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This conclusion reflects on the content of the volume as a collection of case studies concerning the reception of core legal models and social forms of urban life on the peripheries of Latin Europe, embodied by the chartered town. It restates the hypothesis of the comparative urban research set out in this volume, namely, that the modification and implementation of core models and forms on the peripheries of Europe resulted in the creation of unique societies, not simply the imperfect replication of core urban communities. It is argued that this volume has substantiated the editors’ hypothesis through its examination of comparable elements of the social and political order of the chartered town within the framework of three constituent themes: processes of the formation of urban communities on the periphery; municipal authorities’ normalisation and disciplining of social and political life; and instruments of peace making and peace keeping.

This introduction surveys the current state of research regarding medieval comparative urban history and the unique nature of the communities that formed at the peripheries of northern Europe. It sets out the volume’s central hypothesis, which asserts that the relationship between the European 'core' and its colonised 'peripheries' was based, on the one hand, on the transfer of core models and forms of urban life, and, on the other hand, on their constant modification and adjustment to local needs and conditions. It presents the concept that these latter processes led to the creation of new forms of urban life, embodying unique societies, not simply the replication of ‘core’ urban communities. A brief history of colonisation and urbanisation is provided for each of the four regions to be examined: Ireland, Wales, Prussia and Livonia. The volume’s method is indicated; each chapter comprises a case study comparing at least two regions.

If you have ever been woken up by noise in the night, you will know just how annoying it can be. But noise does not only disturb us; it can actually be bad for our health. People can be affected by noise in many environments and, unfortunately, hospitals that are occupied by the most vulnerable groups of people are no exception. Studies show that people trying to recover need peace and quiet. But despite all the “quiet please” signs, noise in hospitals is one of the main reason patients cannot sleep, besides physical pain. In this article, we explore how noise affects people and how it impacts those trying to get well in hospitals.

Among ancient petitions in the Special Collections (document class SC 8) of The National Archives, London, are municipal petitions sent by the Anglo-Norman boroughs of Ireland and Wales to the English king, his council and parliament. These petitions shed light on the relationship between Irish and Welsh towns, and their inhabitants, and the royal administrations of Edward I and his successors. This chapter finds that, despite Ireland and Wales’ lack of regular representation in parliament, Irish and Welsh municipalities made regular use of petitions to seek ‘justice’ or ‘favour’, which were as likely to be considered by the English parliament as other petitions. Irish and Welsh municipalities sought justice to counter the administrative misfeasance of royal officials, while they typically sought favour of a financial nature (e.g. murage or tax relief). Additionally, and distinct from English municipalities, they also regularly sought help against the native Irish and Welsh.

English colonisation in Ireland and Wales was accomplished initially by military means but consolidated and made profitable through urbanisation. This involved developing proto-urban settlements and founding new towns. As these towns grew, during the 12th and 13th centuries, many developed areas – streets, neighbourhoods or distinct walled sections – associated with the native population. These were called, variously, Irishtown, Irishstreet, Irishgrange and Welsh Street. This chapter argues that although these names indicated a concentration of Irish or Welsh inhabitants when first applied, the demographic character of the areas could change rapidly while retaining an ethnically associated name. The role played by the church in shaping the ethnic composition of these areas is highlighted. The divergent history of Ireland and Wales ensured that the evolution of these areas differed, as new Irishtowns were created in the late medieval and early modern periods, while ethnic names fell out of use in Wales.

This chapter identifies the common pattern of integration and discrimination that affected native persons attempting to move into the new medieval colonial towns established in Wales, by Norman and English conquerors and the crown, and in Prussia, by the State of the Teutonic Knights and bishops. Both areas were hitherto largely unurbanised. The authors posit that, at first, in both regions, when medieval colonisers founded new towns, native persons were initially accepted into forming urban communities, as the main concern was to make each new town a success by any means. Second, there followed by a period of top-down legal discrimination driven by the security and economic concerns of the territorial ruler. And third, a subsequent phase of bottom-up legal discrimination was enacted at the request of colonial townsmen seeking to limit native commercial competition following the Black Death (1348–9) and the commencement of pan-European economic depression (from c.1390).

Scheepseigenaren en scheepsmanagers zijn sinds 1 januari 2021 verplicht om de cyberrisico’s van hun schepen en organisaties in kaart te brengen, te beoordelen en zo nodig maatregelen te nemen in hun veiligheidsmanagementsystemen. Maar over welke risico’s hebben we het dan? Welke verplichtingen worden nu opgelegd? Als niet voldaan wordt aan deze verplichtingen kan dat naast publiekrechtelijke sancties bovendien aansprakelijkheid naar ladingbelanghebbenden met zich meebrengen. De auteurs gaan in op rechtspraak waarin een gebrekkige naleving van de ISM Code een rol speelde bij de aansprakelijkheidsvraag.

The Netherlands has a rich maritime history and remains to this day an important maritime nation. The Dutch government closely follows maritime law developments and is generally very active in ratifying and implementing maritime (safety) conventions. This chapter looks into the maritime safety regulations in the Netherlands. Contrary to private maritime law, which is to a large extent concentrated in Book 8 of the Dutch Civil Code, public maritime law is dispersed over several different Acts and Regulations. This chapter provides a guide to these Acts and to the entities charged with implementing and enforcing maritime safety law.

In the mid 1990s undergraduate Music Technology System programs were established in the Department of Electronic Engineering, heavily influenced by the interdisciplinary ethos of the successful Master of Arts/Master of Science (MSc) program. The key objectives of the MSc center around active learning through guided work, and practical learning outcomes alongside a desire to promote accessibility to a wider group of potential students. A number of assessments in the program incorporate some form of student self-reflection on learning. In Audio Signals and Psychoacoustics, students are required to write a reflective critique of their assignment submission, allowing them to demonstrate an ability to analyze the quality of their own work and make specific suggestions for how it could be improved. The MSc program culminates in an individual research project that focuses on a relevant and up-to-date area of research or technology development and provides a strong focus on employability, especially the provision of industry-related projects.

The carriage of goods by sea starts off with a contract of carriage, an essentially simple and straightforward contract between two parties, the shipper and the carrier. Very often, however, a bill of lading is issued and a third party appears on the scene: the holder of the bill of lading. The holder was not involved in the making of the contract of carriage, but does have rights, and possibly obligations, against the carrier at destination. The question then is how the third-party holder of the bill acquires those rights and obligations. Analysing the different theories that have been proposed to explain the position of the third party holder, this book makes a distinction between contractual theories and non-contractual theories to explain the holder's position. Contractual theories build on the initial contract of carriage and apply contract law mechanisms while non-contractual theories construe the position of the third-party holder independently.? Following the analysis and appraisal of the different theories, this book makes the case that the position of the third-party holder of the bill of lading is not obvious or self-evident; and submits that a statutory approach to the position of the holder of the bill of lading has advantages and would be preferable.

Corporate governance has received a lot of attention over the last few years. A big contributing factor to this was a number of major corporate fraud cases and the subsequent introduction of new regulations such as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in 2002. The attention to Corporate Governance also leads to questions about IT governance as well, since direction and control over IT plays a vital role in supporting the business processes. A number of frameworks are used for implementing and improving IT governance in an organization. This chapter discusses and compares two such frameworks: ITIL V3 and Cobit 4.1 and shows that ITIL V3 and Cobit 4.1 create the most added value when used in combination.

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Counselors in the Santa Barbara (California) High School District recently faced the threat of abolishment of all counseling positions. This article describes how a guidance task force, consisting of counselors and teachers, sought and obtained community and professional support needed to defeat the proposed staff realignment plan.