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1. Hardware and software architecture of the upgraded H.E.S.S. cameras

Author

Francois Brun, A. Kretzschmann, P. Manigot, Mathieu de Naurois, Jean-Philippe Lenain, Kleopas Shiningayamwe, David Salek, Eric Delagnes, Marek Penno, G. Fontaine, A. Balzer, S. Bonnefoy, Thomas Schwab, Berrie Giebels, Stefan Klepser, Marko Kossatz, Thomas Chaminade, V. Lefranc, Emmanuel Moulin, Terry Ashton, Iryna Lypova, David Berge, Stefan Ohm, J. Thornhill, Jean-Francois Glicenstein, Albert Jahnke, Jim Hinton, D. Ross, Michael Backes, Constantin Steppa, Markus Schade, Vincent Marandon, Tobias Gräber, H. Leich, Gianluca Giavitto, Francois Toussnel, P. Nayman, H. Lüdecke, C. Stegmann, Matthias Fuessling, Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet (LLR), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE (UMR_7585)), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CEA/DSM Centre de Saclay (CEA/DSM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Département de Physique des Particules (ex SPP) (DPP), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Collège de France (CdF), Département de Physique Nucléaire (ex SPhN) (DPHN), Département de Physique des Particules (ex SPP) (DPhP), Collège de France (CdF (institution)), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)

Subjects
Ethernet, Astrophysics and Astronomy, Computer science, FOS: Physical sciences, Integrated circuit, programming, law.invention, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Software, law, HESS, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], Electronics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), activity report, Flexibility (engineering), business.industry, hep-ex, integrated circuit, Modular design, electronics: communications, detector: upgrade, Upgrade, Cherenkov counter, electronics: readout, upgrade, control system, business, Software architecture, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Computer hardware, Particle Physics - Experiment, astro-ph.IM, electronics: design
Abstract

In 2015/16, the photomultiplier cameras of the H.E.S.S. Cherenkov telescopes CT1-4 have undergone a major upgrade. The entire electronics has been replaced, using NECTAr chips for the front-end readout. A new ventilation system has been installed and several auxiliary components have been replaced. Besides this, the internal control and readout software was rewritten from scratch in a modern and modular way. Ethernet technology was used wherever possible to ensure both flexibility, stability and high bandwidth. An overview of the installed components will be given. In 2015/16, the photomultiplier cameras of the H.E.S.S. Cherenkov telescopes CT1-4 have undergone a major upgrade. The entire electronics has been replaced, using NECTAr chips for the front-end readout. A new ventilation system has been installed and several auxiliary components have been replaced. Besides this, the internal control and readout software was rewritten from scratch in a modern and modular way. Ethernet technology was used wherever possible to ensure both flexibility, stability and high bandwidth. An overview of the installed components will be given.

Published
2017
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2. A Major Upgrade of the H.E.S.S. Cherenkov Cameras

Author

P. Manigot, Constantin Steppa, Vincent Marandon, V. Lefranc, Marek Penno, Mathieu de Naurois, Terry Ashton, Francois Toussnel, Rachel Simoni, David Salek, P. Nayman, Thomas Chaminade, Albert Jahnke, Iryna Lypova, H. Lüdecke, C. Stegmann, Markus Schade, Stefan Ohm, H. Leich, M. Füßling, D. Ross, S. Klepser, Eric Delagnes, A. Kretzschmann, Thomas Schwab, B. Giebels, Jim Hinton, Marko Kossatz, J. Thornhill, Jean-Francois Glicenstein, Gianluca Giavitto, Emmanuel Moulin, Tobias Gräber, Francois Brun, G. Fontaine, A. Balzer, David Berge, Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet (LLR), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE (UMR_7585)), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), and Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)

Subjects
Computer science, data acquisition, QC1-999, Integrated circuit, Cherenkov counter: atmosphere, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, programming, law.invention, Telescope, Data acquisition, law, Observatory, HESS, 0103 physical sciences, High Energy Stereoscopic System, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Cherenkov radiation, detector: design, activity report, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Physics, integrated circuit, Cherenkov Telescope Array, Engineering physics, Upgrade, electronics: readout, upgrade, control system, business, Computer hardware, performance
Abstract

International audience; The High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) is an array of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs) located in Namibia. It was built to detect Very High Energy (VHE, >100 GeV) cosmic gamma rays, and consists of four 12 m diameter Cherenkov telescopes (CT1-4), built in 2003, and a larger 28 m telescope (CT5), built in 2012. The larger mirror surface of CT5 permits to lower the energy threshold of the array down to 30 GeV. The cameras of CT1-4 are currently undergoing an extensive upgrade, with the goals of reducing their failure rate, reducing their readout dead time and improving the overall performance of the array. The entire camera electronics has been renewed from ground-up, as well as the power, ventilation and pneumatics systems, and the control and data acquisition software. Technical solutions forseen for the next-generation Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) observatory have been introduced, most notably the readout is based on the NECTAr analog memory chip. The camera control subsystems and the control software framework also pursue an innovative design, increasing the camera performance, robustness and flexibility. The CT1 camera has been upgraded in July 2015 and is currently taking data; CT2-4 will upgraded in Fall 2016. Together they will assure continuous operation of H.E.S.S at its full sensitivity until and possibly beyond the advent of CTA. This contribution describes the design, the testing and the in-lab and on-site performance of all components of the newly upgraded H.E.S.S. camera.

Published
2017
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3. Performance of the upgraded H.E.S.S. cameras

Author

Marko Kossatz, Berrie Giebels, Vincent Marandon, Francois Brun, Mathieu de Naurois, Stefan Klepser, Stefan Ohm, P. Manigot, J. Thornhill, H. Leich, Jean-Philippe Lenain, Terry Ashton, Albert Jahnke, Emmanuel Moulin, Iryna Lypova, David Berge, Markus Schade, Gianluca Giavitto, D. Ross, Marek Penno, Jean-Francois Glicenstein, Michael Backes, Kleopas Shiningayamwe, Thomas Chaminade, Thomas Schwab, A. Kretzschmann, Jim Hinton, S. Bonnefoy, V. Lefranc, C. Stegmann, Constantin Steppa, Tobias Gräber, Eric Delagnes, Francois Toussnel, P. Nayman, H. Lüdecke, Matthias Fuessling, David Salek, G. Fontaine, A. Balzer, Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet (LLR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE (UMR_7585)), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Calibration (statistics), Computer science, Real-time computing, FOS: Physical sciences, Dead time, calibration, 01 natural sciences, detector: upgrade, System failure, HESS, 0103 physical sciences, Overall performance, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], 010306 general physics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), activity report, performance
Abstract

International audience; The 14 years old cameras of the H.E.S.S. 12-m telescopes have been upgraded in 2015/2016, with the goals of reducing the system failure rate, reducing the dead time and improving the overall performance of the array. This conference contribution describes the various tests that were carried out on the cameras and their sub-components both in the lab and on site. It also gives an overview of the commissioning and calibration procedures adopted during and after the installation, including e.g. flat-fielding and trigger threshold scans. Finally, it reports in detail about the overall performance of the four new H.E.S.S-I cameras, using very recent data.

Published
2017
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4. The upgrade of the H.E.S.S. cameras

Author

Marko Kossatz, Francois Toussnel, M. Füßling, Marek Penno, Markus Schade, Thomas Chaminade, Albert Jahnke, J. Thornhill, C. Stegmann, P. Manigot, Rachel Simoni, P. Nayman, Stefan Ohm, Constantin Steppa, Francois Brun, Jim Hinton, H. Leich, Stefan Klepser, Terry Ashton, Emmanuel Moulin, Vincent Marandon, Mathieu de Naurois, Gianluca Giavitto, Jean-Francois Glicenstein, V. Lefranc, H. Lüdecke, Iryna Lypova, Eric Delagnes, D. Ross, Thomas Schwab, D. Salek, David Berge, A. Kretzschmann, Tobias Gräber, G. Fontaine, A. Balzer, B. Giebels, Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet (LLR), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE (UMR_7585)), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron [Zeuthen] (DESY), Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, University of Leicester, Gravitation AstroParticle Physics Amsterdam (GRAPPA), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Computer and Information Sciences [Univ Strathclyde], University of Strathclyde [Glasgow], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), and Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)

Subjects
detector: technology, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, NECTAr chip, Engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, data acquisition, Continuous operation, engineering, IACT, programming, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Telescope, Optics, Data acquisition, Software, Observatory, law, Robustness (computer science), HESS, 0103 physical sciences, ddc:530, High Energy Stereoscopic System, Cherenkov counter: imaging, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Field-programmable gate array, Instrumentation, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Cherenkov radiation, activity report, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, PMT readout, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, HESS upgrade, Dead time, Cherenkov Telescope Array, Chip, detector: upgrade, Upgrade, electronics: readout, photon: detector, control system, Atmospheric Imaging Cherenkov Telescopes, business, performance, Computer hardware
Abstract

International audience; The High Energy Stereoscopic System (HESS) is an array of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs) located in the Khomas highland in Namibia. It was built to detect Very High Energy (VHE >100GeV ) cosmic gamma rays. Since 2003, HESS has discovered the majority of the known astrophysical VHE gamma-ray sources, opening a new observational window on the extreme non-thermal processes at work in our universe. HESS consists of four 12-m diameter Cherenkov telescopes (CT1–4), which started data taking in 2002, and a larger 28-m telescope (CT5), built in 2012, which lowers the energy threshold of the array to 30GeV . The cameras of CT1–4 are currently undergoing an extensive upgrade, with the goals of reducing their failure rate, reducing their readout dead time and improving the overall performance of the array. The entire camera electronics has been renewed from ground-up, as well as the power, ventilation and pneumatics systems, and the control and data acquisition software. Only the PMTs and their HV supplies have been kept from the original cameras. Novel technical solutions have been introduced, which will find their way into some of the Cherenkov cameras foreseen for the next-generation Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) observatory. In particular, the camera readout system is the first large-scale system based on the analog memory chip NECTAr, which was designed for CTA cameras. The camera control subsystems and the control software framework also pursue an innovative design, exploiting cutting-edge hardware and software solutions which excel in performance, robustness and flexibility. The CT1 camera has been upgraded in July 2015 and is currently taking data; CT2-4 have been upgraded in fall 2016. Together they will assure continuous operation of HESS at its full sensitivity until and possibly beyond the advent of CTA. This contribution describes the design, the testing and the in-lab and on-site performance of all components of the newly upgraded HESS camera.

Published
2016
Full Text
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