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1. Dynamics of irregularly-shaped cometary particles subjected to outflowing gas and solar radiative forces and torques

Author

Moreno, Fernando, Guirado, Daniel, Muñoz, Olga, Zakharov, Vladimir, Ivanovski, Stavro, Fulle, Marco, Rotundi, Alessandra, Frattin, Elisa, and Bertini, Ivano

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

The dynamics of irregularly-shaped particles subjected to the combined effect of gas drag and radiative forces and torques in a cometary environment is investigated. The equations of motion are integrated over distances from the nucleus surface up to distances where the gas drag is negligible. The aerodynamic forces and torques are computed assuming a spherically symmetric expanding gas. The calculations are limited to particle sizes in the geometric optics limit, which is the range of validity of our radiative torque calculations. The dynamical behaviour of irregular particles is quite different to those exhibited by non-spherical but symmetric particles such as spheroids. An application of the dynamical model to comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, the target of the Rosetta mission, is made. We found that, for particle sizes larger than about 10 micrometer, the radiative torques are negligible in comparison with the gas-driven torques up to a distance of about 100 km from the nucleus surface. The rotation frequencies of the particles depend on their size, shape, and the heliocentric distance, while the terminal velocities, being also dependent on size and heliocentric distance, show only a very weak dependence on particle shape. The ratio of the sum of the particles projected areas in the sun-to-comet direction to that of the sum of the particles projected areas in any direction perpendicular to it is nearly unity, indicating that the interpretation of the observed u-shaped scattering phase function by Rosetta/OSIRIS on comet 67P coma cannot be linked to mechanical alignment of the particles., Comment: 13 pages, 11 figures. Accepted by MNRAS on December 23rd, 2021

Published
2021
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2. Observational constraints to the dynamics of dust particles in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Author

Frattin, Elisa, Bertini, I., Ivanovski, S. L., Marzari, F., Fulle, M., Zakharov, V. V., Moreno, F., Naletto, G., Lazzarin, M., Cambianica, P., Cremonese, G., Ferrari, S., Ferri, F., Guettler, C., La Forgia, F., Lucchetti, A., Pajola, M., Penasa, L., Rotundi, A., Sierks, H., and Tubiana, C.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

In this work we aim to characterise the dust motion in the inner coma of comet 67P/Churyumov- Gerasimenko to provide constraints for theoretical 3D coma models. The OSIRIS camera onboard the Rosetta mission was able for the first time to acquire images of single dust particles from inside the cometary coma, very close to the nucleus. We analyse a large number of particles, performing a significant statistic of their behaviour during the post perihelion period, when the spacecraft covered distances from the nucleus ranging between 80 and 400 km. We describe the particle trajectories, investigating their orientation and finding highly radial motion with respect to the nucleus. Then, from the particle brightness profiles, we derive a particle rotational frequency of v < 3.6 Hz, revealing that they are slow rotators and do not undergo fragmentation. We use scattering models to compare the observed spectral radiance of the particles with the simulated ones in order to estimate their size, finding values that range from millimetres up to centimetres. The statistics performed in this paper provide useful parameters to constrain the cometary coma dynamical models.

Published
2021
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3. Experimental phase function and degree of linear polarization of cometary dust analogs

Author

Frattin, Elisa, Muñoz, Olga, Moreno, Fernando, Nava, Jacopo, Escobar-Cerezo, Jesús, Martin, Juan Carlos Gomez, Guirado, Daniel, Cellino, Alberto, Coll, Patrice, Raulin, Francois, Bertini, Ivano, Cremonese, Gabriele, Lazzarin, Monica, Naletto, Giampiero, and La Forgia, Fiorangela

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

We present experimental phase function and degree of linear polarization curves for seven samples of cometary dust analogues namely: ground pieces of Allende, DaG521, FRO95002 and FRO99040 meteorites, Mg-rich olivine and pyroxene, and a sample of organic tholins. The experimental curves have been obtained at the IAA Cosmic Dust Laboratory at a wavelength of 520 nm covering a phase angle range from 3{\deg} to 175{\deg}. We also provide values of the backscattering enhancement (BCE) for our cometary analogue samples. The final goal of this work is to compare our experimental curves with observational data of comets and asteroids to better constrain the nature of cometary and asteroidal dust grains. All measured phase functions present the typical behavior for \mu m-sized cosmic dust grains. Direct comparison with data provided by the OSIRIS/Rosetta camera for comet 67P Churyumov-Gerasimenko reveals significant differences and supports the idea of a coma dominated by big chunks, larger than one micrometer. The polarization curves are qualitatively similar to ground-based observations of comets and asteroids. The position of the inversion polarization angle seems to be dependent on the composition of the grains.We find opposite dependence of the maximum of the polarization curve for grains sizes in the Rayleigh-resonance and geometric optics domains, respectively.

Published
2019
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4. Models of Rosetta/OSIRIS 67P dust coma phase function

Author

Moreno, Fernando, Guirado, Daniel, Muñoz, Olga, Bertini, Ivano, Tubiana, Cecilia, Guttler, Carsten, Fulle, Marco, Rotundi, Alessandra, Della Corte, Vincenzo, Ivanovski, Stavro, Rinaldi, Giovanna, Bockelee-Morvan, Dominique, Zakharov, Vladimir, Agarwal, Jessica, Mottola, Stefano, Toth, Imre, Frattin, Elisa, Lara, Luisa, Gutierrez, Pedro, Lin, Zhong Yi, Kolokolova, Ludmilla, Sierks, Holger, Naletto, Giampiero, Lamy, Philippe, Rodrigo, Rafael, Koschny, Detlef, Davidsson, Bjorn, Barucci, Maria Antonietta, Bertaux, Jean-Lup, Bodewits, Dennis, Cremonese, Gabriele, Da Deppo, Vania, Debei, Stefano, de Cecco, Mariolino, Deller, Jakob, Fornasier, Sonia, Ip, Wing, Keller, Uwe, Lazzarin, Monica, Lopez-Moreno, Jose Juan, Marzari, Francesco, and Shi, Xian

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

The phase function of the dust coma of comet 67P has been determined from Rosetta/OSIRIS images \citep{Bertini17}. This function show a deep minimum at phase angles near 100$^\circ$, and a strong backscattering enhancement. These two properties cannot be reproduced by regular models of cometary dust, most of them based on wavelength-sized and randomly-oriented aggregate particles. We show, however, that an ensamble of oriented elongated particles of a wide variety of aspect ratios, with radii $r \gtrsim$10 $\mu$m, and whose long axes are perpendicular to the direction of the solar radiation, are capable of reproducing the observed phase function. These particles must be absorbing, with an imaginary part of the refractive index of about 0.1 to match the expected geometric albedo, and with porosity in the 60-70\% range., Comment: Accepted by Astronomical Journal, September 26th, 2018. 21 pages, 5 figures

Published
2018
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7. Characterizing cometary dust grains with polarimetry

Author

Guirado, Daniel, primary, Muñoz, Olga, additional, Frattin, Elisa, additional, Gómez Martín, Juan Carlos, additional, Martikainen, Julia A., additional, Moreno, Fernando, additional, Jardiel, Teresa, additional, Peiteado, Marco, additional, and Caballero, Amador C., additional

Published
2022
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8. Application of Implicit 3D Modelling to Reconstruct the Layered Structure of the Comet 67P

Author

Penasa, Luca, primary, Massironi, Matteo, additional, Simioni, Emanuele, additional, Franceschi, Marco, additional, Naletto, Giampiero, additional, Ferrari, Sabrina, additional, Bertini, Ivano, additional, Cambianica, Pamela, additional, Frattin, Elisa, additional, Forgia, Fiorangela La, additional, Lucchetti, Alice, additional, Pajola, Maurizio, additional, Preusker, Frank, additional, Scholten, Frank, additional, Jorda, Laurent, additional, Gaskell, Robert, additional, and Sierks, Holger, additional

Published
2022
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12. Experimental phase function and degree of linear polarization of mm-sized and micron-sized olivine and spinel particles

Author

Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), European Commission, Frattin, Elisa, Muñoz, Olga, Jardiel, Teresa, Gómez Martín, Juan Carlos, Moreno, Fernando, Peiteado, Marco, Tanga, Paolo, Libourel, Guy, Cellini, Alberto, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), European Commission, Frattin, Elisa, Muñoz, Olga, Jardiel, Teresa, Gómez Martín, Juan Carlos, Moreno, Fernando, Peiteado, Marco, Tanga, Paolo, Libourel, Guy, and Cellini, Alberto

Abstract

In this work, we present the experimental phase function and degree of linear polarization of two sets of samples consisting of forsterite and spinel particles. The size distributions of the studied samples span over a broad range in the scattering size parameter domain. This work is part of an ongoing experimental project devoted to understand photopolarimetric observations of asteroids and comets. In particular, we study the effect of the size on the scattering matrix elements, finding a strong dependence of characteristic parameters, e.g. maximum of polarization and inversion angle, on particles size.

Published
2021

13. On the application of scattering matrix measurements to detection and identification of major types of airborne aerosol particles: volcanic ash, desert dust and pollen

Author

Martin, Juan Carlos Gomez, primary, Guirado, Daniel, additional, Frattin, Elisa, additional, Bermudez-Edo, Maria, additional, Gonzalez, Paloma Cariñanos, additional, Reyes, Francisco José Olmo, additional, Nousiainen, Timo, additional, Gutiérrez, Pedro J., additional, Moreno, Fernando, additional, and Muñoz, Olga, additional

Published
2021
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16. Dynamics of irregularly shaped cometary particles subjected to outflowing gas and solar radiative forces and torques.

Author

Moreno, Fernando, Guirado, Daniel, Muñoz, Olga, Zakharov, Vladimir, Ivanovski, Stavro, Fulle, Marco, Rotundi, Alessandra, Frattin, Elisa, and Bertini, Ivano

Subjects
RADIATIVE forcing, CHURYUMOV-Gerasimenko comet, AERODYNAMIC load, TORQUE, EQUATIONS of motion, PARTICLE dynamics
Abstract

The dynamics of irregularly shaped particles subjected to the combined effect of gas drag and radiative forces and torques in a cometary environment is investigated. The equations of motion are integrated over distances from the nucleus surface up to distances where the gas drag is negligible. The aerodynamic forces and torques are computed assuming a spherically symmetric expanding gas. The calculations are limited to particle sizes in the geometric optics limit, which is the range of validity of our radiative torque calculations. The dynamical behaviour of irregular particles is quite different to those exhibited by non-spherical but symmetric particles such as spheroids. An application of the dynamical model to comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, the target of the Rosetta mission, is made. We found that, for particle sizes larger than ∼10 μm, the radiative torques are negligible in comparison with the gas-driven torques up to a distance of ∼100 km from the nucleus surface. The rotation frequencies of the particles depend on their size, shape, and the heliocentric distance, while the terminal velocities, being also dependent on size and heliocentric distance, show only a very weak dependence on particle shape. The ratio of the sum of the particles projected areas in the sun-to-comet direction to that of the sum of the particles projected areas in any direction perpendicular to it is nearly unity, indicating that the interpretation of the observed u-shaped scattering phase function by Rosetta /OSIRIS on comet 67P coma cannot be linked to mechanical alignment of the particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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17. Experimental scattering matrix of olivine: the effect of the particles size

Author

Frattin, Elisa, Jardiel, Teresa, Muñoz, Olga, Gómez Martín, Juan Carlos, Moreno, Fernando, Caballero, Amado, Frattin, Elisa, Jardiel, Teresa, Muñoz, Olga, Gómez Martín, Juan Carlos, Moreno, Fernando, and Caballero, Amado

Abstract

We present the experimental curves of phase function and linear polarization degree of five samples of olivine with di different size distributions. These unique measurements allow for the first time to disentangle experimentally the effect of the particle size on the scattering matrix elements. The high level of accuracy is given by the very narrow and monomodal size distributions that allow individuating the interval of size responsible for a peculiar feature of the curves. © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Published
2020

18. Application of Implicit Modelling to Reconstruct the Layered Structure of the Comet 67P

Author

Luca, Penasa, Matteo, Massironi, Emanuele, Simioni, Franceschi, Marco, Giampiero, Naletto, Sabrina, Ferrari, Bertini, Ivano, Pamela, Cambianica, Elisa, Frattin, Fiorangela La Forgia, Alice, Lucchetti, Maurizio, Pajola, Frank, Preusker, Frank, Scholten, Laurent, Jorda, Robert, Gaskell, Holger, Sierks, Andrea Bistacchi, Matteo Massironi, Sophie Viseur, Penasa, Luca, Massironi, Matteo, Simioni, Emanuele, Franceschi, Marco, Naletto, Giampiero, Ferrari, Sabrina, Bertini, Ivano, Cambianica, Pamela, Frattin, Elisa, La Forgia, Fiorangela, Lucchetti, Alice, Pajola, Maurizio, Preusker, Frank, Scholten, Frank, Jorda, Laurent, Gaskell, Robert, and Sierks, Holger

Abstract

We provide details about the procedure employed for the three-dimensional geological modelling of the lobes of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P). The two lobes of 67P are characterized by well visible terraces and elongated cliffs that revealed a pervasive layering arranged in an onion-like fashion. None of the layers can be traced for a continuity large enough to provide a means of stratigraphic correlation. Therefore, an explicit modelling approach of the layered structure is not easily applicable. We show how a very simple modelling strategy based on implicitly-defined analytical surfaces (spheres or ellipsoids), and requiring very limited operator decision-making, can be successfully applied to produce a geological model that easily fits the available scattered attitude observations. Our formulation has the advantage of providing a small set of parameters with a precise geometrical meaning that can be compared with other parameters of the lobes (i.e. center of ellipsoids and center of mass). The presented method originates outside commercial geological modelling software packages and required devising some ad-hoc solutions for the visualization of the resulting models in comparison with observations made on OSIRIS images. Some extracts of the visualization code, helpful for applying this procedure in similar operational contexts, are also presented.

Published
2022

19. The big lobe of 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko comet: morphological and spectrophotometric evidences of layering as from OSIRIS data

Author

P. J. Gutierrez, Xian Shi, Carsten Güttler, Pedro Hasselmann, J. J. López-Moreno, Matteo Massironi, Monica Lazzarin, Detlef Koschny, Stubbe F. Hviid, M. A. Barucci, Björn Davidsson, Cecilia Tubiana, Ivano Bertini, Pamela Cambianica, Nicolas Thomas, Michael Küppers, Francesca Ferri, Luca Penasa, Francesco Marzari, M. De Cecco, W-H. Ip, J. L. Bertaux, Marco Franceschi, Laurent Jorda, Holger Sierks, J.-B. Vincent, Olivier Groussin, E. Frattin, F. La Forgia, Stefano Debei, Philippe Lamy, Jakob Deller, Maurizio Pajola, Nilda Oklay, Giampiero Naletto, Ekkehard Kührt, Sonia Fornasier, L. M. Lara, V. Da Deppo, Marco Fulle, Jörg Knollenberg, Emanuele Simioni, Sabrina Ferrari, R. Rodrigo, Gabriele Cremonese, Alice Lucchetti, H. U. Keller, Dennis Bodewits, Centro di Ateneo di Studi e Attività Spaziali 'Giuseppe Colombo' (CISAS), Universita degli Studi di Padova, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia 'Galileo Galilei', CNR Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie [Padova] (IFN), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova (OAPD), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), DLR Institut für Planetenforschung, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Berlin] (DLR), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid] (CAB), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Research and Scientific Support Department, ESTEC (RSSD), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA)-European Space Agency (ESA), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA, Fundacion Galileo Galilei, Department of Astronomy [College Park], University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, CNR Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN), Department of Industrial Engineering [Padova], Dipartimento di Geoscienze [Padova], INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste (OAT), Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Institute of Astronomy [Taiwan] (IANCU), National Central University [Taiwan] (NCU), Space Science Institute [Macau] (SSI), Macau University of Science and Technology (MUST), Institut für Geophysik und Extraterrestrische Physik [Braunschweig] (IGEP), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Operations Department (ESAC), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, German Centre for Air and Space Travel, Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales (France), Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), European Space Agency, Swedish National Space Agency, Ferrari, Sabrina, Penasa, L., La Forgia, F., Massironi, M., Naletto, G., Lazzarin, M., Fornasier, S., Hasselmann, P. H., Lucchetti, A., Pajola, M., Ferri, F., Cambianica, Pamela, Oklay, N., Tubiana, C., Sierks, H., Lamy, P. L., Rodrigo, R., Koschny, D., Davidsson, B., Barucci, M. A., Bertaux, J. -L., Bertini, I., Bodewits, D., Cremonese, G., Da Deppo, V., Debei, S., De Cecco, M., Deller, J., Franceschi, M., Frattin, Elisa, Fulle, M., Groussin, O., Gutiérrez, P. J., Güttler, C., Hviid, S. F., Ip, W. -H., Jorda, L., Keller, H. U., Knollenberg, J., Kührt, E., Küppers, M., Lara, L. M., López-Moreno, J. J., Marzari, F., Shi, X., Simioni, E., Thomas, N., Vincent, J. -B., Università degli Studi di Padova = University of Padua (Unipd), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA)-Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMPEC - LATMOS, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC)-Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), and Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig]

Subjects
67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, Brightness, Comets: general, Comets: individual: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, Methods: data analysis, Techniques: image processing, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Multispectral image, Comet, Data analysis, Mineralogy, Spatial distribution, 01 natural sciences, Texture (geology), Image processing, individual: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko [Comets], 0103 physical sciences, medicine, Comets, image processing [Techniques], spectral variegation, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], biology, OSIRIS cameras, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 520 Astronomy, general [Comets], Astronomy and Astrophysic, biology.organism_classification, 620 Engineering, Lobe, data analysi [Methods], medicine.anatomical_structure, multiple-filters, Variegation (histology), Osiris
Abstract

Between 2014 and 2016, ESA's Rosetta OSIRIS cameras acquired multiple-filters images of the layered nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, ranging from ultraviolet to near-infrared wavelengths. No correlation between layers disposition and surface spectral variegation has been observed so far. This paper investigates possible spectral differences among decametre-thickness outcropping layers of the biggest lobe of the comet by means of OSIRIS image dataset. A two-classes maximum likelihood classification was applied on consolidated outcrops and relative deposits identified on post-perihelion multispectral images of the big lobe. We distinguished multispectral data on the basis of the structural elevation of the onion-shell Ellipsoidal Model of 67P. The spatial distribution of the two classes displays a clear dependence on the structural elevation, with the innermost class resulting over 50 per cent brighter than the outermost one. Consolidated cometarymaterials located at different structural levels are characterized by different brightness and revealed due to the selective removal of large volumes. This variegation can be attributed to a different texture of the outcrop surface and/or to a different content of refractory materials.© 2018 The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society., We are grateful to Paul Helfenstein for corrections that improved our paper. OSIRIS was built by a consortium of the Max-Planck-Institut fur Sonnensystemforschung, in Goottingen, Germany, CISAS-University of Padova, Italy, the Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, France, the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia, CSIC, Granada, Spain, the Research and Scientific Support Department of the European Space Agency, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, the Instituto Nacional de Tecnica Aeroespacial, Madrid, Spain, the Universidad Politechnica de Madrid, Spain, the Department of Physics and Astronomy of Uppsala University, Sweden, and the Institut fur Datentechnik und Kommunikationsnetze der Technischen Universitat Braunschweig, Germany. The support of the national funding agencies of Germany (DLR), Italy (ASI), France (CNES), Spain (MEC), Sweden (SNSB), and the ESA Technical Directorate is gratefully acknowledged. We thank the ESA teams at ESAC, ESOC, and ESTEC for their work in support of the Rosetta mission.

Published
2018
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