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Latvia, like the other Baltic states, experienced a sense of injustice and resentment at the loss of statehood. The Balts were the least likely groups to subscribe to the ideal of a Soviet family of peoples living together harmoniously and communicating in Russian. In the post-Soviet period, the Latvians exercised their legal right to determine their own citizenship criteria. In the first draft of the laws, citizenship was based on the situation in Latvia when it was taken over by the Soviet Union in 1940. It included, all those resident in Latvia on 17/6/1940 and those who were subsequently deported from Latvia; it excluded the large numbers of Russians who had arrived since that time. The citizenship laws which were eventually adopted were more favourable to the Russians but the actual administrative process of naturalising half a million Russian speakers will only proceed slowly. The Russian-speaking population remains in a relatively disadvantaged position.

In Semigroups on a half-space, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 147 (1970), 1-53, Horne considers semigroups that are the union of a group G G and a plane L L such that G ∪ L G \cup L is a three-dimensional half-space and G G is the interior. After proving a great many things about half-space semigroups, Horne introduces the notion of a radical and determines all possible multiplications in L L for a half-space semigroup with empty radical. (It turns out that S S has empty radical if and only if each G G -orbit in L L contains an idempotent.) An example is provided for each configuration in L L . However, no attempt was made to show that the list of examples actually exhausted the possibilities for a half-space semigroup without radical. Another way of putting this problem is to determine when two different semigroups can have the same maximal group. In this paper we generalize Horne’s results, for a semigroup without zero, by showing that if S S is any locally compact semigroup in which L L is the boundary of G G , then S S is a half-space. Moreover, we are able to answer completely, for semigroups without radical and without a zero, the question posed above. It turns out that, with one addition (which we provide), Horne’s list of half-space semigroups without radical and without zero is complete.

An account has been given of observations made for over two years on the composition of the milk of the breeds of goat distributed throughout Great Britain. The average percentages of fat and solids-not-fat in the milk of the breeds, together with their standard errors, are recorded. The frequency with which evening and morning samples fell within specified limits of these constituents is indicated for each breed, and diagrammatically for all goats. Detailed analyses of the milk of each breed are given, with the maximum and minimum values encountered and the standard errors of the average figures. Comparison is made of the composition of the milk of the goat with that of the cow. The effect of stage of lactation on yield of milk and on percentages of fat and solids-not-fat are shown by means of curves. the effect of age on the yield and composition of milk is indicated. The average yields per lactation for each breed, based upon the records of animals officially recorded during the last ten years are noted.

The results discussed in this paper are based on the weights and composition of the excrements of eight pullets, fed for the periods stated on three rations, which differed only in the amounts of calcium and phosphorus supplied in various combinations. The total amounts of calcium and phosphorus supplied daily were approximately the same in all cases.The birds were 5 months old White Wyandottes, and increased considerably in weight during the experimental period. No eggs were laid, but Pullet No. 2 died of prolapsus of the oviduct, and was found to have seven nearly full-sized yolks and one unshelled egg in the oviduct.

An account has been given of the lipin, phytin and inorganic phosphorus, and of the protein and non-protein nitrogen present in the wheat plant, from seven weeks before ear emergence until the crop was harvestedThe percentages and amounts of phosphorus and nitrogen so combined, together with their distribution between straw and ear, have been discussed.Relationships between phytin phosphorus and protein nitrogen, and between lipin phosphorus and non-protein nitrogen, have been indicated.

1. An account has been given of the percentages of nutrients in the dry matter and weights of nutrients in tops, tubers and roots of potato plants throughout growth under six fertilizer treatments.2. Manurial treatment affected dry-matter content of tops but not of tubers.3. Balanced manuring, as represented by N2PK treatment, resulted in tubers in which nitrogen content of dry matter declined with age. The effect of the K was to lower the nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium contents, to increase chlorine content of all parts of the plant, and to maintain a much higher and more constant concentration of potassium in tops and roots. With unbalanced manuring the nitrogen content of the tubers was more constant.4. Manuring with nitrogen only raised the content of potassium in the dry matter of all parts of the plant.5. Nitrogenous manuring, whether alone or in combination, raised the nitrogen content of the dry matter of all parts of the plant, a smaller proportion of which was present as protein. Calcium and chlorine contents were lowered.6. Phosphate manuring in conjunction with nitrogen depressed the concentration of potash in the dry matter of all parts of the plant.7. N2P plants were the first to attain their maximum uptake of all nutrients, namely, about 7 weeks from appearance above ground, at which time N2PK plants had absorbed only 40% of the quantities finally noted.8. No losses of elements were observed in the plants which received balanced manuring (N2PK), but losses of calcium and chlorine occurred in all other plants, amounting on the average to 25 and 37% respectively, but being highest in N2P plants. A significant loss of potassium occurred in N2 plants and a highly suggestive loss of phosphorus occurred in N2P plants.

1. An account has been given of the composition and weights of nutrients in 3200 wheat plants from seven weeks before ear emergence until the crop was harvested. The distribution of the plant nutrients, and the rate of assimilation and translocation of these nutrients, have been discussed. 2. In the case of the whole plant, the percentage of nutrients in the dry matter decreased from the time of the first sampling, with the exception of silica, which had a tendency to remain constant throughout. In the case of the ear, diminution in the percentage of nutrients in the dry matter was observed from a fortnight after ear emergence until harvest. 3. Marked increases in the weights of all nutrients in the whole plant were noted until ear emergence, from then onwards assimilation was much slower. The plant attained its maximum quantities of the nutrients in the following order: potash seven weeks, lime and chlorine five weeks, nitrogen three weeks, carbon, phosphoric acid and silica two weeks, before harvest. Assimilation of these had, therefore, ceased at the above stated times, although transference to the ear proceeded until within about a week before harvest.