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Optic neuritis is an important cause of decreased vision due to inflammation of the optic nerve. In view of its complex etiology, a thorough clinical evaluation is essential. Autoimmune optic neuropathy, a rare form of optic neuritis, is associated with progressive, painless, and severe visual loss. Severity depends on the inflammatory and ischemic components of the condition. Autoimmune optic neuropathy is ideally diagnosed with autoimmune disease markers (usually elevated levels of antinuclear antibodies). The treatment is immunosuppression with high doses of corticosteroids. Corticoid dependence is a characteristic of autoimmune optic neuropathy. In this report, we describe a patient with autoimmune optic neuropathy and discuss the importance of laboratory parameters and magnetic resonance imaging findings in the diagnosis of the disease. RESUMO A Neurite óptica é uma importante causa de diminuição da visão devido à inflamação do nervo óptico. Por apresentar diversas etiologias faz-se necessário ampla investigação. A neuropatia óptica autoimune corresponde a uma doença rara que se manifesta com perda visual aguda, indolor e grave. A gravidade está associada a sua fisiopatogenia com componentes inflamatório e isquêmico. A positividade para marcadores de doenças autoimunes, mais comumente a elevação da titulação de anticorpos antinucleares, são fatores determinantes para o diagnóstico da neuropatia óptica autoimune. O tratamento é feito através de imunossupressão, com necessidade de altas doses de corticoide. Neste relato iremos descrever um paciente com neuropatia óptica autoimune. Discutiremos sobre a importância dos parâmetros laboratoriais e os achados de imagem da ressonância magnética para o diagnóstico.

We describe a case of a young female patient presenting with ocular hypotension (4 mm Hg) secondary to cyclodialysis, and optic disc edema (ODE) after a blunt trauma in the right eye (right eye). MRI showed posterior globe flattening of the right eye, drawing our attention to the pathophysiology behind these findings. The combination of ODE and posterior globe flattening, as observed in the present case of ocular hypotony, is known from other conditions such as intracranial hypertension and space-flight neuro-ocular syndrome, pointing to a common pathophysiological mechanism, possibly resulting from axoplasmic stasis at the level of the lamina cribrosa due to a high translaminar pressure difference.

Objective: To describe a case of a male adolescent with symptomatic idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) associated with obesity treated with bariatric surgery. Case description: A 16-year-and-6-month-old severely obese boy [weight: 133.6 kg; height: 1.74 m (Z score: +0.14); BMI: 44.1 kg/m2 (Z score: +4.4)], Tanner pubertal stage 5, presented biparietal, high-intensity, and pulsatile headaches, about five times per week, associated with nocturnal awakenings, and partial improvement with common analgesics, for three months. Ophthalmologic evaluation evidenced bilateral papilledema. Cranial computed tomography revealed no mass or anatomic abnormalities. Lumbar puncture showed increased intracranial pressure of 40 cmH2O (reference value

A 28-year-old man presented with severe left visual loss and normal right visual acuity. The left fundus examination showed temporal pallor and complete absence of the nerve fibre layer (NFL) of papillomacular bundle. Right fundus examination showed focal loss of inferotemporal NFL. Magnetic resonance and serum aquaporin-4 antibody were negative. After 14 months of the initial visual involvement, the patient suffered subacute visual loss in contralateral eye. Genetic study revealed the 11778 point mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutation associated with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). Although very rare, interval of involvement of second eye greater than 12 months can occurs in LHON. Detailed optic nerve examination and careful interpretation of optical coherence tomography (OCT) printout support the diagnosis.

A 46-year-old man presented with severe visual loss and optic atrophy associated with optociliary shunt vessels. The diagnostic work-up revealed intracranial hypertension and cerebral venous sinus stenosis, with no evidence of previous thrombosis. In view of the severe visual dysfunction, both eyes were submitted to optic nerve sheath fenestration. After surgery, a regression of collateral vessels was observed in both eyes.

Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by thinning of neuroretinal rim, enlarged cup-to-disc ratio (CDR) and visual field damage. Although raised intraocular pressure is main risk factor for development of glaucoma, it can occur with consistently normal measurements in the intraocular pressure as normal tension glaucoma (NTG). Enlargement of CDR is a classical sign of glaucoma, but it can also result from non-glaucomatous optic neuropathies such as Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). We describe a case of LHON with increased CDR, discuss its differential diagnosis with NTG and highlight the reasons for misdiagnoses between these two entities.

A doenca de Rosai-Dorfman (DRD) ou histiocitose sinusal com linfadenopatia macica e uma entidade clinica idiopatica, rara e benigna, caracterizada pela proliferacao histiocitaria com linfofagocitose. Geralmente se apresenta com linfoadenomegalia cervical, no entanto pode haver acometimento extranodal, sendo a regiao orbitaria um dos locais de possivel acometimento. Na maioria dos casos e uma doenca autolimitada com melhora espontânea, entretanto pode ser necessaria exerese cirurgica da lesao ou tratamento com corticosteroides e radioterapia.Neste trabalho, relatamos o caso de um paciente masculino de 29 anos, com queixa de tumoracao em palpebra inferior direita por 6 meses e historia de acometimento sinusal previo pela doenca de Rosai Dorfmann. Ao exame oftalmologico apresentava proptose de olho direito e aumento de volume de palpebra inferior direita. O exame de tomografia computadorizada de orbitas evidenciou lesao solida extraconal em orbita direita. Apos a exerese da lesao houve melhora importante do quadro clinico. O exame histopatologico associado a imuno-histoquimica confirmou o envolvimento orbitario na DRD. Revisamos tambem o quadro clinico, diagnostico diferencial e tratamento desta afeccao.

OBJECTIVE: To compare optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements on the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) of healthy controls and patients with longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) without previous optic neuritis. METHOD: Twenty-six eyes from 26 patients with LETM and 26 control eyes were subjected to automated perimetry and OCT for comparison of RNFL measurements. RESULTS: The mean deviation values from perimetry were significantly lower in patients with LETM than in controls (p

PURPOSE: To correlate visual field sensitivity (VFS) loss on standard automated perimetry (SAP) and quadrantic macular thickness on optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patients with permanent temporal hemianopia from chiasmal compression. METHODS: Forty eyes from 40 patients with chiasmal compression and 40 healthy eyes were submitted to standard automated perimetry and Stratus-OCT scanning. Raw data of the fast macular thickness scanning protocol were exported and macular thickness measurements were recorded and averaged for each quadrant and half of the central area. The correlation between visual field sensitivity loss and optical coherence tomography measurements was tested with Pearson's correlation coefficients and with linear regression analysis. RESULTS: A significant association was found between each macular thickness parameter and the corresponding central VF mean sensitivity. The strongest association was observed between superonasal macular thickness and the inferotemporal mean defect measured both in decibel (R=0.47; p=0.001) and in 1/Lambert (R=0.59; p

PURPOSE: To estimate the occurrence of adverse effects associated with the use of botulinum toxin by performing a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: A systematic literature search of MEDLINE and Cochrane Library was conducted until September 2007. The occurrence of the adverse effects was estimated of the relative frequency for case report and of the relative risk for randomized trials. Heterogeneity was evaluated with the Q test and I2 index. Egger's significance test was used to identify the publication bias. Sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of the publication biases. RESULTS: Eight randomized trials and thirteen case reports filled the inclusion criteria. In the systematic review of case reports, 1,003 subjects were studied and 182 (18.14%) showed adverse effects. Eyelid ptosis was the most frequent adverse effect, presenting in 34 (3.39%) patients of the case reports. In the meta-analysis of randomized trials, the overall relative risk for adverse effects as headache, eyelid ptosis, local reaction and infection was respectively: 1.07, 3.25, 0.99 and 0.94. For all comparisons, P values were greater than 0.05. CONCLUSION: Ptosis was the most frequent adverse effect and showed the higher relative risk associated with botulinum toxin. It is necessary to perform a pattern of adverse effects related for better understanding the relationship between adverse effects and use of botulinum toxin.

O objetivo é relatar um caso de meningioma da bainha do nervo óptico localizado na região do canal óptico simulando progressão de dano axonal glaucomatoso. Paciente de 60 anos em tratamento para glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto apresentou perda progressiva do campo visual e aumento da escavação do disco óptico à esquerda. Devido à rapidez e à assimetria da progressão do dano axonal, por causa da redução da acuidade visual e do aparente bom controle pressórico uma lesão compressiva do nervo óptico foi suspeitada. A tomografia computadorizada de órbitas foi normal, entretanto a imagem por ressonância magnética evidenciou um meningioma da bainha do nervo óptico na região do canal óptico. Afecções compressivas da via óptica anterior são causas incomuns de escavação do disco óptico, entretanto podem simular uma neuropatia glaucomatosa e devem ser lembradas nos pacientes com suspeita de glaucoma de baixa pressão intra-ocular ou em tratamento para glaucoma que apresentem evolução atípica da perda visual.To report a case of an optic nerve sheath meningioma located at the optic canal area mimicking the progression of a glaucomatous axonal damage. A 60-year-old female patient developed progressive visual field loss and enlargement of the optic disc cup in the left eye while in treatment for primary open-angle glaucoma. Because of the rapid progression of axonal loss, the asymmetry of the visual field defect and the fact that intraocular pressure had been under control, a compressive optic neuropathy was suspected. A computerized tomography scan of the orbit was normal but a high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated an optic nerve sheath meningioma located at the optic canal area. Compressive lesions of the anterior visual pathways are uncommon causes of optic disc cupping but should be considered in patients suspected of or undergoing treatment for glaucoma that present with atypical progression of visual loss.

PURPOSE: To test the ability of frequency doubling technology (FDT) perimetry to identify pituitary tumor-associated visual field defects. METHODS: Twenty-three eyes from patients with pituitary tumor (PT) and 28 normal eyes were studied. Subjects were eligible when presenting with normal visual acuity and mild or moderate temporal field loss in at least one eye on Goldmann and standard automated perimetry (SAP). FDT testing was performed using the C-20-5 screening and the C-20 full-threshold test. The sensitivity and specificity for identification of the field defect were determined and the groups were compared with regard to several parameters. Finally, we compared the ability of FDT and SAP to detect the characteristic pattern of temporal hemianopia/quadrantanopia. RESULTS: In the screening test, sensitivity ranged from 21.74% to 43.48% while specificity was 100%. In the threshold test, sensitivity ranged from 52.17% to 82.61% (specificities of 85.71% and 60.71%, respectively), according to total deviation analysis, and from 30.43% to 73.91% (specificities of 96.42% and 64.28%, respectively), according to the pattern deviation analysis. Patients with PT presented a significantly higher number of abnormal points in the temporal hemifield. In 12 eyes FDT and SAP were both able to identify the characteristic pattern of visual field defect; in 4 eyes FDT performed better than SAP; in 4 eyes, SAP performed better than FDT, while in 3 neither test was able to determine the pattern of visual field defect correctly. CONCLUSIONS: Threshold FDT perimetry seems to be a sensitive instrument for identifying abnormality in eyes with chiasmal compression-induced field defects detected on conventional perimetry. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a capacidade da perimetria com tecnologia de freqüência duplicada (FDT) de identificar defeitos de campo visual associados a tumores pituitários. MÉTODOS: Vinte e três olhos de pacientes com tumores pituitários (TP) e 28 olhos normais foram estudados. Os indivíduos eram selecionados quando apresentavam acuidade visual normal e defeito temporal discreto ou moderado em pelo menos um olho ao perímetro de Goldmann e à perimetria automatizada padrão (SAP). O teste com FDT foi realizado usando os programas "C-20-5 screening" e "C-20 full-threshold test". A sensibilidade e a especificidade para identificação de defeito campimétrico foram determinados e os grupos comparados com relação a diversos parâmetros. Por fim, nós comparamos a capacidade do FDT e da SAP em detectar o padrão característico de hemianopsia/quadrantopsia temporal. RESULTADOS: No teste de "screening", a sensibilidade oscilou entre 21,74% e 43,48% ao passo que a especificidade foi 100%. No "threshold test", a sensibilidade variou entre 52,17% e 82,61% (especificidade entre 85,71% e 60,71%), na análise do "total deviation", e de 30,43% a 73,91% (especificidade de 96,42% a 64,28%), de acordo com a análise do "pattern deviation". Pacientes com TP apresentaram número significativamente maior de pontos de falhas no hemicampo temporal. Em 12 olhos FDT e SAP foram ambos capazes de identificar o padrão característico de defeito de campo visual, em 4 olhos FDT foi melhor que SAP; em 4 olhos, SAP foi melhor que o FDT, ao passo que em 3 olhos, nenhum dos dois testes foi capaz de determinar o padrão característico de defeito de campo visual corretamente. CONCLUSÕES: A perimetria FDT "threshold" parece ser instrumento sensível para identificar anormalidades em olhos com defeito de campo induzidos por compressão quiasmática detectados à perimetria convencional.

PURPOSE: To test the ability of frequency doubling technology (FDT) perimetry to identify pituitary tumor-associated visual field defects. METHODS: Twenty-three eyes from patients with pituitary tumor (PT) and 28 normal eyes were studied. Subjects were eligible when presenting with normal visual acuity and mild or moderate temporal field loss in at least one eye on Goldmann and standard automated perimetry (SAP). FDT testing was performed using the C-20-5 screening and the C-20 full-threshold test. The sensitivity and specificity for identification of the field defect were determined and the groups were compared with regard to several parameters. Finally, we compared the ability of FDT and SAP to detect the characteristic pattern of temporal hemianopia/quadrantanopia. RESULTS: In the screening test, sensitivity ranged from 21.74% to 43.48% while specificity was 100%. In the threshold test, sensitivity ranged from 52.17% to 82.61% (specificities of 85.71% and 60.71%, respectively), according to total deviation analysis, and from 30.43% to 73.91% (specificities of 96.42% and 64.28%, respectively), according to the pattern deviation analysis. Patients with PT presented a significantly higher number of abnormal points in the temporal hemifield. In 12 eyes FDT and SAP were both able to identify the characteristic pattern of visual field defect; in 4 eyes FDT performed better than SAP; in 4 eyes, SAP performed better than FDT, while in 3 neither test was able to determine the pattern of visual field defect correctly. CONCLUSIONS: Threshold FDT perimetry seems to be a sensitive instrument for identifying abnormality in eyes with chiasmal compression-induced field defects detected on conventional perimetry.OBJETIVO: Avaliar a capacidade da perimetria com tecnologia de freqüência duplicada (FDT) de identificar defeitos de campo visual associados a tumores pituitários. MÉTODOS: Vinte e três olhos de pacientes com tumores pituitários (TP) e 28 olhos normais foram estudados. Os indivíduos eram selecionados quando apresentavam acuidade visual normal e defeito temporal discreto ou moderado em pelo menos um olho ao perímetro de Goldmann e à perimetria automatizada padrão (SAP). O teste com FDT foi realizado usando os programas "C-20-5 screening" e "C-20 full-threshold test". A sensibilidade e a especificidade para identificação de defeito campimétrico foram determinados e os grupos comparados com relação a diversos parâmetros. Por fim, nós comparamos a capacidade do FDT e da SAP em detectar o padrão característico de hemianopsia/quadrantopsia temporal. RESULTADOS: No teste de "screening", a sensibilidade oscilou entre 21,74% e 43,48% ao passo que a especificidade foi 100%. No "threshold test", a sensibilidade variou entre 52,17% e 82,61% (especificidade entre 85,71% e 60,71%), na análise do "total deviation", e de 30,43% a 73,91% (especificidade de 96,42% a 64,28%), de acordo com a análise do "pattern deviation". Pacientes com TP apresentaram número significativamente maior de pontos de falhas no hemicampo temporal. Em 12 olhos FDT e SAP foram ambos capazes de identificar o padrão característico de defeito de campo visual, em 4 olhos FDT foi melhor que SAP; em 4 olhos, SAP foi melhor que o FDT, ao passo que em 3 olhos, nenhum dos dois testes foi capaz de determinar o padrão característico de defeito de campo visual corretamente. CONCLUSÕES: A perimetria FDT "threshold" parece ser instrumento sensível para identificar anormalidades em olhos com defeito de campo induzidos por compressão quiasmática detectados à perimetria convencional.

A 44-year-old man presented with severe right visual loss. The right fundus examination showed marked optic disc oedema associated with partial macular star. Serological blood tests for infectious agents were all negative. Serum aquaporin-4 antibody was negative but anti-MOG (myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein) was positive. Magnetic resonance revealed extensive lesion in right optic nerve. There was no visual improvement after intravenous therapy. Patient had no further attacks after follow-up. Optic disc oedema with macular star is found in several infectious and non-inflammatory disorders, but it has not been reported in optic neuritis (ON) associated with autoantibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (anti-MOG).

This article represents the fourth case in literature of an association between pseudotumor cerebri (PTC) and leuprolide acetate, the first with precocious puberty and severe visual loss. A 9-year-old girl with precocious puberty was treated with a once-monthly dose of leuprolide acetate (3.75 mg) for three months. In the 4th month of treatment, it was decided to increase the dosage of leuprolide acetate to 11.25 mg in once-quarterly doses. After 1 month, she complained of holocranial headache, transient visual obscuration followed by progressive visual loss. After 6 months, she persisted with holocranial headache and progressive visual loss associated with ocular deviation. Neuro-opthalmological examination revealed severe visual loss and bilateral papilledema. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis showed opening pressure of 45 cm H2O. The most likely diagnosis was PTC associated with leuprolide acetate. Treatment was started immediately with oral acetazolamide and leuprolide was discontinued. Acetazolamide was discontinued for having induced metabolic acidosis. A ventriculoperitoneal shunt was performed to control intracranial pressure as an alternative to acetazolamide treatment. The follow-up of 18 months showed CSF pressure of 14 cm H2O, stabilization of visual acuity and resolution of papilledema. There appears to be a causal relationship between the onset of leuprolide acetate with the development of PTC. Children should have a complete ophthalmic evaluation if they report headache or visual disturbances after administration of leuprolide acetate.

OBJETIVO: Comparar a capacidade do polarímetro de varredura a laser (GDx), do tomógrafo de coerência óptica (OCT) 1 e do Stratus-OCT em diferenciar olhos normais de olhos com atrofia em banda do nervo óptico e hemianopsia temporal. MÉTODOS: Vinte e três olhos de pacientes com atrofia em banda do nervo óptico e 23 olhos de indivíduos normais foram incluídos em estudo prospectivo observacional caso-controle. Todos foram submetidos à análise da camada de fibras nervosas retiniana (CFNR) utilizando GDx, OCT-1 e Stratus-OCT. As médias dos valores obtidos em cada aparelho foram comparadas entre olhos com atrofia em banda e controles normais. Curvas ROC (receiver operating characteristic) e sensibilidade para especificidades fixas (80% e 95%) foram calculadas para cada parâmetro produzido pelos três instrumentos e comparadas entre si. RESULTADOS: Quando comparados aos indivíduos normais, os resultados dos pacientes referentes à camada de fibras nervosas retiniana (média global e quatro quadrantes estudados) foram significativamente menores (p

OBJETIVO: Comparar a capacidade do polarímetro de varredura a laser (GDx), do tomógrafo de coerência óptica (OCT) 1 e do Stratus-OCT em diferenciar olhos normais de olhos com atrofia em banda do nervo óptico e hemianopsia temporal. MÉTODOS: Vinte e três olhos de pacientes com atrofia em banda do nervo óptico e 23 olhos de indivíduos normais foram incluídos em estudo prospectivo observacional caso-controle. Todos foram submetidos à análise da camada de fibras nervosas retiniana (CFNR) utilizando GDx, OCT-1 e Stratus-OCT. As médias dos valores obtidos em cada aparelho foram comparadas entre olhos com atrofia em banda e controles normais. Curvas ROC (receiver operating characteristic) e sensibilidade para especificidades fixas (80% e 95%) foram calculadas para cada parâmetro produzido pelos três instrumentos e comparadas entre si. RESULTADOS: Quando comparados aos indivíduos normais, os resultados dos pacientes referentes à camada de fibras nervosas retiniana (média global e quatro quadrantes estudados) foram significativamente menores (pPURPOSE: To compare the abilitiy of scanning laser polarimetry (GDx), optical coherence tomography (OCT) 1 and Stratus- optical coherence tomography to discriminate between healthy eyes and eyes with band atrophy of the optic nerve and temporal hemianopsia. METHODS: Twenty-three eyes with band atrophy of the optic nerve and 23 eyes from healthy subjects were included in this observational prospective case-control study. All eyes underwent retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness analysis using GDx, optical coherence tomography-1 and Stratus-optical coherence tomography. Mean values obtained with each equipment were compared between band atrophy and normal eyes. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and sensitivities at fixed specificities (80% e 95%) were calculated for each parameter calculated with each equipment and compared. RESULTS: When compared with healthy subjects, the parameters corresponding to the global average as well as each of the four quadrant retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in eyes with band atrophy were significantly smaller (p

PURPOSE: To report abnormalities of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness using optical coherence tomography (Stratus OCT TM) in patients with pituitary adenoma. METHODS: Two patients with long-standing bitemporal visual field defects and optic nerve band atrophy were submitted to optical coherence tomography examination (Stratus OCT TM). RESULTS: Both patients with band atrophy revealed diffuse loss of the retinal nerve fiber layer on Stratus OCT TM, with severe reduction in the nasal and temporal areas of the optic disc. Retinal nerve fiber layer loss correlated well with visual field loss and with previous histological studies of band atrophy of the optic nerve. CONCLUSIONS: Stratus optical coherence tomography can provide useful information in the diagnosis of band atrophy from chiasmal lesions such as pituitary adenomas.OBJETIVO: Relatar alterações na camada de fibras nervosas retiniana (CFNR) com o uso da tomografia de coerência óptica (Stratus OCT TM) em pacientes com adenoma hipofisário. MÉTODOS: Dois pacientes com defeito perimétrico bitemporal de longa duração e atrofia em banda do nervo óptico foram examinados com tomografia de coerência óptica (Stratus OCT TM). RESULTADOS: Ambos pacientes demonstraram perda difusa da camada de fibras nervosas retiniana com redução acentuada nas regiões nasal e temporal do disco óptico. A perda da camada de fibras nervosas retiniana se correlacionou com o defeito de campo visual e com os estudos histológicos de atrofia em banda do nervo óptico. CONCLUSÕES: A tomografia de coerência óptica (Stratus OCT TM) pode apresentar grande utilidade no diagnóstico da atrofia em banda decorrente de lesões quiasmáticas tais como os adenomas pituitários.

Lesions of the lateral geniculate body (LGB) are the most unusual lesions of the visual pathways. Imaging studies are very important in establishing the correct diagnosis. However, due to its small size and particular location, the lateral geniculate body and its lesions are sometimes difficult to detect in imaging studies possibly causing diagnostic confusion. The purpose of this paper is to document an unusual case of a lesion of the lateral geniculate body for which an optical coherence tomography study was very important in confirming the anatomic diagnosis of a lateral geniculate body lesion. A 39-year-old woman with a previous diagnosis of uveitis and central nervous system vasculitis was referred for investigation of a right temporal quadrantanopia. She had already been submitted to a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that did not show any lesion along the visual pathway. Ophthalmoscopy revealed retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) loss that was confirmed by optical coherence tomography. Such finding associated with the observations on the neurological examination strongly suggested a lateral geniculate body lesion. The patient was submitted to another new magnetic resonance imaging obtained with especially oriented thin sections and an ischemic lesion of the lateral geniculate body was observed establishing the correct diagnosis. This case serves to confirm the importance of optical coherence tomography in determining the pattern of retinal nerve fiber layer loss in neuro-ophthalmic diseases and therefore to help in locating a lesion along the visual pathway.

Lesões que acometem o corpo geniculado lateral (CGL) são as mais raras entre as afecções da via óptica. Os exames de neuro-imagem têm a importante função de identificar tais lesões. Entretanto, devido a seus tamanho e localização, a demonstração neuro-radiológica do corpo geniculado lateral e de suas lesões, podem eventualmente, ser dificultadas levando a confusão diagnóstica. O objetivo desse relato é documentar um caso raro de acometimento do corpo geniculado lateral e em que tomografia por coerência óptica teve participação relevante na confirmação do diagnóstico anatômico de lesão do corpo geniculado lateral. Paciente feminina de 39 anos, com diagnóstico prévio de uveíte e vasculite de sistema nervoso central por doença de Behçet, apresentou-se para a investigação de quadrantopsia temporal à direita. A imagem por ressonância magnética não mostrava lesão na via óptica. Evidenciou-se à oftalmoscopia, perda da camada de fibras nervosas retinianas peripapilar "em banda", que foi confirmada pela tomografia por coerência óptica. Esta observação, associada aos achados do exame neurológico levaram à forte suspeita de lesão no corpo geniculado lateral sendo então solicitada nova imagem por ressonância magnética, que evidenciou lesão isquêmica de corpo geniculado lateral. O caso apresentado confirma a importância do tomógrafo por coerência óptica em determinar o padrão de perda de camada de fibras nervosas retinianas em afecções neuroftálmicas, e assim cooperar na localização da lesão dentro da via óptica.Lesions of the lateral geniculate body (LGB) are the most unusual lesions of the visual pathways. Imaging studies are very important in establishing the correct diagnosis. However, due to its small size and particular location, the lateral geniculate body and its lesions are sometimes difficult to detect in imaging studies possibly causing diagnostic confusion. The purpose of this paper is to document an unusual case of a lesion of the lateral geniculate body for which an optical coherence tomography study was very important in confirming the anatomic diagnosis of a lateral geniculate body lesion. A 39-year-old woman with a previous diagnosis of uveitis and central nervous system vasculitis was referred for investigation of a right temporal quadrantanopia. She had already been submitted to a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that did not show any lesion along the visual pathway. Ophthalmoscopy revealed retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) loss that was confirmed by optical coherence tomography. Such finding associated with the observations on the neurological examination strongly suggested a lateral geniculate body lesion. The patient was submitted to another new magnetic resonance imaging obtained with especially oriented thin sections and an ischemic lesion of the lateral geniculate body was observed establishing the correct diagnosis. This case serves to confirm the importance of optical coherence tomography in determining the pattern of retinal nerve fiber layer loss in neuro-ophthalmic diseases and therefore to help in locating a lesion along the visual pathway.

Paquimeningite hipertrófica se caracteriza por espessamento das meninges, podendo ser decorrente de infecção, infiltração tumoral, doença inflamatória ou idiopática. Relatamos sobre um homem de, 40 anos, com queixa de cefaléia de longa data e perda progressiva da visão em ambos os olhos acompanhadas de proptose bilateral. A imagem por ressonância magnética de crânio e órbitas revelou espessamento dural difuso e lesão orbitária bilateral. Extensa investigação não revelou qualquer afecção sistêmica. Estudo anatomopatológico realizado após biópsias de meninges e da massa orbitária evidenciou processo inflamatório crônico compatível com paquimeningite hipertrófica idiopática (PHI) e com pseudotumor orbitário respectivamente. Este caso evidencia que o acometimento orbitário pode ocorrer na PHI e que a sua identificação precoce é de fundamental importância para o prognóstico visual.

O objetivo é relatar um caso de trombose de seio venoso cerebral causando síndrome de pseudotumor, onde a principal manifestação clínica foi uma perda visual bilateral grave. Homem de 24 anos apresentando perda visual bilateral grave, obscurecimentos transitórios da visão, cefaléia, papiledema bilateral e campos visuais constrictos. Tomografia computadorizada, bem como exame neurológico, apresentavam-se normais. Punção lombar mostrou um aumento da pressão liquórica inicial e o hemograma mostrou aumento do número de plaquetas. A ressonância magnética de crânio apresentava sinais característicos de papiledema crônico e sinais sugestivos de trombose de seio sagital superior. A venorressonância magnética de crânio mostrou trombose de seios sagital superior, transversos e sigmóides. Paciente foi tratado com descompressão de bainha de nervo óptico do olho esquerdo, acetazolamida e anticoagulação. O exame oftalmológico após o tratamento mostrou redução do papiledema, mas com persistência de perda visual acentuada. O pseudotumor cerebral com perda visual severa pode ser um sinal de apresentação de trombose venosa cerebral secundária a doença hematológica grave.Our purpose is to report a case of cranial venous thrombosis causing pseudotumor syndrome, where the principal clinical manifestation was severe bilateral vision loss. A 24-year-old man presented with severe bilateral vision loss, transient obscuration of vision, headache, bilateral papilledema and constricted visual fields. Computed tomography as well as neurologic examination was unrevealing. A lumbar puncture disclosed an increased cerebrospinal fluid opening pressure and complete blood count (CBC) showed increased numbers of platelets. A brain magnetic resonance imaging disclosed characteristic sings of chronic papilledema and suggestive signs of superior sagital sinus thrombosis. A cranial magnetic resonance venography disclosed thrombosis of superior sagital, transvers and sigmoid sinuses. The patient was treated with an optic nerve sheath decompression in the left eye, acetazolamide and anticoagulation. His ocular evaluation showed reduction of the papilledema, but severe vision loss remained. Pseudotumor cerebri with severe vision loss can be the presenting sign of cranial venous thrombosis secondary to a potentially life-threatening hematologic disorder.

Our purpose is to report a case of cranial venous thrombosis causing pseudotumor syndrome, where the principal clinical manifestation was severe bilateral vision loss. A 24-year-old man presented with severe bilateral vision loss, transient obscuration of vision, headache, bilateral papilledema and constricted visual fields. Computed tomography as well as neurologic examination was unrevealing. A lumbar puncture disclosed an increased cerebrospinal fluid opening pressure and complete blood count (CBC) showed increased numbers of platelets. A brain magnetic resonance imaging disclosed characteristic sings of chronic papilledema and suggestive signs of superior sagittal sinus thrombosis. A cranial magnetic resonance venography disclosed thrombosis of superior sagittal, transverse and sigmoid sinuses. The patient was treated with an optic nerve sheath decompression in the left eye, acetazolamide and anticoagulation. His ocular evaluation showed reduction of the papilledema, but severe vision loss remained. Pseudotumor cerebri with severe vision loss can be the presenting sign of cranial venous thrombosis secondary to a potentially life-threatening hematologic disorder.

OBJETIVO: Comparar os resultados da descompressão orbitária antro-etmoidal isolada àqueles da mesma cirurgia associada à remoção de tecido orbitário em paciente com orbitopatia distiroidiana seqüelar. MÉTODOS: Foram analisadas 2 modalidades de descompressão orbitária. Ambas tiveram como indicação apenas a correção estética e do desconforto ocular dos pacientes. Todos pacientes se apresentavam na fase inativa da orbitopatia distiroidiana. Em um grupo de 12 pacientes (grupo 2) foram realizadas 19 cirurgias de descompressão orbitária antro-etmoidal isolada. No outro grupo (grupo 1) composto por 8 pacientes foram realizadas 10 cirurgias de descompressão óssea antro-etmoidal associada à remoção de aproximadamente 1 centímetro cúbico de tecido adiposo da órbita. Os resultados das cirurgias nos dois grupos foram comparados entre si. RESULTADOS: No grupo 2 a redução da proptose oscilou entre 1 e 5 mm (média 3,68±1,10 mm) e no grupo 1 variou de 1 a 5 mm (média 3,25±1,36 mm). CONCLUSÕES: Tanto a descompressão óssea isolada como aquela associada à remoção de tecido adiposo orbitário apresentam redução semelhante na proptose, não havendo diferença significativa entre elas. A remoção de gordura temporal inferior, em torno de 1 centímetro cúbico parece não aumentar a redução da proptose quando comparada com a cirurgia descompressiva óssea isolada. Porém fatores como a complacência de tecidos moles, a quantidade de gordura retirada e as janelas ósseas realizadas em cada grupo devem ser considerados na conclusão deste trabalho retrospectivo de comparação entre técnicas.PURPOSE: To compare the results of isolated antral-ethmoidal orbital decompression and that associated with orbital fat removal in patients with dysthyroid orbitopathy. METHODS: Nineteen isolated antral-ethmoidal orbital decompressions were performed in a group of 12 patients (19 orbits) with the diagnosis of dysthyroid ophthalmopathy in the quiescent stage. The same procedure, but in association with orbital fat removal, were performed in another group of 8 patients (10 orbits) also with the diagnosis of dysthyroid ophthalmopathy in the quiescent stage. The results of both groups were compared. RESULTS: In the first group the amount of retroplacement of the globe achieved 1-5 mm (mean 3.68±1.10 mm) and in the second group it achieved 1-5 mm (mean 3.25±1.36 mm). CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant difference between the results of the isolated antral-ethmoidal orbital decompression and that associated with orbital fat removal. The removal of 1ml of seems not to improve the retroplacement of the globe as an association with a 2-wall orbital decompression. However, many conditions must be considered to conclude any comparison between the two orbital decompression techniques, such as orbital soft tissue compliance, amount of fat removal and size of bone opening.

A síndrome ocular isquêmica (SOI) ocorre devido à hipoperfusão ocular crônica secundária à obstrução da artéria carótida. O quadro clínico inclui, entre outros, retinopatia proliferativa similar a retinopatia diabética. A SOI deve ser considerada principalmente nas retinopatias proliferativas unilaterais ou muito assimétricas e nos casos refratários ao tratamento por fotocoagulação. A indicação da endarterectomia nos pacientes com SOI isolada não é bem definida. Este trabalho relata uma paciente com SOI simulando retinopatia diabética proliferativa unilateral e tratada por endarterectomia. Ischemic ocular syndrome (IOS) is caused by stenosis of carotid artery. Proliferative retinopathy is one of the signs and can lead to misdiagnosis with diabetic retinopathy. IOS must be considered in case of proliferative retinopathy asymmetric and refractory to laser treatment. Carotid endarterectomy in patients with IOS with no neurologic manifestations remains controversy. This paper reported a patient with IOS simulating diabetic retinopathy and treated with endarterectomy.

The purpose of this study was to compare the IOP fluctuations in the daytime tension curves of glaucoma patients under ocular hypotensive therapy with those of patients previously submitted to trabeculectomy. We also evaluated the IOP peaks and fluctuations for the same patients in response to the water-drinking test (WDT). The study included 30 primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients using ocular hypotensive medications and with no history of previous intraocular surgery (medical group), and 30 POAG patients previously submitted to one or more trabeculectomies though taking no medication at the time of the study (surgical group). All patients were submitted to a diurnal tension curve--DTC (8:30-17:00/3-hour intervals) followed by the WDT. The IOP peak and IOP fluctuation during the diurnal tension curve were significantly greater in the medical group than in the surgical group. The same was observed following the WDT. From an overall baseline IOP of 10.6 mmHg, the mean IOP change following the WDT was 13% in the surgical group and 40% in the medical group. Patients submitted to trabeculectomy have less TOP fluctuations during the diurnal tension curve and following a water-drinking provocative test. This effect could represent an additional benefit of surgery in controlling the intraocular pressure of glaucomatous patients.

Presentation of one case of extraocular muscle enlargement caused by cysticercosis, its clinical, diagnostic and treatment aspects, and review of the literature on this theme. A female 38-year-old patient with extraocular muscle enlargement and a small cystic lesion at the superior rectus muscle insertion was treated with oral prednisone for almost one year, with a non-specific inflammation of right orbit diagnosis. There were important ocular motility restriction and pain. Computerized tomography disclosed a superior rectus muscle thickening with a small cystic and apparently empty lesion at the muscle's insertion. Excisional biopsy and histopathological study confirmed the clinical suspicion of cysticercosis. There was partial resolution of the restricted motility. Extraocular muscle cysticercosis is the most common site of this disease when involving the orbit. Oral albendazole and prednisone are efficient, but a long history of disease can lead to important residual ocular motility restriction.Apresentação de um caso de aumento de músculo extra-ocular causado por cisticercose, seus aspectos diagnósticos, clínicos, tratamento e revisão da literatura sobre o tema. Paciente de 38 anos do sexo feminino com aumento de músculo reto superior e pequena lesão cística foi tratada por um ano com prednisona oral com o diagnóstico de inflamação inespecífica da órbita. Havia importante restrição da motilidade ocular e dor. Tomografia computadorizada demonstrou espessamento do reto superior e pequena lesão cística, aparentemente sem conteúdo, na inserção do músculo. Biópsia excisional e estudo histopatológico confirmaram a suspeita de cisticercose. Houve melhora parcial da restrição de motilidade. A cisticercose de músculo extra-ocular é a mais frequente forma orbitária da doença. Tratamento clínico com albendazol e prednisona é eficiente, mas um atraso no diagnóstico pode levar a importante restrição residual na motilidade ocular.

A 51-year-old woman, without systemic symptoms, complained of slowly progressive receding eyes. She had severe bilateral enophthalmos and markedly restricted extraocular movements in all fields of gaze. Computed tomography showed an infiltrative homogenous mass filling both orbits. Gynecologic and systemic investigation revealed bilateral lobular breast carcinoma, without metastasis to other organs. She was started on chemotherapy and 2 years after the diagnosis remains in good general health, despite persistence of severe enophthalmos. This case serves to emphasize that bilateral progressive enophthalmos may be the presenting sign of metastatic breast carcinoma even when local symptoms in the breast are absent. Clinicians should be aware of this sign to establish an early diagnosis and treatment.

Purpose To report longitudinal retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness measurements using optical coherence tomography (OCT) in a patient with traumatic optic neuropathy. Design Observational case report. Methods A 14-year-old boy with severe optic nerve trauma had repeated OCT scans of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer at 3 days, 20 days, 40 days, and 70 days after injury. Results There was gradual loss of nerve fibers as shown by the OCT color-coded map, RNFL thickness profile, and RNFL thickness measurements around the optic disk. At 70 days of follow-up, severe thinning of the RNFL was observable. Conclusions These findings suggest that OCT is able to assess and monitor axonal loss after traumatic optic neuropathy.

OHerpes Zoster Oftálmico (HZO) decorre da infecção pelo vírus da varicela-zoster que permanece latente no gânglio de Gasser até que seja reativado e comprometa a divisão oftálmica do nervo trigêmeo. HZO freqüentemente causa manifestações oftalmológicas como lesões vesiculares palpebrais, ceratoconjuntivite, esclerite, uveíte, paralisia oculomotora, miosite orbitária e neurite óptica. Raramente o acometimento do ápice da órbita pode ser a manifestação inicial desta grave afecção. Este trabalho relata um caso de síndrome do ápice orbitário associado à meningite, causado por HZO e que foi tratado com corticosteróide e aciclovir sistêmicos.

Case report of bilateral cavernous sinus syndrome due to primary non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the central nervous system in a patient infected by the human immunodeficiency virus. A 51-year-old male patient infected by the human immunodeficiency virus but without antiretroviral treatment developed paralysis of the V and VI cranial nerves. Imaging studies were obtained to investigate an orbital apex and a cavernous sinus syndrome. A computerized tomography scan of the orbit was normal but a high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated bilateral enlargement of the cavernous sinus. Although primary lymphoma of the central nervous system is a rare condition, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis in immunocompromised patients who develop ocular motility abnormalities and imaging signs suggestive of infiltrative cavernous sinus lesions.

O objetivo é relatar um caso de meningioma da bainha do nervo óptico localizado na região do canal óptico simulando progressão de dano axonal glaucomatoso. Paciente de 60 anos em tratamento para glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto apresentou perda progressiva do campo visual e aumento da escavação do disco óptico à esquerda. Devido à rapidez e à assimetria da progressão do dano axonal, por causa da redução da acuidade visual e do aparente bom controle pressórico uma lesão compressiva do nervo óptico foi suspeitada. A tomografia computadorizada de órbitas foi normal, entretanto a imagem por ressonância magnética evidenciou um meningioma da bainha do nervo óptico na região do canal óptico. Afecções compressivas da via óptica anterior são causas incomuns de escavação do disco óptico, entretanto podem simular uma neuropatia glaucomatosa e devem ser lembradas nos pacientes com suspeita de glaucoma de baixa pressão intra-ocular ou em tratamento para glaucoma que apresentem evolução atípica da perda visual.

A sindrome do pseudotumor cerebral e uma condicao caracterizada por elevacao da pressao intracraniana na ausencia de lesoes expansivas e de ventriculomegalia e com a constituicao do liquor normal em um paciente sem alteracoes no nivel de consciencia. A terminologia desta afeccao modificou nos ultimos anos acompanhando os avancos nos metodos diagnosticos e no conhecimento da sua fisiopatogenia. Quando nenhuma causa e identificada a condicao e denominada hipertensao intracraniana idiopatica. Os pacientes frequentemente sao examinados pelo oftalmologista, ja que apresentam achados como papiledema, diplopia e perda visual, uma complicacao frequentemente grave e irreversivel. Neste artigo, revisamos os criterios diagnosticos, as alteracoes oftalmologicas, em especial a perda visual, bem como o tratamento enfatizando a importância do oftalmologista no diagnostico e na monitoracao da visao durante o tratamento clinico desta afeccao, bem como na realizacao do tratamento cirurgico pela descompressao da bainha do nervo optico.

To report a case of an optic nerve sheath meningioma located at the optic canal area mimicking the progression of a glaucomatous axonal damage. A 60-year-old female patient developed progressive visual field loss and enlargement of the optic disc cup in the left eye while in treatment for primary open-angle glaucoma. Because of the rapid progression of axonal loss, the asymmetry of the visual field defect and the fact that intraocular pressure had been under control, a compressive optic neuropathy was suspected. A computerized tomography scan of the orbit was normal but a high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated an optic nerve sheath meningioma located at the optic canal area. Compressive lesions of the anterior visual pathways are uncommon causes of optic disc cupping but should be considered in patients suspected of or undergoing treatment for glaucoma that present with atypical progression of visual loss.

To estimate the occurrence of adverse effects associated with the use of botulinum toxin by performing a systematic review and meta-analysis.A systematic literature search of MEDLINE and Cochrane Library was conducted until September 2007. The occurrence of the adverse effects was estimated of the relative frequency for case report and of the relative risk for randomized trials. Heterogeneity was evaluated with the Q test and I(2) index. Egger's significance test was used to identify the publication bias. Sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of the publication biases.Eight randomized trials and thirteen case reports filled the inclusion criteria. In the systematic review of case reports, 1,003 subjects were studied and 182 (18.14%) showed adverse effects. Eyelid ptosis was the most frequent adverse effect, presenting in 34 (3.39%) patients of the case reports. In the meta-analysis of randomized trials, the overall relative risk for adverse effects as headache, eyelid ptosis, local reaction and infection was respectively: 1.07, 3.25, 0.99 and 0.94. For all comparisons, P values were greater than 0.05.Ptosis was the most frequent adverse effect and showed the higher relative risk associated with botulinum toxin. It is necessary to perform a pattern of adverse effects related for better understanding the relationship between adverse effects and use of botulinum toxin.

to test the ability of frequency-doubling technology (FDT) perimetry to detect dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON).Fifteen eyes of 15 patients with DON and 15 healthy control eyes were studied. Eligible eyes had a diagnosis of DON based on visual field abnormalities on standard automated perimetry and had visual acuity better than 20/30. FDT testing was performed using both the C-20-5 screening test and the C-20 full-threshold test. Normal and DON eyes were compared with regard to FDT mean sensitivity.Sensitivity ranges were 40.0%-86.7% for the screening test, and 53.3%-100.0% (total deviation) and 20.0-93.3 (pattern deviation) for the C-20 threshold test. The corresponding specificity ranges were 86.7-100.0, 33.3-93.3, and 26.7-100.0, respectively. The best sensitivity/specificity ratios were for one abnormal point depressed5% in the screening test (86.7%/86.7%), one point depressed1% in the total deviation analysis (80.0%/86.7%), and one point depressed2% in the pattern deviation analysis (80.0%/86.7%). DON eyes presented significantly lower than normal average sensitivity in the central, pericentral, and peripheral areas.FDT perimetry is a useful screening tool for DON in eyes with normal or only slightly reduced visual acuity.

Pacientes com compressão quiasmática apresentam perda das fibras nervosas da retina nasal que decussam no quiasma óptico. Por conseguinte, ocorre perda das fibras nervosas, predominantemente, no setor nasal e temporal do disco óptico, que se manifesta por atrofia em banda do nervo óptico ao exame oftalmoscópico e hemianopsia temporal ao exame de campo visual. Trabalhos anteriores mostraram que o tomógrafo de coerência óptica é capaz de diferenciar pacientes com atrofia em banda do nervo óptico associada à hemianopsia temporal completa de indivíduos normais através da análise da camada de fibras nervosas peripapilar. Estudos em glaucoma têm sugerido que a avaliação da espessura macular poderia ser útil na quantificação da perda neural como um método alternativo ou complementar ao estudo da camada de fibras nervosas da retina. No presente estudo, a espessura macular e da camada de fibras nervosas foram avaliadas pelo tomógrafo de coerência óptica em pacientes com atrofia em banda do nervo óptico e graus variados de hemianopsia temporal. O desempenho dos parâmetros maculares para detecção da atrofia em banda do nervo óptico foi avaliado pela área sob a curva ROC (AROC) e sensibilidades para especificidades fixas e os resultados foram comparados aos parâmetros da camada de fibras nervosas peripapilar. Para identificar os parâmetros do Stratus OCT que apresentaram melhor desempenho para diferenciar pacientes com AB do nervo óptico de indivíduos normais, modelos de regressão logística foram utilizados. A correlação estrutura-função foi realizada entre o grau do defeito temporal e os valores de espessura macular e da camada de fibras peripapilar através do coeficiente de correlação de Spearman. A categorização diagnóstica dos parâmetros da camada de fibras nervosas através do banco de dados normativos foi avaliada pelos valores de sensibilidade e especificidade calculados pelo teste exato de Fisher. Quarenta e quatro olhos com atrofia em banda e 47 olhos normais foram avaliados no estudo. Entre os parâmetros maculares, os parâmetros da retina nasal apresentaram melhor desempenho para detectar atrofia em banda do nervo óptico comparados aos parâmetros da retina temporal. Não houve diferença significante (p=0,32) entre as áreas sob a curva ROC do melhor parâmetro macular (AROC=0,97) e do melhor parâmetro da camada de fibras nervosas retiniana (AROC=0,99). Na avaliação da correlação estrutura-função, os parâmetros da retina nasal apresentaram maior correlação com o defeito campimétrico comparados aos parâmetros da camada de fibras nervosas da retinal. Entre os parâmetros maculares, a espessura nasal média apresentou a maior correlação (rs=0,618). Entre os parâmetros da camada de fibras nervosas da retina, a espessura média apresentou a maior correlação (rs=0,479). Os parâmetros espessura média, espessura nasal e espessura temporal da camada de fibras nervosas da retina apresentaram melhor desempenho diagnóstico baseado na categorização diagnóstica do banco de dados normativos. Os resultados obtidos no estudo mostraram que os parâmetros maculares discriminam olhos com atrofia em banda do nervo óptico em pacientes com graus variados de defeito temporal. Além disso, os parâmetros da retina nasal podem colaborar com o exame perimétrico e os parâmetros da camada de fibras nervosas para o seguimento dos pacientes com compressão quiasmática. Patients with chiasmal compression present damage of crossed fibers of nasal retina. Therefore, retinal nerve fiber layer loss occurs predominantly on the nasal and temporal sides of the optic disc, a pattern that can be identified on ophthalmoscopy as band atrophy of the optic nerve and on visual field as temporal hemianopia. Previous studies have been demonstrated that optical coherence tomography is able to detect retinal nerve fiber layer loss in patients with lesions of the optic chiasm and complete temporal hemianopia. Studies in glaucoma have been suggested that macular thickness measurements could be useful in quantification of optical nerve axonal loss as alternative or complement method to evaluate the retinal nerve fiber layer. The purpose of the present study was to compare macular thickness and retinal nerve fiber thickness measurements in patients with band atrophy of the optic nerve and different severities of visual field defect using optical coherence tomography. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AROC) and sensitivities at fixed specificities were performed for evaluation of diagnostic accuracy of macular and retinal nerve fiber layer parameters. To identify the best optical coherence tomography measurements to differentiate band atrophy of the optic nerve patients from normal individuals, logistic regression models were performed. Association between optical coherence tomography parameters and temporal field defect were examined by Spearman coefficient of correlation. Fisher\'s exact test was performed to evaluate diagnostic ability of retinal nerve fiber parameters by optical coherence tomography in eyes with band atrophy using comparison with its internal normative database. A total of 44 eyes with band atrophy of the optic nerve and 47 normal eyes were studied. Among macular parameters, nasal retina measurements showed diagnostic accuracy better than temporal retina measurements. No statistically significant difference (p=0.32) was found between areas under ROC curve for the best macular parameter (AROC=0.97) and the best retinal nerve fiber layer parameter (AROC=0.99). Nasal retina parameters correlations were higher than retinal nerve fiber parameters. The highest correlation was observed for the mean nasal thickness (rs=0.618) for macular parameters. In retinal nerve fiber parameters, the highest correlation was observed for the average thickness (rs=0.479). In evaluation of diagnostic ability of normative database, the average thickness parameter demonstrated the highest sensitivity for detection of abnormalities in eyes with band atrophy, followed by the parameters related to the nasal and temporal quadrants. These results suggest that macular thickness measurements discriminate eyes with band atrophy of the optic nerve with different severities of temporal field defect. Results also suggest that nasal retina thickness measurements could potentially be used to evaluate retinal ganglion cell loss in patients with chiasmal compression.

To compare the ability of scanning laser polarimeter (SLP) with variable corneal compensation (GDx VCC) and optical coherence tomograph (Stratus OCT) to discriminate between eyes with band atrophy (BA) of the optic nerve and healthy eyes.The study included 37 eyes with BA and temporal visual field (VF) defects from chiasmal compression, and 29 normal eyes. Subjects underwent standard automated perimetry (SAP) and retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) scans using GDx VCC and Stratus OCT. The severity of the VF defects was evaluated by the temporal mean defect (TMD), calculated as the average of 22 values of the temporal total deviation plot on SAP. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated. Pearson's correlation coefficients were used to evaluate the relationship between RNFL thickness parameters and the TMD.No significant difference was found between the ROC curves areas (AUCs) for the GDx VCC and Stratus OCT with regard to average RNFL thickness (0.98 and 0.99, respectively) and the superior (0.94; 0.95), inferior (0.96; 0.97), and nasal (0.92; 0.96) quadrants. However, the AUC in the temporal quadrant (0.77) was significantly smaller (P0.001) with GDx VCC than with Stratus OCT (0.98). Lower TMD values were associated with smaller RNFL thickness in most parameters from both equipments.Adding VCC resulted in improved performance in SLP when evaluating eyes with BA, and both technologies are sensitive in detecting average, superior, inferior, and nasal quadrant RNFL loss. However, GDx VCC still poorly discriminates RNFL loss in the temporal quadrant when compared with Stratus OCT.

Purpose To evaluate the diagnostic ability of stratus optical coherence tomography (OCT) with a normative database to detect band atrophy (BA) of the optic nerve. Design Cross-sectional study. Methods StratusOCT retinal nerve fiber layer thickness scans were obtained in 37 eyes with BA and permanent temporal visual field defect and 37 healthy eyes. The categorization of eyes according to the normative database of the instrument and sensitivity and specificity values were reported. Results The average thickness parameter demonstrated the highest sensitivity for detection of abnormalities in eyes with BA, followed by the parameters related to the temporal and nasal quadrants. Values of sensitivity were relatively lower for the 30 degree segments. Conclusion StratusOCT with a normative database performed well in detecting retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) loss in eyes with BA. Clinicians should be aware of possible detection failure in the 30 degree segmental analysis, particularly at the 3 o’clock meridian.

Presentation of one case of extraocular muscle enlargement caused by cysticercosis, its clinical, diagnostic and treatment aspects, and review of the literature on this theme. A female 38-year-old patient with extraocular muscle enlargement and a small cystic lesion at the superior rectus muscle insertion was treated with oral prednisone for almost one year, with a non-specific inflammation of right orbit diagnosis. There were important ocular motility restriction and pain. Computerized tomography disclosed a superior rectus muscle thickening with a small cystic and apparently empty lesion at the muscle's insertion. Excisional biopsy and histopathological study confirmed the clinical suspicion of cysticercosis. There was partial resolution of the restricted motility. Extraocular muscle cysticercosis is the most common site of this disease when involving the orbit. Oral albendazole and prednisone are efficient, but a long history of disease can lead to important residual ocular motility restriction.

Giant pituitary adenomas are uncommonly large tumors, greater than 4 cm in size that can produces endocrine symptoms, visual loss and cranial nerve palsies. We report the rare occurrence of seesaw nystagmus as the presenting sign of giant pituitary adenoma. A 50-year-old man presented with headache associated with visual loss and seesaw nystagmus. Perimetry revealed bitemporal hemianopia and magnetic resonance imaging showed a giant pituitary adenoma. After surgery, nystagmus disappeared. Our case is relevant in understanding its pathogenesis since it documents seesaw nystagmus in a patient bitemporal hemianopia due to a large tumor but without mesencephalic compression.