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Objectives: To analyze weight changes associated with dolutegravir- versus efavirenz-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) in people living with HIV (PLHIV) in rural Tanzania, where undernutrition is prevalent., Design: Longitudinal, observational study of the prospective Kilombero and Ulanga Antiretroviral Cohort (KIULARCO)., Methods: We included adult, ART-naïve, non-pregnant PLHIV initiating efavirenz-based ART 12/2016-02/2019 or dolutegravir-based ART 03/2019-12/2022. We used multivariable linear mixed-effects models to assess adjusted weight changes during 18 months after ART start and Cox regression models to assess factors associated with incident obesity, weight gain ≥10% and hypertension., Results: Of 1,205 PLHIV at ART start (median age 40 years (IQR 32-48); 719 (59.7%) females), 166 (13.8%) individuals were underweight and 317 (26.3%) overweight/obese; 621 (51.5%) initiated efavirenz-based and 584 (48.5%) dolutegravir-based ART. After 18 months, estimated weight gain was 5.1 kg (95%CI 4.7-5.5) in the dolutegravir versus 4.0 kg (95%CI 3.7-4.4) in the efavirenz group. The weight gain difference between treatment groups was high in men (1.7 kg (95%CI 0.8-2.6; p < 0.001), in those aged 30-49 years (1.5 kg (0.8-2.1); p < 0.001) and those with CD4 counts ≥500/ul (2.5 kg (1.4 - 3.7), p < 0.001). Cumulative obesity incidence at 18 months was 10.9% (95%CI 8.3-14.0) in the dolutegravir and 5.1% (95%CI 3.6-7.1) in the efavirenz group. Associated factors were dolutegravir and a pre-ART body mass index (BMI) of 25-29 kg/m2. Dolutegravir and age, but not weight gain were associated with incident of hypertension., Conclusions: Dolutegravir-based ART was associated with more weight gain, higher obesity and hypertension - especially in those with a higher pre-ART BMI compared to efavirenz-based regimens., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the recovery rate of the left ventricular systolic function of women diagnosed with peripartum cardiomyopathy receiving specialized care in rural Tanzania., Methods: In this observational study, women diagnosed with peripartum cardiomyopathy at a referral center in rural Tanzania between December 2015 and September 2021 were included. Women diagnosed between February and September 2021 were followed prospectively, those diagnosed between December 2015 and January 2021 were tracked back for a follow-up echocardiography. All participants received a clinical examination, a comprehensive echocardiogram, and a prescription of guideline-directed medical therapy. The primary outcome was recovery of the left ventricular systolic function (left ventricular ejection fraction > 50%)., Results: Median age of the 110 participants was 28.5 years (range 17-45). At enrolment, 49 (45%) participants were already on cardiac medication, 50 (45%) had severe eccentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle, and the median left ventricular ejection fraction was 30% (range 15-46). After a median follow-up of 8.98 months (IQR 5.72-29.37), 61 (55%) participants were still on cardiac medication. Full recovery of the left ventricular systolic function was diagnosed in 76 (69%, 95% CI 59.6-77.6%) participants. In the multivariate analysis, a higher left ventricular ejection fraction at baseline was positively associated with full recovery (each 5% increase; OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.10-2.62, p = 0.012), while higher age was inversely associated (each 10 years increase; OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.19-0.82, p = 0.012)., Conclusion: Left ventricular systolic function recovered completely in 69% of study participants with peripartum cardiomyopathy from rural Tanzania under specialized care., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: The Biofire ® FilmArray ® Meningitis/Encephalitis (ME) PCR panel covers 14 viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens and has been implemented in many institutions worldwide. Post-marketing studies indicate a reduced sensitivity and overutilization underscoring the need for a more targeted usage. The aim of our study is to describe the utilization of the ME panel and to develop a diagnostic-stewardship based decision rule., Materials: Adult patients, who underwent CSF analysis with the ME panel between August 2016 and June 2021 at the University Hospital Basel, were included. Demographic, clinical, microbiological, and laboratory data were extracted from the electronic health record. Factors associated with a positive ME panel result were identified, and a decision rule was developed to potentially optimize the diagnostic yield and reduce the number of unnecessary tests., Results: 1,236 adult patients received at least one panel in the observed period, of whom 106 panels tested positive (8.6%). The most frequently observed pathogens were Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV, 27%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (19%), Enterovirus (16%), Herpes simplex Virus 1/2 (16%), and Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6, 13%). Fever, vomiting, headache, and photophobia were more frequently present in test positive patients as were significantly higher CSF leukocytes and protein concentrations. When simulating a decision rule based on CSF leukocytes and protein concentration, only 35% of all patients would have qualified for a ME panel tests, thereby increasing the positivity rate to 22.7%. 10 of 106 positive ME panels would have been missed, only involving HHV-6 and VZV (6 and 4 cases, respectively). As these subjects were either severely immunocompromised or had clinical features of shingles we propose extending the testing algorithm by including those criteria., Conclusion: The ME panel positivity rate at our institution was similar as previously published. Our results highlight the need for diagnostic-stewardship interventions when utilizing this assay by implementing a stepwise approach based on a limited number of clinical and laboratory features. This decision rule may improve the pretest probability of a positive test result, increase the quality of test utilization, and reduce costs., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Erba, Franzeck, Hinic, Egli and Osthoff.)

BackgroundWomen are overrepresented among individuals with post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC). Biological (sex) as well as sociocultural (gender) differences between women and men might account for this imbalance, yet their impact on PASC is unknown.AimWe assessed the impact of sex and gender on PASC in a Swiss population.MethodOur multicentre prospective cohort study included 2,856 (46% women, mean age 44.2 ± 16.8 years) outpatients and hospitalised patients with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection.ResultsAmong those who remained outpatients during their first infection, women reported persisting symptoms more often than men (40.5% vs 25.5% of men; p < 0.001). This sex difference was absent in hospitalised patients. In a crude analysis, both female biological sex (RR = 1.59; 95% CI: 1.41-1.79; p < 0.001) and a score summarising gendered sociocultural variables (RR = 1.05; 95% CI: 1.03-1.07; p < 0.001) were significantly associated with PASC. Following multivariable adjustment, biological female sex (RR = 0.96; 95% CI: 0.74-1.25; p = 0.763) was outperformed by feminine gender-related factors such as a higher stress level (RR = 1.04; 95% CI: 1.01-1.06; p = 0.003), lower education (RR = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.03-1.30; p = 0.011), being female and living alone (RR = 1.91; 95% CI: 1.29-2.83; p = 0.001) or being male and earning the highest income in the household (RR = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.60-0.97; p = 0.030).ConclusionSpecific sociocultural parameters that differ in prevalence between women and men, or imply a unique risk for women, are predictors of PASC and may explain, at least in part, the higher incidence of PASC in women. Once patients are hospitalised during acute infection, sex differences in PASC are no longer evident.

Background: We analyzed the attainment of early pharmacological targets of continuous infusion meropenem and piperacillin/tazobactam and the use and effect of a real-time therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) program on subsequent dosing and target attainment in patients who are critically ill., Methods: This was a single-center, retrospective study among patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit in a Swiss tertiary care hospital from 2017 to 2020. The primary outcome was target attainment [100% t T ≥ 4xECOFF ( Pseudomonas aeruginosa ) ] of continuous infusion meropenem and piperacillin/tazobactam within 72 hours after initiation of treatment., Results: A total of 234 patients were included. Median first meropenem (n = 186 of 234) and piperacillin (n = 48 of 234) concentration was 21 mg/L (interquartile range [IQR], 15.6-28.6) and 100.7 mg/L (IQR, 64.0-160.2), respectively. Pharmacological target was attained in 95.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 91.7-98.1) of patients receiving meropenem and 77.0% (95% CI, 62.7-87.9) treated with piperacillin/tazobactam. In the univariable and multivariable logistic regression, body weight and estimated glomerular filtration rate were negatively associated with target attainment. Subsequently, meropenem dosage was decreased or stopped in 35 of 186 (18.8%) and 89 of 186 (47.9%) patients, respectively, and increased in 2 of 186 (1.1%) patients., Conclusions: Continuous infusion meropenem and piperacillin/tazobactam yielded excellent and moderate early pharmacological target attainment in critically ill patients, respectively. The TDM was mainly used to decrease meropenem dosage., Competing Interests: Potential conflicts of interest. All authors: No reported conflicts of interest., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America.)

Background: Blood cultures (BC) are critical for the diagnosis of bloodstream infections, pathogen identification, and resistance testing. Guidelines recommend a blood volume of 8-10 mL per bottle as lower volumes result in decreased sensitivity. We aimed to evaluate factors for non-adherence to recommended volumes and assess the effects on diagnostic performance., Methods: From February to April 2020, we measured collected blood volumes by weighing all BC containers from inpatient samples at the University Hospital Basel. Information on BC volumes was merged with clinical and microbiological data, as well as nursing staff schedules. We analyzed factors associated with (i) BC sampling volume, (ii) reaching recommended volumes (≥8 mL), (iii) BC positivity, and (iv) time to positivity using linear and generalized linear mixed effect models., Results: We evaluated a total of 4'118 BC bottles collected from 686 patients. A total of 1'495 (36.3%) of all bottles contained the recommended filling volume of ≥8 mL. Using a central venous and arterial catheter for drawing blood resulted in an increase of filling volume by 0.26 mL (95% CI 0.10, 0.41) and 0.50 mL (95% CI 0.31, 0.69) compared to peripheral venipuncture, respectively. Each additional nursing staff working at the time of blood drawing was associated with 6% higher odds of achieving the recommended filling volume. We found no significant correlation between the filling volume and the positivity rate., Conclusion: Our results indicate critical pre-analytical quality markers linked to BC collection procedures to reach recommended collection volumes. No significant impact on the positivity rate was found., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Romann et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Objectives: Rapid communication of CT exams positive for pulmonary embolism (PE) is crucial for timely initiation of anticoagulation and patient outcome. It is unknown if deep learning automated detection of PE on CT Pulmonary Angiograms (CTPA) in combination with worklist prioritization and an electronic notification system (ENS) can improve communication times and patient turnaround in the Emergency Department (ED)., Methods: In 01/2019, an ENS allowing direct communication between radiology and ED was installed. Starting in 10/2019, CTPAs were processed by a deep learning (DL)-powered algorithm for detection of PE. CTPAs acquired between 04/2018 and 06/2020 (n = 1808) were analysed. To assess the impact of the ENS and the DL-algorithm, radiology report reading times (RRT), radiology report communication time (RCT), time to anticoagulation (TTA), and patient turnaround times (TAT) in the ED were compared for three consecutive time periods. Performance measures of the algorithm were calculated on a per exam level (sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, F1-score), with written reports and exam review as ground truth., Results: Sensitivity of the algorithm was 79.6 % (95 %CI:70.8-87.2%), specificity 95.0 % (95 %CI:92.0-97.1%), PPV 82.2 % (95 %CI:73.9-88.3), and NPV 94.1 % (95 %CI:91.4-96 %). There was no statistically significant reduction of any of the observed times (RRT, RCT, TTA, TAT)., Conclusion: DL-assisted detection of PE in CTPAs and ENS-assisted communication of results to referring physicians technically work. However, the mere clinical introduction of these tools, even if they exhibit a good performance, is not sufficient to achieve significant effects on clinical performance measures., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

CT patterns of viral pneumonia are usually only qualitatively described in radiology reports. Artificial intelligence enables automated and reliable segmentation of lungs with chest CT. Based on this, the purpose of this study was to derive meaningful imaging biomarkers reflecting CT patterns of viral pneumonia and assess their potential to discriminate between healthy lungs and lungs with viral pneumonia. This study used non-enhanced and CT pulmonary angiograms (CTPAs) of healthy lungs and viral pneumonia (SARS-CoV-2, influenza A/B) identified by radiology reports and RT-PCR results. After deep learning segmentation of the lungs, histogram-based and threshold-based analyses of lung attenuation were performed and compared. The derived imaging biomarkers were correlated with parameters of clinical and biochemical severity (modified WHO severity scale; c-reactive protein). For non-enhanced CTs ( n = 526), all imaging biomarkers significantly differed between healthy lungs and lungs with viral pneumonia (all p < 0.001), a finding that was not reproduced for CTPAs ( n = 504). Standard deviation (histogram-derived) and relative high attenuation area [600-0 HU] (HU-thresholding) differed most. The strongest correlation with disease severity was found for absolute high attenuation area [600-0 HU] (r = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.46-0.64). Deep-learning segmentation-based histogram and HU threshold analysis could be deployed in chest CT evaluation for the differentiating of healthy lungs from AP lungs.

Infective endocarditis (IE) after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is a new disease entity. The rate of IE after TAVI is similar to that after surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR), but mortality and prevalence of Enterococcus spp. as causing pathogens are significantly higher. Guidelines on infection prevention measures before TAVI procedures are currently lacking. We performed a structured review of the available data to provide interim recommendations based on guidelines to prevent infections issued by the World Health Organization as well as guidelines by professional societies from Europe and the USA. Such interim recommendations based on expert opinions are probably justified until large randomised trials provide strong evidence for infection control in TAVI, because IE after TAVI is often related to the TAVI procedure itself and the associated mortality rate is high. Antibiotic prophylaxis should be adapted from an intravenous cephalosporin to, e.g., amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, to cover enterococci. In addition, infection control should follow operating room standards as far as is reasonable, even if the evidence for this recommendation is very low. These recommendations are endorsed by the International Society for Cardiovascular Infectious Diseases (ISCVID).

Background: In sub-Saharan Africa, diagnosis and management of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) in people living with HIV (PLHIV) remains a major challenge. This study aimed to characterize the epidemiology and risk factors for poor outcome of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in people living with HIV (PLHIV) in a rural setting in Tanzania., Methods: We included PLHIV >18 years of age enrolled into the Kilombero and Ulanga antiretroviral cohort (KIULARCO) from 2013 to 2017. We assessed the diagnosis of tuberculosis by integrating prospectively collected clinical and microbiological data. We calculated prevalence- and incidence rates and used Cox regression analysis to evaluate the association of risk factors in extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) with a combined endpoint of lost to follow-up (LTFU) and death., Results: We included 3,129 subjects (64.5% female) with a median age of 38 years (interquartile range [IQR] 31-46) and a median CD4+ cell count of 229/μl (IQR 94-421) at baseline. During the median follow-up of 1.25 years (IQR 0.46-2.85), 574 (18.4%) subjects were diagnosed with tuberculosis, whereof 175 (30.5%) had an extrapulmonary manifestation. Microbiological evidence by Acid-Fast-Bacillus stain (AFB-stain) or Xpert® MTB/RIF was present in 178/483 (36.9%) patients with pulmonary and in 28/175 (16.0%) of patients with extrapulmonary manifestations, respectively. Incidence density rates for pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB and EPTB were 17.9/1000person-years (py) (95% CI 14.2-22.6) and 5.8/1000 py (95% CI 4.0-8.5), respectively. The combined endpoint of death and LTFU was observed in 1058 (33.8%) patients, most frequently in the subgroup of EPTB (47.2%). Patients with EPTB had a higher rate of the composite outcome of death/LTFU after TB diagnosis than with PTB [HR 1.63, (1.14-2.31); p = 0.006]. The adjusted hazard ratios [HR (95% CI)] for death/LTFU in EPTB patients were significantly increased for patients aged >45 years [HR 1.95, (1.15-3.3); p = 0.013], whereas ART use was protective [HR 0.15, (0.08-0.27); p <0.001]., Conclusions: Extrapulmonary tuberculosis was a frequent manifestation in this cohort of PLHIV. The diagnosis of EPTB in the absence of histopathology and mycobacterial culture remains challenging even with availability of Xpert® MTB/RIF. Patients with EPTB had increased rates of mortality and LTFU despite early recognition of the disease after enrollment., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Background: Syphilis is re-emerging globally in general and HIV-infected populations, and repeated syphilis episodes may play a central role in syphilis transmission among core groups. Besides sexual behavioral factors, little is known about determinants of repeated syphilis episodes in HIV-infected individuals-including the potential impact of preceding syphilis episodes on subsequent syphilis risk., Methods: In the prospective Swiss HIV cohort study, with routine syphilis testing since 2004, we analyzed HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM). Our primary outcome was first and repeated syphilis episodes. We used univariable and multivariable Andersen-Gill models to evaluate risk factors for first and repeated incident syphilis episodes., Results: Within the 14-year observation period, we included 2513 HIV-infected MSM with an initially negative syphilis test. In the univariable and multivariable analysis, the number of prior syphilis episodes (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] per 1-episode increase, 1.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.31), having occasional sexual partners with or without condomless anal sex (aHR, 4.99; 95% CI, 4.08-6.11; and aHR, 2.54; 95% CI, 2.10-3.07), and being currently on antiretroviral therapy (aHR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.21-2.16) were associated with incident syphilis., Conclusions: In HIV-infected MSM, we observed no indication of decreased syphilis risk with repeated syphilis episodes. The extent of sexual risk behavior over time was the strongest risk factor for repeated syphilis episodes. The observed association of antiretroviral therapy with repeated syphilis episodes warrants further immunological and epidemiological investigation., (© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America.)

Objective: Causes of morbidity and mortality of people living with HIV are changing with access to antiretroviral therapy and increased life expectancy. Age-related data on comorbidities and their impact on mortality in sub-Saharan Africa are scarce., Design: This prospective analysis evaluated comorbidities, assessed by means of International Classification of Diseases and Related Health problems 10th revision codes and clinical variables, derived from data collected from the Kilombero & Ulanga antiretroviral cohort of people living with HIV in rural Tanzania., Methods: We calculated prevalences and incidences of comorbidities in patients enrolled from 2013 to 2017 and evaluated their association with a combined endpoint of death and loss to follow-up (LTFU) in various age groups (15-29, 30-49 and ≥50 years) using Cox regression analysis., Results: Of 1622 patients [65% females, median age 38 years (interquartile range 31-46)], 11% were at least 50 years. During a median follow-up of 22.1 months (interquartile range 10.6-37.3), 48 (2.9%) patients died and 306 (18.9%) were LTFU. Anaemia was the most prevalent comorbidity (66.3%) irrespective of age and was associated with increased mortality/LTFU [hazard ratios 2.02 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.57-2.60); P < 0.001]. In patients aged at least 50 years, arterial hypertension was highly prevalent (43.8%), but not associated with mortality/LTFU [hazard ratios 1.04 (95% CI 0.56-1.93), P = 0.9]. Undernutrition ranged from 25.5% in the youngest to 29.1% in the oldest age group and contributed to mortality/LTFU [hazard ratios 2.24 (95% CI 1.65-3.04); P < 0.001]. Prevalence of tuberculosis was 21.4% with hazard ratios of 2.54 (95% CI 1.72-3.75, P < 0.001) for mortality/LTFU., Conclusion: We show that anaemia, arterial hypertension and undernutrition are the most relevant comorbidities with different age-associated frequencies and impact on death/LTFU in this population.

Background: Around 3.3 million children worldwide are infected with HIV and 90% of them live in sub-Saharan Africa. Our study aimed to estimate adherence levels and find the determinants, facilitators and barriers of ART adherence among children and teenagers in rural Tanzania., Methods: We applied a sequential explanatory mixed method design targeting children and teenagers aged 2-19 years residing in Ifakara. We conducted a quantitative cross sectional study followed by a qualitative study combining focus group discussions (FGDs) and in-depth interviews (IDIs). We used pill count to measure adherence and defined optimal adherence as > =80% of pills being taken. We analysed determinants of poor adherence using logistic regression. We held eight FGDs with adolescent boys and girls on ART and with caretakers. We further explored issues emerging in the FGDs in four in-depth interviews with patients and health workers. Qualitative data was analysed using thematic content analysis., Results: Out of 116 participants available for quantitative analysis, 70% had optimal adherence levels and the average adherence level was 84%. Living with a non-parent caretaker predicted poor adherence status. From the qualitative component, unfavorable school environment, timing of the morning ART dose, treatment longevity, being unaware of HIV status, non-parental (biological) care, preference for traditional medicine (herbs) and forgetfulness were seen to be barriers for optimal adherence., Conclusion: The study has highlighted specific challenges in ART adherence faced by children and teenagers. Having a biological parent as a caretaker remains a key determinant of adherence among children and teenagers. To achieve optimal adherence, strategies targeting the caretakers, the school environment, and the health system need to be designed.

Background: Since 2010, World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines discourage using stavudine in first-line regimens due to frequent and severe side effects. This study describes the implementation of this recommendation and trends in usage of antiretroviral therapy combinations in a cohort of HIV-positive patients in rural Tanzania., Methods: We analyzed longitudinal, prospectively collected clinical data of HIV-1 infected adults initiating antiretroviral therapy within the Kilombero Ulanga Antiretroviral Cohort (KIULARCO) in Ifakara, Tanzania from 2007-2011., Results: This analysis included data of 3008 patients. Median age was 38 (interquartile range [IQR] 31-45) years, 1962 (65.2%) of all subjects were female, and median CD4+ cell count at enrollment was 168 cells/mm3 (IQR 81-273). The percentage of prescriptions containing stavudine in initial regimens fell from a maximum of 75.3% in 2008 to 10.7% in 2011. TDF/FTC/EFV became available in 2009 and was used in 41.9% of patients initiating cART in 2011. An overall on-treatment analysis revealed that d4T/3TC/NVP and AZT/3TC/EFV were the most prescribed combinations in each year, including 2011 (674 [36.5%] and 641 [34.7%] patients, respectively). Of those receiving stavudine in 2011, 659 (89.1%) initiated it before 2011., Conclusions: Initial cART with stavudine declined to low levels according to recommendations but the overall use of stavudine remained substantial, as individuals already on cART containing stavudine were not changed to alternative drugs. Our findings highlight the critical need to exchange stavudine in treatment regimens of patients who initiated therapy in earlier years.

Background: Inflammation plays a key role in atherosclerosis. Sirt1 regulates transcription factors involved in inflammatory processes and blunts atherosclerosis in mice. However, its role in humans remains to be defined. This study was therefore designed to investigate the role of Sirt1 in the development of atherosclerosis., Methods and Results: 48 male subjects admitted for cardiac catheterization were subdivided into healthy subjects, patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD), and with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Monocytes were isolated and Sirt1 mRNA levels were determined. Sirt1 gene expression was higher in healthy subjects as compared to patients with CAD or ACS (P<0.05), respectively. Interestingly, HDL levels correlated positively with Sirt1 expression. Thus, HDL from the three groups was isolated and incubated with THP-1 monocytes to determine the effects of HDL on Sirt1 protein in controlled experimental conditions. HDL from healthy subjects stimulated Sirt1 expression in THP-1 monocytes to a higher degree than HDL from CAD and ACS patients (P<0.05). Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), a HDL-associated enzyme, showed a reduced activity in HDL isolated from CAD and ACS patients as compared to the controls (P<0.001)., Conclusions: Monocytic Sirt1 expression is reduced in patients with stable CAD and ACS. Experiments on THP-1 monocytes suggest that this effect is HDL-dependent and is mediated by a reduced activity of HDL-associated enzyme PON1.

Background: Co-infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) is highly prevalent in people living with HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa. Screening for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) before initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is recommended. However, it is not part of diagnostic routines in HIV programs in many resource-limited countries although patients could benefit from optimized antiretroviral therapy covering both infections. Screening could be facilitated by rapid diagnostic tests for HBsAg. Operating experience with these point of care devices in HIV-positive patients in Sub-Saharan Africa is largely lacking. We determined the prevalence of HBV and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection as well as the diagnostic accuracy of the rapid test device Determine HBsAg in an HIV cohort in rural Tanzania., Methods: Prospectively collected blood samples from adult, HIV-1 positive and antiretroviral treatment-naïve patients in the Kilombero and Ulanga antiretroviral cohort (KIULARCO) in rural Tanzania were analyzed at the point of care with Determine HBsAg, a reference HBsAg EIA and an anti-HCV EIA., Results: Samples of 272 patients were included. Median age was 38 years (interquartile range [IQR] 32-47), 169/272 (63%) subjects were females and median CD4+ count was 250 cells/µL (IQR 97-439). HBsAg was detected in 25/272 (9.2%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.2-13.0%) subjects. Of these, 7/25 (28%) were positive for HBeAg. Sensitivity of Determine HBsAg was rated at 96% (95% CI 82.8-99.6%) and specificity at 100% (95% CI, 98.9-100%). Antibodies to HCV (anti-HCV) were found in 10/272 (3.7%, 95% CI 2.0-6.4%) of patients., Conclusion: This study reports a high prevalence of HBV in HIV-positive patients in a rural Tanzanian setting. The rapid diagnostic test Determine HBsAg is an accurate assay for screening for HBsAg in HIV-1 infected patients at the point of care and may further help to guide cART in Sub-Saharan Africa.

To date, no plaque-derived blood biomarker is available to allow diagnosis, prognosis or monitoring of atherosclerotic vascular diseases. In this study, specimens of thrombendarterectomy material from carotid and iliac arteries were incubated in protein-free medium to obtain plaque and control secretomes for subsequent subtractive phage display. The selection of nine plaque secretome-specific antibodies and the analysis of their immunopurified antigens by mass spectrometry led to the identification of 22 proteins. One of them, junction plakoglobin (JUP-81) and its smaller isoforms (referred to as JUP-63, JUP-55 and JUP-30 by molecular weight) were confirmed by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting with independent antibodies to be present in atherosclerotic plaques and their secretomes, coronary thrombi of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and macrophages differentiated from peripheral blood monocytes as well as macrophage-like cells differentiated from THP1 cells. Plasma of patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) (n = 15) and ACS (n = 11) contained JUP-81 at more than 2- and 14-fold higher median concentrations, respectively, than plasma of CAD-free individuals (n = 13). In conclusion, this proof of principle study identified and verified JUP isoforms as potential plasma biomarkers for atherosclerosis. Clinical validation studies are needed to determine its diagnostic efficacy and clinical utility as a biomarker for diagnosis, prognosis or monitoring of atherosclerotic vascular diseases.

Objective: The interplay between oxidative stress and inflammation is crucial in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The adaptor protein p66Shc is implicated in atherogenesis and oxidative stress related responses in animal models of diseases. However, its role in humans remains to be defined. In this study, we hypothesized that expression of p66Shc increases in peripheral blood monocytes of patients affected by acute coronary syndromes (ACS)., Methods: Male subjects aged 59±4 (mean±SD) years admitted for cardiac catheterization were subdivided in three groups: (a) no local stenosis for the control group, (b) at least one stenosis ≥75% in either left, circumflex or right coronary artery for the coronary artery disease (CAD) group or (c) ST-elevation/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction for the ACS group. Monocytes were isolated from whole blood and p66Shc RNA levels were determined by quantitative real time PCR., Results: p66Shc RNA levels were increased in ACS patients as compared to CAD (p=0.007) and controls (p=0.0249). Furthermore, malondialdehyde (MDA) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were increased in plasma of ACS patients. Levels of MDA correlated positively to p66Shc (r=0.376, p=0.01). Our data demonstrate increased p66Shc levels in monocytes of ACS but not CAD patients., Conclusion: This study suggests an involvement of p66Shc in the transition of a stable CAD to an ACS patient. p66Shc was associated with states of increased oxidative stress. Further work is needed to understand whether p66Shc may represent a possible pharmacological target or whether it represents an interesting novel biomarker., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)