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According to an important analogy between knowledge and action, as proposed by Timothy Williamson, intention aims at (intentional) action just as belief aims at knowledge. This paper investigates the analogy and discusses three difficulties that it has to face. The key is to distinguish between two different norms of intention and to see that the knowledge-action analogy is concerned with one of them only, namely, the realization norm: one ought to intentionally act if one intends to act in a certain way. A modification will be proposed that replaces intention by correct intention, and some work will be done with the aim of uncovering a frame for how to properly understand the analogy and what it ultimately is grounded on, namely, the normativity of capacities that are in the business of generating various states (beliefs, intentions) and of realizing one’s correct intentions. Thus, a modified knowledge-action analogy will be vindicated in the end.

This paper defends the view that in a certain sense evidence is normative. Neither a bit of evidence nor the fact that it is evidence for a certain proposition is a normative fact, but it is still the case that evidence provides normative reason for belief. An argument for the main thesis will be presented. It will rely on evidentialist norms of belief and a Broomean conception of normative reasons. Two important objections will be discussed, one from A. Steglich-Petersen on whether having evidence is sufficient for having a normative reason for belief and another one from S. Street.

Radio positioning is an important part of joint communication and sensing in beyond 5G communication systems. Existing works mainly focus on the mmWave bands and under-utilize the sub-6 GHz bands, even though it is promising for accurate positioning, especially when the multipath is uncomplicated, and meaningful in several important use cases. In this paper, we analyze V2X sidelink positioning and propose a new performance bound that can predict the positioning performance in the presence of severe multipath. Simulation results using ray-tracing data demonstrate the possibility of sidelink positioning, and the efficacy of the new performance bound and its relation with the complexity of the multipath.

Being confronted with the alarming situation in countries like Iraq and Syria – areas shaped by war, of people having lost their homes and suffering from horrible experiences - TraumaAid has designed and conducted a training program, especially for health workers in refugee camps. Clearly the intervention would have to adjust to specific circumstances; it would need a method adapted to another language and culture, an approach that could be used in a not-yet-secure situation with an undetermined number of sessions with every client. Resilience is an important aspect enabling people who suffered from different traumata to resume an everyday life again. Resource installation is a basic technique in EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) which intensifies an integral awareness of individual resources for the client. As easy as this method may seem, a careful priming for its actual use is required. A profound understanding of how a traumatic experience affects body, thoughts and emotions is needed as background knowledge. Moreover qualified skills concerning the interaction with children are needed to be able to establish a trustful relationship in the first place. The following article describes a pilot project in Kurdistan / Northern Iraq - a training for psychologists, social workers and other mental health professionals working in different refugee camps. The aim was to provide the staff members with background knowledge of the dynamics of traumatization and teach them how to use resource installation in a responsible way to work with children, adolescents and their parents.

In The Rationality of Perception, Susanna Siegel defends the claim that beliefs can influence our perceptions. Faulty beliefs make our experiences irrational. This explains why the biases some people hold are so tenacious. The authors point out weaknesses in Siegel’s argument.

Optimal control of the exhaust aftertreatment components is an important aspect for minimizing pollutants. Nitrogen oxides are therefore monitored using amperometric gas sensors. However, they show marked cross-sensitivities to ammonia, which can be disadvantageous, e.g., if they are applied in NH3 selective catalytic reduction systems. In this study, a model that simulates the operation of a NOx sensor is developed. The three oxygen pumping cells and the upstream diffusion barriers were implemented in a 1D geometry, with the relevant electrode reactions taking place over its length. The diffusion barriers were calculated quasi-stationary. The dynamics of incoming gas components as a function of the exhaust mass flow were integrated with a first order linear time invariant system. The problem was calculated using the convection–diffusion equation. The reaction kinetics were determined based on stationary measurements in laboratory atmosphere, whereby initially only the reaction with respect to NO and NO2 was considered. Then, the cross-sensitivities to oxygen, water and ammonia were examined. The developed data set could then be used for transient boundary conditions. The simulated and the measured sensor signals in the case of engine test bench conditions with real driving cycles agree very well.

I would like to propose a demonstrative transparency model of our immediate, introspective self-knowledge of experiences. It is a model entirely in line with transparency. It rests on three elements: mental demonstration, the capacity to apply (non-mental) concepts to what is given in experience, and ordinary inference. The model avoids inner sense, acquaintance, and any special kind of normativity or rationality. The crucial and new ingredient is mental demonstration. By mental demonstration we can refer indexically to the contents of our own experiences in a unique way. This allows for the application of ordinary, non-mental concepts in order to arrive at a judgment about what it is that one is experiencing. In a transparent way one can then move inferentially to the self-ascription of an experience with such a content. I compare the demonstrative model with other accounts of introspective self-knowledge.

In a recent book (Tye 2017), Michael Tye argues that we have reason to attribute phenomenal consciousness to functionally similar robots like commander Data of Star Trek. He relies on a kind of inference to the best explanation – ‘Newton’s Rule’, as he calls it. I will argue that Tye’s liberal view of consciousness attribution fails for two reasons. First, it leads into an inconsistency in consciousness attributions. Second, and even more importantly, it fails because ceteris is not paribus. The big, categorical difference in history between Data-like robots on the one hand and human beings on the other hand defeats the ceteris paribus assumption, which can be seen by various considerations. So the inference rule cannot be applied. We should not attribute phenomenal consciousness to robots like Data.

Vehicular communications is not only a major opportunity to improve road safety and traffic efficiency but also a key enabler for connected and automated driving. The analysis of future automotive applications and their needs performed in the project 5G NetMobil has brought up various technical challenges that need to be solved in order to support advanced use cases such as High Density Truck Platooning. In this regard, we provide a description of several technical solutions developed within the project to respond to these arising communications demands in terms of reliability and latency. This includes a holistic E2E architecture comprising the concept of hybrid communications to achieve stringent reliability requirements, concepts for monitoring and controlling of QoS as well as network slicing and agile edge cloud concepts to shift parts of the vehicular functionality into the cloud. In addition to an overview of the activities within 5G NetMobil, this paper gives first interim results and insights.

This paper is concerned with the reconstruction of a core argument that can be extracted from Street’s ‘Darwinian Dilemma’ and that is intended to ‘debunk’ moral realism by appeal to evolution. The argument, which is best taken to have the form of an undermining defeater argument, fails, I argue. A simple, first formulation is rejected as a non sequitur, due to not distinguishing between the evolutionary process that influences moral attitudes and the cognitive system generating moral attitudes. Reformulations that respect the distinction and that could make the argument valid, however, bring in an implausible premise about an implication from evolutionary influence to unreliability. Crucially, perception provides a counterexample, and the fitness contribution of reliably accurate representation has to be taken into account. Then the moral realist can explain why and how evolution indirectly cares for the truth of moral attitudes. The one and only condition that has to be satisfied in order for this explanation to work is the sufficient epistemic accessibility of moral facts. As long as the moral facts are sufficiently reliably representable, one can see how evolution could favor getting it right about the moral facts. Interestingly, apart from this epistemic constraint no further constraint and, in particular, no objectivity constraint on what the moral facts have to be like can be derived. Thus, the only problem for the moral realist is to make good on epistemic access to moral facts—an old problem, not a new one.

Issues of dominance in the market place, “standards wars,” and “battles for dominance” between large companies are frequently addressed by researchers and the business press alike. The existence of companies that could establish internationally dominant solutions to customers' problems within a few years after their founding is quite unknown and the reasons for their success are hardly investigated so far. Therefore, they are not covered by traditional stage models for the establishment of dominant solutions. Presenting 22 cases and a new success factors model, this chapter shows how young companies can successfully establish their technologies as dominant solutions in the global market. Based on the studies' result, the authors then have a look at the groundbreaking IT invention of blockchain that is expected to disrupt many industries. The most prevalent success factors of the study are discussed along with the current blockchain innovation system. Their degree of significance for the success of international blockchain innovators is hypothesised for further empirical analyses.

The blockchain technology can be regarded as a groundbreaking invention with the potential to bring the digital revolution to the next stage by helping to realize peer economy solutions. The blockchain technology and the concept of blockchain immutability is discussed. The benefits of early standardization of the blockchain technology are argued based on the literature and the analysis of the central blockchain immutability characteristic. From this, a framework is proposed aimed at understanding the dimensions and boundaries of blockchain immutability. The resulting framework is suggested as a good practice standard for the implementation of blockchain systems. Based on these efforts, the article supports initiatives to better exploit the blockchain technology's full potential by standardization.

The paper is an investigation into the prospects of an epistemology of non-conceptual knowledge. According to the orthodox view, knowledge requires concepts and belief. I present several arguments to the effect that there is non-conceptual, non-doxastic knowledge, the obvious candidate for such knowledge being non-conceptual perception. Non-conceptual perception seems to be allowed for by cognitive scientists and it exhibits the central role features of knowledge�it plays the knowledge role: it respects an anti-luck condition, it is an achievement, it enables one to act for a reason, and it provides justification. Furthermore, it makes a straightforward and elegant explanation of (doxastic) perceptual knowledge possible: doxastic perceptual knowledge builds on non-conceptual perception as non-conceptual knowledge. Three objections that might naturally arise will be discussed and answered. Thus, the prospects of an epistemology without belief seem to be much better than the orthodoxy wants to have it. We can extend knowledge into the non-conceptual realm.

I will present a problem for any externalist evidentialism that allows for accidental possession of evidence. There are Gettier cases for justification. I will describe two such cases – cases involving veridical hallucination. An analysis of the cases is given, along the lines of (reliabilist) virtue epistemology (cf. Sosa, Greco). The cases show that certain externalist evidentialist accounts of justification do not provide sufficient conditions. The reason lies in the fact that one can be luckily in possession of evidence, and then one will not have a justified belief. Justified belief requires an anti-luck condition on possession of evidence. This opens up the prospects of a unified virtue-epistemology covering both knowledge and justification.

Fred Dretske’s account of mental causation, developed in Explaining Behavior and defended in numerous articles, is generally regarded as one of the most interesting and most ambitious approaches in the field. According to Dretske, meaning facts, construed historically as facts about the indicator functions of internal states, are the structuring causes of behavior. In this article, we argue that Dretske’s view is untenable: On closer examination, the real structuring causes of behavior turn out to be markedly different from Dretske’s meaning facts. Our argument proceeds in three steps. First, we set forth the problem of meaning individuation: We argue that the proposal that meaning facts are structuring causes of behavior commits Dretske to a very fine-grained individuation of meanings that is deeply counterintuitive. In a second step, we show that even these finely individuated meaning facts cannot do the job that they are supposed to do, since information facts—which are constitutive of, but distinct from Dretske’s meaning facts—are better candidates for the role of structuring causes. Finally, we argue that it is not even information facts, but facts of co-instantiation which are the real structuring causes of behavior. In concluding, we briefly consider the options that are left for Dretske if our arguments succeed.

Die Disease-Management-Programme (DMP) haben in Bayern eine bemerkenswerte Entwicklung gemacht. Anfangs noch empfunden als uberflussige, burokratische Anordnung der Staatsmedizin, entwickelten sie sich zu einem festen Bestandteil der hausarztlichen Versorgung. Die Verwaltung der DMP ist jetzt deutlich entschlackt und zu Tage tritt die Nutzung der DMP als Qualitatsmanagementprogramm. Der Artikel zeigt anhand von bayerischen Daten des DMP Diabetes mellitus, wie die Versorgung durch die Nutzung der Daten verbessert werden kann, wie die Schnittstellen zwischen koordinierendem Arzt und Schwerpunktarzt gefordert werden, wie bedarfsgerechte Fortbildungen geschaffen werden und wie regionale Unterschiede analysiert werden konnen. Wesentliche Voraussetzung hierfur ist ein partnerschaftliches Vorgehen von allen Beteiligten, das darauf abzielt, die Arzte in der Versorgung der Patienten optimal zu unterstutzen.

Der Alltagsverstand kennt Tatsachen – manchmal auch ›Fakten‹ genannt. Wir sprechen von Tatsachen und denken so etwas wie: »Es ist eine Tatsache, dass es auf dem Mond kein Leben gibt, und diese Tatsache ist bedauerlich.« Oder: »Die Tatsache, dass es im Haus brannte, war der Grund dafur, dass Derek aus dem Fenster sprang.

I distinguish between three kinds of reliabilism for epistemic justification, namely, pure reliabilism, evidential reliabilism, and reasons reliabilism, and I argue for reasons reliabilism. Pure reliabilism and evidential reliabilism are plagued, most importantly, by the generality problem, and they cannot deal adequately with defeater phenomena. One can avoid these problems only by jettisoning the idea of process reliability. The truth connection – which is essential for any kind of reliabilism – has to be provided in an altogether different way, namely, by means of facts in the world which serve as objective reasons (or evidence). So, as reasons reliabilism says, a justified belief has to be anchored in an objective reason which speaks in favor of its truth. Only in this way can intuitions about defeaters be preserved and explained. And reasons reliabilism can avoid the generality problem.

Pour les auteurs de la modernité littéraire, la Méditerranée est au centre d’une réflexion sur la conscience européenne au moment où celle-ci connaît une crise radicale sous l’effet des modernisations forcenées, du colonialisme et des guerres de la première moitié du XXe siècle. Cependant, la Méditerranée qu’ils décrivent ne figure plus comme civilisation modèle, ou du moins pas sans réserve, et ils n’en font pas non plus le centre d’une société planétaire globale. Ils dressent en effet une dernière fois l’inventaire culturel de la Méditerranée et se détachent, chacun à sa manière, de la conception normative d’un classicisme et d’un humanisme dont le Sud serait seul détenteur. Néanmoins, si la modernité littéraire remet radicalement en question l’héritage méditerranéen et réorganise la géographie culturelle de la Méditerranée, la relation au Sud constitue toujours un des éléments déterminants pour penser l’Europe. Le présent article conceptualise cette relation comme une confrontation avec un centre vide. Per gli autori della modernità letteraria, il Mediterraneo è al centro di una riflessione sulla coscienza europea nel momento in cui essa è vittima di una crisi radicale sotto l’effetto della modernizzazione forsennata, del colonialismo e delle guerre della prima metà del Novecento. Tuttavia, il Mediterraneo che questi autori descrivono non è più figura di un modello di civilizzazione, o quantomeno non senza riserve, e non ne fanno più il centro di una società planetaria globale. In effetti, essi elaborano un’ultima volta l’inventario culturale del Mediterraneo e si staccano, ognuno a modo suo, dalla concezione normativa di un classicismo e di un umanismo dei quali solo il sud è l’ultimo detentore. Nondimeno, se la modernità letteraria rimette radicalmente in questione l’eredità mediterranea e riordina la geografia culturale del Mediterraneo, la relazione con il sud costituisce sempre uno degli elementi decisivi per pensare l’Europa. Il presente articolo concepisce questa relazione come un confronto con il centro vuoto.

The stress distribution in a pressurized elastomer confined by a hollow cylinder is of interest in various applications of material testing and manufacturing. A relatively accurate closed form solution for the pressure distribution inside an elastomer confined by a rigid hollow cylinder was presented by Yu et al. (2001) . But in many practical applications the assumption of a rigid hollow cylinder is not appropriate, because the cylinder deformations have a significant influence on the stresses inside the elastomer. Thus in this paper a solution for an elastomer confined by a deformable hollow cylinder is derived. Both axial and radial deformations of the hollow cylinder are taken into account, while the bending stiffness of the cylinder wall is neglected, i.e. the cylinder wall is treated according to the membrane theory. The accuracy of the proposed closed form solution is verified by a parametric finite element simulation.

Creativity, the activity to construct something new and useful, is an elementary aspect of life. This article advocates the position that creative elements are also present in counselling and psychotherapy. Creativity can be found in relational, behavioural, cognitive, psychodynamic, systemic and existential approaches to counselling and psychotherapy. It is shown that the shaping of the therapeutic relationship as the basis of every successful counselling or psychotherapeutic process is a creative challenge. On the cognitive–behavioural level, creativity also plays an important role in developing and implementing new perspectives and behaviours. Psychodynamically, the verbalization of emotions and unconscious wishes and conflicts can also be considered as a creative task. Finally, on an existential level, counselling and psychotherapy appear as a means to form novel and useful constructions of reality. Recognizing and utilizing creative resources of counselling and psychotherapy correspond to a ‘creative...

Q: How do students on your campus generally feel about going for counseling? How common is counseling or therapy in your country? A:Despite our efforts to provide low-threshold psychological help, ...

In this report we present a method to identify functional artificial lantipeptides. In vitro translation coupled with an enzyme-free protocol for posttranslational modification allows preparation of more than 10(11) different lanthionine containing peptides. This diversity can be searched for functional molecules using mRNA-lantipeptide display. We validated this approach by isolating binders toward Sortase A, a transamidase which is required for virulence of Staphylococcus aureus. The interaction of selected lantipeptides with Sortase A is highly dependent on the presence of a (2S,6R)-lanthionine in the peptide and an active conformation of the protein.