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This thesis examines ways in which Native Americans are portrayed in literature by analyzing two of Sherman Alexie's short stories "This is What it Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona", and "Because my Father Always Said he Was the only Indian Who Saw Jimi Hendrix Play "The Star-Spangled Banner" at Woodstock", as well as the movies "Pocahontas" (1995) and "Smoke Signals" (Alexie, 1998). The Native American/Indigenous methodology presented, provides insights into Native American culture that is necessary to see the nuances and layers of meaning in these narratives. The thesis discusses internalized colonization, Spivak's idea of the "Other", and DuBois' concept of a "double-consciousness" in relation to identity. Through my analysis it becomes evident that Pocahontas presents both a somewhat uniform and stereotypical portrayal of Native Americans, but also that it includes layers of depth to some of the characters. The thesis presents Alexie's narratives as ridden with dark humour, sarcasm and hyperboles which he has used to deconstruct the already existing stereotypes of Natives. In the analysis, we see that they work as revisionist history by re-membering the past. Throughout, the thesis presents opportunities, advice and it advocates teaching Native American literature in the English classroom. Chapter 5 addresses didactics, more specifically, teaching from a global and multicultural perspective. It covers interconnected aspects of teaching, in general, that are specifically relevant to teaching the narratives presented. These aspects are teaching humour, controversial topics, "the danger of a single story", short stories, and teaching movies as narratives. In sum, the thesis aims to reinscribe Native American literature in the English classroom.

Sperm production and characteristics of male spotted wolffish (Anarhichas minor) treated with cortisol, 11-KT, or a combination of both steroids, were compared with sham treated controls. Cortisol treatment significantly reduced proportions of sperm producing males and tended to reduce seminal fluid pH. 11-KT significantly increased proportions of motile sperm cells and gave increased fertilisation potential. There were strong negative correlations between [Na+] and [Mg2+] (R2 = 0.91), and between [Na+] and [Ca2+] (R2 = 0.86) in the seminal fluid. Further, [Mg2+] and [Ca2+] tended to be higher and [Na+] lower in cortisol-treated fish (alone or in combination with 11-KT) than in controls and fish treated with 11-KT. The results indicate that steroids have an influence on sperm production and seminal fluid characteristics.

The rise in offshore oil and gas operations, maritime shipping and tourism in northern latitudes enhance the risk of petroleum pollution and anthropogenic impacts of oil-related compounds on sub-Arctic and Arctic organisms. In particular, there is a need to investigate the potential adverse effects of petroleum to the early life stages of capelin (Mallotus villosus), an important forage and commercial fish species that spawn along the coast of Northern Norway. In this study, newly fertilized capelin embryos were exposed to five concentrations (control, low, medium, high and extra high) of a water-soluble fraction (WSF) of crude oil using oiled gravel columns loaded with either clean gravel (control) or gravel loaded with between 0.19 and 6 g oil/kg gravel (low to extra high groups). Embryos were exposed to decreasing crude oil WSF until hatch (25 days post fertilization) and larvae were followed in clean water until 58 days post fertilization. The initial aqueous total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) levels (sum of 44 PAHs) were ranging from 0.072 to 19.25 μg/L in the five treatment groups and decreased exponentially over time. None of the measured endpoints regarding embryo development and mortality, larval length, growth rate, cardiac activity, arrhythmia, and larval mortality showed any dose-dependent effects. Our results suggest that the early life stages of capelin are more robust to crude oil exposure than similar life stages of other fish species. The capelins demersal eggs properties, primarily the double-layered chorion was hypothesized to be a possible explanation for this trend. To verify this hypothesis, further investigation of accumulated levels in embryos and how eggs morphology affects accumulation could be investigated.

The effects of 48 hours exposure to mechanically and chemically dispersed oil on juvenile lumpsuckers, as well as the use of gill EROD activity and bile PAH metabolites as potential biomarkers were assessed in this study. This was done by measuring the gill EROD activity, bile PAH metabolites, plasma osmolality, plasma chloride concentration, and gill Na+/K+ATPase activity. The mechanical and chemical dispersion did not differ significantly in terms of gill EROD induction, PAHs metabolisation, plasma osmolality and chloride concentration, and gill Na+/K+ATPase activity. The oil exposure and metabolisation of PAHs were confirmed by the presence of PAH metabolites in the bile. Thus, this study can recommend the use of juvenile lumpsucker’s bile metabolites as a biomarker in detecting oil exposure. The gill EROD activity showed a lack of response upon exposure to oil. Further investigation is recommended to be able to determine the suitability of its use as a biomarker. A significant relationship was seen between crude oil concentration and plasma osmolality and plasma chloride concentration, i.e. as the oil concentration increases, the plasma osmolality and plasma chloride concentration also increases. The mechanistic link between oil exposure and gill Na+/K+ ATPase activity was not clear, thus warrants further investigation. This study has shown that the acute exposure to crude oil was not fatal to the fish but caused impairment on hypo-osmoregulation mechanism.