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DOI:10.1590/2179-8966/2022/64756.ResumoO trabalho desenvolve hipótese apresentada por Paulo Arantes (2010), acerca da necessidade de se reabrir o capítulo da economia política da exceção brasileira (1964-1985), por meio da categoria do Estado dual. Em um primeiro movimento, de revisão bibliográfica, é resgatado o contexto de produção da obra The dual state e analisado seu conteúdo em contraste com a clássica interpretação de Neumann (2009) sobre o Nacional Socialismo. Na segunda parte, por meio de uma análise interpretativa indutiva, lastreada em evidências empíricas, demonstramos como a noção de dualidade estatal é talvez a mais adequada para descrever como a repactuação constitucional pós-88 aproxima-se perigosamente de um ponto de ruptura.Palavras-Chave: Estado dual; Ernst Fraenkel; Franz Neumann; Desdemocratização; (Neo)Facismo.AbstractThe present work unfolds hypothesis presented by Paulo Arantes (2010), concerning the need to reopen the political economy chapter of the Brazilian exception (1964-1985) through the category of the dual state. In a first movement, based on bibliographic revision, we rescue the context within The Dual State was produced and then analyze its content in contrast with Neumann’s (2009) classic interpretation of national socialism. In the second section, through an inductive interpretation analysis based on empiric evidences, I argue the state duality notion is perhaps the most adequate tool to describe how the post-88 Brazilian democratic regime is dangerously approaching a breaking point.Keywords: Dual State; Ernst Fraenkel; Franz Neumann; Dedemocratization; (Neo)Fascism.

Resumen en el presente artículo nos proponemos explicitar cuáles son las principales características que Franz Neumann -autor del círculo “externo” de la primera Teoría Crítica- le atribuye a la dominación socio-política. Para abordar esta cuestión es necesario reseñar algunas de las principales tesis de su clásico libro sobre el nacional-socialismo titulado Behemoth, prestando especial atención asu análisis relativo a la destrucción de la racionalidad jurídica. Nos interesa, puntualmente, responder a la siguiente pregunta: ¿hay en su propuesta una concepción de dominación que presuponga, además de coerción, consentimiento y participación de los grupos dominados? Para poder dar cuenta de las distintas aristas que detenta este interrogante, consideramos necesario retomar los aportes que hace Axel Honneth -uno de los tantos teóricos contemporáneos que instan a recuperar los estudios de Neumann- en su libro Crítica del poder, donde hace mención a la existencia de “relaciones bilaterales de dominio”. Aquí veremos que Neumann ofrece precisiones para responder al problema de la “dominación bilateral” -así lo llamaremos-, pero con limitaciones nada desdeñables. Limitaciones que, y ésta es una sugerencia que haremos al final del artículo, podrían sortearse a partir de un diálogo más abarcador que involucre a otros miembros del círculo “externo”. Abstract in this paper we will try to make explicit what are the main features that Franz Neumann -a member of the “outer” circle of the first Critical Theory- attributed to the socio-political domination. To approach this issue, it is necessary to review some of the central theses of his classic book on national-socialism entitled Behemoth, payingspecial attention to his analysis on the destruction of legal rationality. We are particularly interested in answering the following question: in his proposal, is there a conception of domination that refers not only to coercion, but also to the consent and participation of dominated groups? In order to explain the different aspects of this question, we consider it necessary to recover the contributions made by Axel Honneth -one of the many contemporary theorists who seek to revalue Neumann’s work- in his book The Critique of Power. In that book Honneth mentions the existence of “bilateral relations of domination”. Here we will see that Neumann offers precisions to answer the problem of the so-called “bilateral domination”, but with important constraints. Constraints that could be overcome through a more comprehensive dialogue involving other members of the “outer” circle. This is a suggestion that we will make at the end of the article.

O Terceiro Reich provocou traumáticos reflexos na filosofia jurídica e política de Franz Neumann. Sob influência do materialismo histórico-dialético marxista, o filósofo compreendia o direito como o reconhecimento oficial das relações sociais e econômicas surgidas com o capitalismo. Mas, ao mesmo tempo, o regime ditatorial nazista e as transformações por que passava a técnica jurídica, ambos possibilitados pelo capitalismo monopolista, o faziam enaltecer o direito liberal da época do capitalismo concorrencial, que possuía o que o filósofo chamava de “mínimo de racionalidade”. Este trabalho parte dessa tensão na filosofia jurídica de Neumann, que critica o direito como dominação de classe, mas também enxerga nele uma dimensão positiva devido à sua possibilidade de “racionalidade”. O artigo aponta as virtudes de Neumann por elaborar sua filosofia jurídica de forma materialista e termina, criticamente, com base em Marx e Lênin, assinalando as suas contradições e insuficiências.

Resumen Este artículo sostiene que la exacerbación autoritaria y totalitaria del capitalismo, en la primera mitad del siglo xx, tuvo su origen en la crisis experimentada por el capitalismo de libre mercado, debido a dinámicas propias de la sociedad liberal. El resultado fue una masiva violación de los derechos humanos liberales que habían posibilitado la consolidación y legitimación del propio capitalismo de libre mercado. De esta manera, en el texto se esboza que a la sociedad liberal moderna le es inherente una tendencia autoritaria, vinculada a la dinámica inestable y propensa tendencia a la crisis de la reproducción del capital. Este rasgo estructural es ilustrado con los debates de la Escuela de Frankfurt sobre el fin del capitalismo liberal. Y dentro de este horizonte general, se sigue con especial detalle el análisis crítico que Franz Neumann realiza, en tensión con “la tesis del capitalismo de Estado” de Friedrich Pollock, sobre el devenir totalitario de la República de Weimar. Abstract This paper argues that the authoritarian and totalitarian exacerbation of capitalism, in the first half of the 20th century, originated in the crisis experienced by free market capitalism, due to the dynamics of the liberal society. The result was a massive violation of liberal human rights that had enabled the consolidation and legitimation of free market capitalism itself. Thus, the text suggests that an authoritarian tendency, linked to the unstable dynamics and the tendency to crisis of capital reproduction, is inherent to modern liberal society. This structural feature is illustrated through the debates at the Frankfurt School on the end of liberal capitalism. Within this general horizon, the paper gives special consideration to the critical analysis carried out by Franz Neumann, in tension with Friedrich Pollock's “state capitalism” thesis on the totalitarian transformation of the Weimar Republic.

Ovaj rad bavi se, prvo, interpretacijom i sustavnom analizom središnjih djela o totalitarizmu u njegovu nacionalsocijalističkom obliku, djela Franza Neumanna i Hannah Arendt. Veliki teoretičari u totalitarizmu vide čudovište kaosa i radikalno Zlo koje je zadesilo Njemačku i sve ljude u njoj porobilo svojom okrutnosti i svemoći. Njihova se teorijska razmatranja zatim dovode u vezu s iskustvom njemačkog Židova, romanista i filologa Victora Klemperera koji iznosi svoj osobni doživljaj nacionalsocijalizma te bilježi specifičnosti koje primjećuje u nacističkom režimu. Živeći u okruženju nacionalsocijalizma, Klemperer upoznaje čitatelja sa svakodnevnim životom Židova u Trećem Reichu, konstantnim novim odredbama protiv Židova te najznačajnijim aspektima tog života. Prije svega, posebnim jezikom koji se udomaćio u Njemačkoj – jezikom Trećeg Reicha. Ovaj rad pokazuje sličnosti i razlike između Neumanna, Arendt i Klemperera te povezuje određene teorijske aspekte njihovih pogleda na totalitarizam. Analizom teorije i praktičnog iskustva stvara potpuniji uvid u snagu jednog totalitarnog režima koji je svojim djelovanjem ukinuo čovjekovu individualnost, osobnost, samo njegovo postojanje. Ovim radom pokazuje se značajna korespondencija između teorijskih djela o totalitarizmu i praktičnog iskustva njemačkog Židova, prepoznaju se određeni elementi zajednički trima autorima, bez obzira na njihova različita polazišta. Nacionalsocijalizam za njih je jedinstveni fenomen za kojega je čovjek tek stvar, samo materija, kojom se može vješto manipulirati., This master’s thesis first deals with the interpretation and systematic analysis of the most important works on totalitarianism in its National Socialist form - the works of Franz Neumann and Hannah Arendt. These political theorists considered totalitarianism a monster of chaos and a “radical Evil” which befell Germany and enslaved all people with its great power and cruelty. Furthermore, the paper connects theoretical considerations to the experience of a German Jew Victor Klemperer, Romanist and philologist, who described his personal experience of Nazism and gave detailed insight into everyday Jewish life in Nazi Germany, where anti-Jewish laws were constantly enforced. Klemperer also noticed that a particular language developed and became widely used in Nazi Germany - the language of the Third Reich. The paper also shows the similarities and differences between Neumann, Arendt and Klemperer. Certain theoretical aspects of their understanding of totalitarianism are presented. Moreover, by the analysis of theory and practical experience, it is given a complete insight into the power of a totalitarian regime which abolished human individuality and personality. It is demonstrated a considerable similarity between the theoretical works on totalitarianism and practical experience of the German Jew. Finally, this paper recognizes certain elements common to all three analysed authors, regardless of their different starting points. Namely, they all consider National Socialism a unique phenomenon, the one that perceives a man only as a thing appropriate for manipulation.

Ovaj rad bavi se, prvo, interpretacijom i sustavnom analizom središnjih djela o totalitarizmu u njegovu nacionalsocijalističkom obliku, djela Franza Neumanna i Hannah Arendt. Veliki teoretičari u totalitarizmu vide čudovište kaosa i radikalno Zlo koje je zadesilo Njemačku i sve ljude u njoj porobilo svojom okrutnosti i svemoći. Njihova se teorijska razmatranja zatim dovode u vezu s iskustvom njemačkog Židova, romanista i filologa Victora Klemperera koji iznosi svoj osobni doživljaj nacionalsocijalizma te bilježi specifičnosti koje primjećuje u nacističkom režimu. Živeći u okruženju nacionalsocijalizma, Klemperer upoznaje čitatelja sa svakodnevnim životom Židova u Trećem Reichu, konstantnim novim odredbama protiv Židova te najznačajnijim aspektima tog života. Prije svega, posebnim jezikom koji se udomaćio u Njemačkoj – jezikom Trećeg Reicha. Ovaj rad pokazuje sličnosti i razlike između Neumanna, Arendt i Klemperera te povezuje određene teorijske aspekte njihovih pogleda na totalitarizam. Analizom teorije i praktičnog iskustva stvara potpuniji uvid u snagu jednog totalitarnog režima koji je svojim djelovanjem ukinuo čovjekovu individualnost, osobnost, samo njegovo postojanje. Ovim radom pokazuje se značajna korespondencija između teorijskih djela o totalitarizmu i praktičnog iskustva njemačkog Židova, prepoznaju se određeni elementi zajednički trima autorima, bez obzira na njihova različita polazišta. Nacionalsocijalizam za njih je jedinstveni fenomen za kojega je čovjek tek stvar, samo materija, kojom se može vješto manipulirati. This master’s thesis first deals with the interpretation and systematic analysis of the most important works on totalitarianism in its National Socialist form - the works of Franz Neumann and Hannah Arendt. These political theorists considered totalitarianism a monster of chaos and a “radical Evil” which befell Germany and enslaved all people with its great power and cruelty. Furthermore, the paper connects theoretical considerations to the experience of a German Jew Victor Klemperer, Romanist and philologist, who described his personal experience of Nazism and gave detailed insight into everyday Jewish life in Nazi Germany, where anti-Jewish laws were constantly enforced. Klemperer also noticed that a particular language developed and became widely used in Nazi Germany - the language of the Third Reich. The paper also shows the similarities and differences between Neumann, Arendt and Klemperer. Certain theoretical aspects of their understanding of totalitarianism are presented. Moreover, by the analysis of theory and practical experience, it is given a complete insight into the power of a totalitarian regime which abolished human individuality and personality. It is demonstrated a considerable similarity between the theoretical works on totalitarianism and practical experience of the German Jew. Finally, this paper recognizes certain elements common to all three analysed authors, regardless of their different starting points. Namely, they all consider National Socialism a unique phenomenon, the one that perceives a man only as a thing appropriate for manipulation.

This article examines the relationship between the evolution of statehood and competition in the European context. To begin with, a particular take on the evolution of modern political power in the state form in Europe is developed. Against this background, the article reconstructs how the institutionalization of competition as a specific type of policy tool has been used by emerging modern states to establish their authority vis-a-vis competing claims to public authority in society. The article, furthermore, engages in an examination of (neo-)corporatist and governance-based attempts both to curb and to expand the use of competition as a tool for organizing social processes, and the implications of these attempts for the state of statehood.

Throughout history, it has been verified that the law has been used as an object of favoring the dominant groups. In National Socialism, legislation assumes the will of the Führer, and is filled with general clauses, discretionary acts and discriminatory measures. Franz Neumann for having lived the period, was dedicated to criticize several pillars of the structure of the Nazi regime, however in this work only the legal aspect will be approached. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the instrumentalization of the law in accordance with the dictates of National Socialism, under the criticism of the author., No decorrer da história, verifica-se que a lei tem sido utilizada como objeto de favorecimento dos grupos dominantes. No nacional-socialismo, a legislação assume as vontades do Führer, sendo repleta de cláusulas gerais, atos discricionários e medidas discriminatórias. Franz Neumann por ter vivenciado o período, dedicou-se a criticar vários pilares da estrutura do regime nazista, entretanto neste trabalho somente será abordado o aspecto legal. O objetivo deste estudo é demonstrar a instrumentalização da lei de acordo com os ditames do nacional-socialismo, sob a crítica do referido autor.

En un congreso titulado “figuras de la dominación” es pertinente apuntar a uno de los momentos clave del siglo XX, el III Reich, paradigma de la dominación ciega y cruel, y comprobar cómo toda la historia posterior ha sido escrita y legitimada sobre la base de un muy rentable mito, a saber: que los excesos y desmanes políticos del siglo XX corresponden con los excesos, específicamente modernos, estatalistas y racionalistas, de modo que el problema, y no la solución, es precisamente el Estado, centro político de la Modernidad. Superar el Estado y con él el totalitarismo, precisamente, es lo que ha pretendido el neoliberalismo triunfante. Apoyándonos en Franz Neumann y David Harvey será posible sacar a la luz un fraude fundamental de la filosofía política contemporánea: ni el totalitarismo fascista correspondió con una hipertrofia del Estado ni el neoliberalismo corresponde con un fin del totalitarismo., In a congress wich tittle is “figures of domination” pointing to one of the most important moments in XX century, the III Reich, paradigm of cruel and blind domination, should be relevant. Also checking how all of the later history has been written and legitimized with a profitable myth, such as thinking that the XX century political excesses and outrages match with the specifically modern, statalist and rationalist outrages of Enlighment, so the State, exactly the political center of Enlighment, would be not the solution but the problem itself. Then, overcoming the State and, in the same movement, totalitarism, has been the triumphant neoliberalism allegedly intention. Relying in Franz Neumann and David Harvey we will be able to reveal an essential cheat from contemporary political thought, and stablish that neither fascist totalitarism meant an hypertrophied State, nor neoliberalism means the end of totalitarism.

Este artigo apresenta o pensamento de Franz Neumann situando-o na tradição dos autores da Teoria Crítica da Sociedade. O texto apresenta os argumentos centrais da obra The Rule of Law: Political Theory and the Legal System in Modern Society de 1937, centrando-se na discussão das implicações da crise da República de Weimar sobre o pensamento do autor. O impacto teórico desta crise motiva a reformulação do conceito de Direito, compreendido num contexto de politização do capitalismo. O Direito deixa de ser considerado como mera superestrutura e passa a pensado como momento necessário da revolução socialista. This article presents Franz Neumann as a Critical Theory representative. It discusses the central arguments of Neumann's The Rule of Law: Political Theory and the Legal System in Modern Society (1937), focusing on the theoretical impact of Weimar crisis on Neumann's thought. This impact motivates a reformulation of the concept of Law. In a context of politicization of capitalism, Law should not be conceived as mere superstructure, but as a necessary moment of the socialist revolution.