a high performance of metal nanoparticles based catalytic systems with a small and uniform particle size. Herein, a study has been carried out towards the green and facile synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) based nanocomposites for efficient removal of emerging contaminants. Bioresources from the marine crustacean animals and traditional pulping process, such as chitin and lignin, have received great attention in bio-functional material areas. This research is to prepare chitin nano-crystals/sodium lignosulfonate/silver nanoparticles (ChNC@NaLS@AgNPs) nanocomposites for small and uniform particle size of Ag NPs. ChNC and NaLS acted as sustainable and efficient bio-supports during Ag NPs synthesis to synergistically control the particle size of Ag NPs. It was found that the Ag NPs synthesized in ChNC@NaLS@AgNPs nanocomposites had a smallest particle size and narrowest size distribution compared with that of the control. The catalytic degradation results showed that ChNC@NaLS@AgNPs nanocomposites exhibited highest catalytic degradation performance for model contaminants of Congo Red (k = 50.2 × 10−3 s−1) and TC·HCl (k = 0.0483 min−1). This research provides a great potential application of chitin and lignin in synthesizing nano-catalysts synergistically for high degradation performance of emerging contaminants in waste water.

Cellulose and chitin are two of the most abundant biopolymer on earth, have been attracted a lot of interest from many researchers, especially related to their nanoparticles form. Recently the method to extract them into nanoscale materials mostly by mineral or liquid acid hydrolysis, such as sulfuric and hydrochloric acid. Despite their high yield production, many disadvantages are produced by their use as a hydrolysis catalyst, such as low thermal stability and are difficult to be functionalized due to the presence of sulfate groups, tendency to be aggregated due to the bare surface charge density, the potential excessive degradation of cellulose; and large amounts of effluent will be produced due to the neutralization stage and corrosion hazards to the equipment and environment. To overcome the drawback of those acids, solid acid can be used to produce cellulose (CNC) and chitin nanocrystals (ChNC). Their ability to recrystallize and recycle makes them more environmentally friendly, furthermore, most of the acid can do esterification on the surface of cellulose and chitin. The purpose of this paper is to provide a critical review of recent progress related to solid acid hydrolysis since they have interesting characterization even some of their attribute is better than the conventional method.

In this study, sodium lignosulfonate (NaLS) was selected as a versatile regulator that possesses a three-function of reducer, dispersant and stabilizer for the preparation of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), to finally fabricate sodium lignosulfonate/ silver nanoparticles (NaLS@AgNPs) nanocatalysts. It was found that Ag NPs have the smallest particle size (15 ± 5 nm) and uniform distribution at the optimal NaLS concentration of 1.8 mM. Also, the NaLS@AgNPs nanocomposites exhibited excellent catalytic performance for the catalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) (almost 100 % removal rate in only 150 s of reaction time, k = 20.4 × 10−3 s-1). A highest methyl orange (MO) removal rate in a H2O2 system as high as 90 % within 200 min with an apparent rate constant k = 4.04 × 10−3 min-1 can be achieved. This work provides a practical and facile one-step approach for preparing “ideal” noble metal nanocatalysts with the assistance of versatile and abundant sodium lignosulfonate derived from pulping process for purifying organic contaminant-containing wastewater with high catalytic degradation efficiency.

The target of the study is to improve the yield and the colloidal stability of cellulose nano-crystals (CNC) that is obtained through maleic acid hydrolysis. Herein, a facile/ green approach to prepare CNC with high yield and colloidal stability from bamboo fibers is presented. Ball mill pretreatment can break down and open up the structure of bamboo fibers, thus exposing more hydroxyl groups on the surface of pulp fibers and increasing the access of acid molecules into pulp fibers. The maleic acid molecules can easily hydrolyze cellulose, thus releasing more crystalline parts; maleic acid anhydride can react with hydroxyl groups to generate more -COOH groups on CNC. The yield of resultant CNC was 10.55-24.50 %, which was much higher than 2.80 % of the control. The study put forward a facile approach to prepare CNC with high yield and colloidal stability, and paves a possible way for industrialization of CNC production.

Cellulose nano-crystals (CNC) have attracted great interests as a novel nanostructured material in recent years, thanks to their excellent mechanical properties, high surface area and lightweight and biocompatibility etc. Due to its low charged group content, CNC prepared from the hydrochloric acid hydrolysis has poor dispersibility in water, which hinders its further applications. In this work, well-dispersed cellulose nano-crystals are successfully prepared using a two-step method, consisting of hydrochloric acid hydrolysis, followed by adsorption of hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) onto CNC. Results show that CTAB at a low concentration (0.13–0.47 mM) provides effective steric barriers to minimize the CNC aggregation, which is supported by TEM images and particle size distribution of CNC. At high CTAB concentrations (>0.5 mM), CNC aggregation occurs, which is due to the “bridging” effect of CTAB.

One effort to overcome the limited cotton is the use of dissolving pulp or rayon pulp with high α-cellulose content. The aim of this research is to study the nitration process of cellulose from various commercial dissolved pulp into nitrocellulose, which is a material for Propellant Nitro Cellulose (PNC). The most important parameter in the preparation of propellant is nitrogen level, which should be higher than 12,75%. The dissolving pulps from softwood sulfite process (A), hardwood kraft process (B), and hardwood sulfite process (C) were pre-treated before nitration process, namely ball mill, willey mill, and blender. Nitrocellulose was made using two types of formulas, which were formula one (HNO 3 :HNO 3 Fumming:H 2 SO 4 = 1:3:12) and formula two (HNO 3 :HNO 3 Fumming:H 2 SO 4 = 1:1.25:4). The results showed that the preparation of nitrocellulose from dissolving pulp A using blender pretreatment and formula two provided the highest nitrogen level (14.05%). The burn test of nitrocellulose met the smokeless specifications. Furthermore, the functional groups test by FTIR showed the presence of nitro group. Keywords : dissolving pulp, nitrocellulose, propellant, nitrogen content, nitration process ABSTRAK Salah satu upaya untuk mengatasi ketersediaan kapas yang terbatas adalah dengan menggunakan pulp larut atau pulp rayon yaitu pulp dengan kandungan α-selulosa yang tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari formula dan bahan baku yang paling baik untuk pembuatan nitroselulosa sebagai bahan Propellant Nitro Cellulose (PNC) dengan menggunakan berbagai jenis pulp larut komersial. Parameter yang terpenting dalam pembuatan propelan adalah kadar nitrogen harus lebih dari 12,75%. Sebelum proses nitrasi, dilakukan beberapa cara perlakuan awal yaitu menggunakan ballmill , willeymill , dan blender terhadap pulp larut dari jenis kayujarum proses sulfit (A), kayudaun proses kraft (B), dan kayudaun proses sulfit (C). Nitroselulosa dibuat menggunakan dua jenis formula yaitu formula 1 (HNO 3 :HNO 3 Fumming:H 2 SO 4 = 1:3:12) dan formula 2 (HNO 3 :HNO 3 Fumming:H 2 SO 4 = 1:1,25:4). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembuatan nitroselulosa dari pulp larut A dengan perlakuan awal blender dan menggunakan formula 2 memberikan kadar nitrogen yang paling besar yaitu sekitar 14,05%. Sedangkan uji nyala nitroselulosa memenuhi spesifikasi smokeless dan uji gugus fungsi dengan FTIR menunjukkan adanya gugus nitro. Kata kunci : pulp larut, nitroselulosa, propelan, kadar nitrogen, proses nitrasi