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The walrus, Odobenus rosmarus, is an iconic pinniped and predominant molluscivore that is well adapted to Arctic and subarctic environments. Its circumpolar distribution, large body size and ivory tusks facilitated its vital role as food, raw material (for tools and art), income, and cultural influence on many Arctic Indigenous communities for millennia. Intensification of hunting (often due to the arrival of Europeans, especially between the 16 th and 19 th centuries) to obtain ivory, hide, blubber and meat, resulted in diminished, sometimes extirpated, walrus populations. Zooarchaeological, artefactual and documentary evidence of walrus material has been collated at local and regional scales and is frequently focused on a specific culture or period of time. Systematic collation of this evidence across the Northern Hemisphere will provide insight into the chronology and circumpolar distribution of walrus hunting and provide a tool to document societal change in walrus resource use. Here, we lay out a systematic review protocol to collate records of archaeological walrus artefacts, tusks and bones that have been documented primarily within published literature to archive when and where (as feasible) walrus extractions occurred between 1 CE and 2000 CE. These data will be openly available for the scientific community. The resulting dataset will be the first to provide spatiotemporal information (including the recognition of knowledge gaps) regarding past walrus populations and extirpations on a circumpolar scale. Our protocol is published to ensure reproducibility and comparability in the future, and to encourage the adoption of systematic review methodology (including pre-published protocols) in archaeology., Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed., (Copyright: © 2024 Buss DL et al.)

Optimal imaging of the urinary tract in the Emergency Department does not require sophisticated or rare equipment. The supervising physician must review each ExU, cystogram, or RUG film as it becomes available and decide upon the proper course of action. Indications for contrast studies in injured patients continue to evolve, with a trend away from investigation of stable patients with microscopic hematuria on the first urine. Urethral catheterization and suprapubic cystostomy are complementary options for bladder drainage. Careful attention to details of anatomy and technique allow for success in the majority of patients. There are substantial pitfalls in the diagnosis and treatment of male genital emergencies. The acute treatment of priapism is rapidly changing as understanding of penile physiology becomes more complete. Acute scrotal pathology can be difficult to categorize without surgical exploration. Urologic consultation, therefore, is mandatory in these conditions.

We report a case of malignant melanoma of the renal pelvis presenting as a primary tumor and review the relevant literature.