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In the globalized maritime transport sector, with its preponderance of open registries, the controls implemented by the Port State Control should be rigorous but equitable. In this article, we present both stakeholder perceptions of these inspections (based on a questionnaire to which 343 people responded) and a descriptive analysis of real data, using information obtained from European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA), the Paris Memorandum of Understanding (Paris MoU) and other regional and national databases. The homogeneity of results was evaluated by country, port and inspector profile based on certain indicators that we developed over the course of our work. The results show significant differences in the number of ships detained and deficiencies found at each port, including within the same maritime administration of the Paris MoU.

Port state control inspections implemented under the Paris Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) have become known as one of the best instruments for maritime administrations in European Union (EU) Member States to ensure that the ships docked in their ports comply with all maritime safety requirements. This paper focuses on the analysis of all inspections made between 2013 and 2018 in the top ten EU ports incorporated in the Paris MoU (17,880 inspections). The methodology consists of a multivariate statistical information system (STATIS) analysis using the inspected ship's characteristics as explanatory variables. The variables used describe both the inspected ships (classification society, flag, age and gross tonnage) and the inspection (type of inspection and number of deficiencies), yielding a dataset with more than 600,000 elements in the data matrix. The most important results are that the classifications obtained match the performance lists published annually by the Paris MoU and the classification societies. Therefore, the approach is a potentially valid classification method and would then be useful to maritime authorities as an additional indicator of a ship's risk profile to decide inspection priorities and as a tool to measure the evolution in the risk profile of the flag over time., This research was funded by University of Cadiz.

The objective of this document is to make clear the importance of simplifying the transit of pleasure boats and their skippers safely in the European territory with the foreseeable improvement of the functioning of the internal market. In many European countries recreational skippers are required to have specific training and experience in order to demonstrate their maritime competence. These licenses for navigation allow a recreational vessel to be skippered in each national territory. One of the main objectives of these qualifications is to reduce the number of accidents in recreational boating. Generally speaking, in the European Union, as regards the requirements for the management of pleasure craft, both private and professional, the requirements are very different depending on the member state.

After almost a decade of intensive regulatory activities focused on ship-recycling around the world, special reference is made to combating the problems of ship dismantling practices on the shores of Southern Asian countries. “The Hong Kong International Convention” was adopted in 2009, to provide a uniform shipbreaking management approach. However, in globalised maritime transport, with the majority of shipowners using Open Registries, the European Union has prepared a common approach considering the implementation of a new legal framework. Regulation 1257/2013 implemented by the EU on ship-recycling should be more rigorous than those in the rest of the world. In this article, stakeholder perceptions of this Regulation are presented, based on an online survey. The results show significantly different perceptions in the ship-recycling industry regarding the developing ship-recycling measures within the EU.

The State-owned Spanish Port System (SPS) includes 46 ports for general use that are managed by the 28 port authorities distributed along the 8000 km of Spanish coast. SPS has not grown at a rate comparable to that of international maritime transportation. In our paper, we start from the hypothesis of a port system that appears to be oversized, subsidized, with regard to container traffic. Quantifying the maximum operational capacity of the different container terminals along the Spanish coast and their mooring capacities will provide the available dimensions for this type of traffic. In a second step, we will analyse whether SPS are sufficient (according to the perspective of international standards) to meet Spain’s needs, which is related to Spain’s strategic geographic location and its need to move containerized cargo for the domestic market. The paper concludes SPS has an oversized that limits competitiveness, which is indicated by the average transshipment ratio of approximately 50% and an av...

Estimation of Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) is vital for departments of transportation (DOTs) work because AADT provides the basic information for planning new road construction, determination of roadway geometry, traffic control needs, congestion management strategies and safety considerations. AADT is used to determine state wide vehicle miles travelled on all roads and are used by transportation agencies to determine compliance with federal and state rules and regulations. DOTs spend heavily to collect traffic counts on state roads, but mostly traffic counts are not available for off-system, or low volume roads. Often estimates rely on a comparison with roads that are subjectively considered to be similar. Such comparisons are inherently subject to large errors, and also may not be repeated often enough to remain current. Therefore, a better method is needed for estimating AADT for off-system roads. This research developed a technique to estimate AADT for local roads in Alabama incorporating various facets from previous studies. A model has been developed using linear regression using known AADTs and collection of socio-economic and location variables as a means to estimate the AADT. The model relied upon five independent variables: nearby population, number of households in the area, employment in the area, population to job ratio and access to major roads. The model was used to generate AADT estimates on low-volume rural, local roads for 12 counties in Alabama. The model was developed using 70 percent of the collected data and validate to the remaining 30 percent of the data. Consistent with the recent literature on AADT estimation, a log transformation was attempted to determine if any improvements were determined. The paper concludes that a straight linear regression model can be used to predict the AADT for low-volumes roadways in Alabama for future applications.

The Panama Ship Registry has its origins in the year 1917. Nowadays, Panama has the largest vessel registry in the world. The second placed registry in the world ranking is Liberia, which does not have even half the number of Panamanian ships. In this Centennial, the aim of this paper is to analyse the evolution of the Panamanian Registry, the structure of the Panamanian-flagged fleet and the level of compliance with international standards in relation to maritime safety and working conditions. To undertake the analysis, two different qualitative and quantitative approaches are compared and integrated for the evaluation of the Panama Ship Registry: the degree of ratification and enforcement of the Conventions and Recommendations of the International Maritime Organization and International Labour Organization, and the results of Panamanian flagged vessels in inspections carried out within the major Port State Control Memoranda of Understanding. This paper fills a research gap by discussing an approach to the concept of flag of convenience and flag State, Panama is more an international registry, whose role is becoming less important from the points of view of safety or working conditions. The fleet performance evolution has been very positive as evidenced by the data presented in this article regarding Port State Control.

Full-scale globalisation of trade has been accompanied by a progressive liberalisation of maritime transport. The proliferation of open registries has created a situation in which Port State Control (PSC) has become much more effective than the feeble or non-existent control exercised by those States. This study has been conducted on the influence of the professional profile of inspectors on inspection results. The objective of our paper was to evaluate the impact of PSC inspectors’ professional profile by conducting a case study of the Spanish Maritime Administration. The paper concludes with a discussion of the correlation between deficiencies detected and professional profiles.

This paper reviews existing levels of heavy metals and other compounds which are toxic for human health and the environment in the waters of the Bay of Cadiz. It addresses the impact of the ship-dismantling activity by analysing and discussing the data provided by the Andalusian Regional Government’s Sampling Network, stressing some of the compounds which are susceptible of being present at the time of the breaking up of a ship or vessel. We have compared the available official information with other studies of reference in the area, in addition with those related to the world’s largest ship-breaking facilities. Compared to baseline studies, the results for pollutant concentrations in the study area do not show significant indexes, which suggests it is necessary to carry out in-depth studies in the proposed area. Finally, we make a series of recommendations about the needs and sustainability priorities in the ship-recycling industry. El presente documento revisa los niveles existentes de metales pesados y otros compuestos tóxicos para la salud y el medio ambiente en las aguas de la bahía de Cádiz. En el mismo, se aborda el impacto de la actividad del desguace de buques mediante el estudio de los datos aportados por la Red de muestreo de la Junta de Andalucía y una discusión de los mismos, haciendo hincapié en algunos de los compuestos que son susceptibles de estar presentes en el momento del desmantelamiento de un buque o embarcación. La información oficial disponible es analizada y comparada con otros estudios de referencia en el área, además de los relacionados con las grandes instalaciones mundiales. En comparación con los estudios de referencia, los resultados de concentraciones de contaminantes en el área de estudio no muestran unos índices significativos, lo cual nos hace pensar sobre la necesidad de realizar estudios de mayor profundidad en el área propuesta. Por último, el estudio propone una serie de recomendaciones sobre las necesidades y las prioridades de la sostenibilidad en el reciclado de buques. O presente trabalho analisa os níveis existentes de metais pesados e outros compostos tóxicos para a saúde e o ambiente nas águas da baía de Cádis. No mesmo, aborda-se o impacto da ativada de desmantelamento de navios através do estudo e discussão dos dados fornecidos pela rede de amostragem da Junta da Andaluzia, focando em alguns compostos que são suscetíveis de estar presentes no momento do desmantelamento de um navio ou embarcação. A informação oficial disponível é analisada e comparada com outros estudos de referência na área, para além dos relacionados com grandes estaleiros mundiais. Em comparação com os estudos de referência, os resultados de concentrações de contaminantes na área em estudo não apresentam índices significativos, o que leva a refletir na necessidade da realização de estudos mais aprofundados sobre esta temática. Por último, o estudo propõe uma série de recomendações sobre as necessidades e as prioridades da sustentabilidade na reciclagem de navios.

Although in the great majority of States, the inspection and certification of vessels are provided as public services, the Classification Societies continue being an essential element in maritime traffic, since the official inspections and certifications generally do not take into consideration certain structural aspects or details of vessels. The starting point is an analysis of the role of the Classification Societies on the global and local scale; a case study in a medium-size port of the European Union, the Port of the Bay of Cadiz, is presented. For the case study, an analysis has been made of 507 vessels between the years 2002 and 2008. From the statistical results, it is concluded that there tends to be a direct relationship between the age of the vessel and its classification by a particular type of Society, both with respect to the profiles of risk and to whether the society is a member of the International Association of Classification Societies. The same occurs with respect to the number of day...

Resumen. El Convenio sobre el trabajo maritimo, 2006, que entrara en vigor en agosto de 2013, unifica normas adoptadas por la OIT desde 1920. Constituye el «cuarto pilar» del regimen de reglamentacion maritima internacional, junto con tres convenios de la OMI sobre seguridad y control de la contaminacion en el mar. Segun los autores, el reto consistira en hacerlo cumplir dentro de los marcos actuales de inspeccion por el Estado rector del puerto y por el Estado del pabellon. Tecnicamente, la responsabilidad recae en el segundo, pero dada la proliferacion de pabellones de conveniencia, el papel del primero resultara crucial, al igual que la formacion de los inspectores.

Resume. La convention du travail maritime, 2006, qui entrera en vigueur le 20 aout 2013, regroupe des dizaines de normes de l'OIT adoptees depuis les annees 1920. Elle a ete decrite comme le «quatrieme pilier» de la reglementation internationale maritime, aux cotes de trois grandes conventions de l'OMI sur la securite en mer et la prevention de la pollution marine. Selon les auteurs, le defi consistera a l'appliquer au moyen des mecanismes reglementaires existants, soit la mise en œuvre par l'Etat du pavillon et le controle par l'Etat du port. Techniquement, la responsabilite repose sur les premiers, mais la proliferation des pavillons de complaisance donne a penser que ces derniers joueront egalement un role crucial, tout comme, dans ces deux cas, la formation des inspecteurs.

The Maritime Labour Convention, 2006, which takes effect on 20 Au- gust 2013, consolidates dozens of ILO standards adopted since the 1920s. It has been described as the "fourth pillar" of the international maritime regulatory re- gime, alongside three major IMO Conventions on safety at sea and marine pol- lution control. The challenge, the authors argue, will be to enforce it within the existing inspection frameworks of flag State implementation and "port State con- trol". Technically, the responsibility rests on the former, but the proliferation of flags of convenience suggests that the latter will have a crucial part to play too, as will, in either case, inspector training.

The starting point is an analysis of the evolution of recruitment of crews in the maritime traffic on the global and local scale; a case study in a medium-size port of the European Union, the Port of the Bay of Cadiz, is presented. The evolution of the Open Registries and the phenomenon of the globalization of crewing have been studied from the information provided in the databases of consultants and international bodies. For the case study an analysis has been made of 507 vessels that docked in the port of Cadiz between the years 2002 and 2008. From this analysis, it is concluded both globally and locally that market is evolving rapidly. The question of finding suitable crews is not only economic: sometimes the reasons for these ‘‘substitutions’’ are directly related to the demands in terms of working hours or civilized conditions of accommodation and food. Multiculturality is therefore a general feature of crews today; language is a key determinant of this phenomenon. The implication behind this trend is that the profession of ‘seaman’ in the OECD countries is becoming less attractive from the point of view of personal and even professional life. The human decapitalization of maritime personnel is also a strategic problem in the provision of specialized seamen for tasks of the Maritime Administration and PSC Inspection, together with the progressive aging of the existing crews. & 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

During the past 5 years researchers from the University of Cadiz have carried out several studies on artisanal fishing in Andalusia, with the object of determining the state of the fleet and safety on board vessels. These studies have been financed largely with help from the European Union. In this third approach to the topic, the census of the fleet is updated and the changes that have taken place are considered from two perspectives: the influence of the policies implemented by the various governmental authorities, and the dynamic of the new commercial scenarios. For this study special emphasis is given to those communities in the SW of the province of Cadiz where the policies associated with the Treaties with the Kingdom of Morocco have had a decisive impact.

The safety management systems applied at the international level in merchant vessels do not have their equivalent in the vessels dedicated to fishing, and much less to the most numerous sub-sector, artisanal fishing. The article presented here is based on the results of a research project conducted to assess the degree of safety existing in the artisanal fishing fleet of Andalusia, in SW Spain. It offers a set of proposals aimed at improving safety by the production and application of check-lists, as stated in the initial objectives of the project. We therefore present a series of specific working instruments for the detection and correction of the various risks that are frequently faced in the artisanal fisheries sector; these instruments have, in fact, already been applied by the Regional Authorities in the form of risk assessment models, which we present here.

Andalusia, Spain, has an important tradition in the fishing industry that makes it one of the areas of the European Union where fisheries policies have a great significance for the population. In order to analyse the sector, a total number of boats to be surveyed was set at 10% of the total population: 202 boats of the total of 2027 in the census. The sample was distributed among the four fishing techniques and gear. This paper deals comprehensively with the so-called "artisanal fleet", with the aim of presenting a new approach in the policies for reducing the risk in this important fisheries sector. We discuss relevant issues related to fishing vessel safety according to the typology of the vessel. The specific risks are summarized. In each type of fishing various specific tasks have to be performed that entail characteristic kinds of risk. The paper concludes that specific risks presented in this study could contribute to maritime safety. Policy implications: policies that reduce specific risks will be effective in reducing fisherman injuries. The present study is part of the presentation of results of the research project financed by the Regional Government on the state of Safety of the artisanal or craft fishing fleet, analyzing, in this case, the typical occupational risks entailed in the fishing activity. Policymakers should find the results of this study useful in developing regulation and enforcement mechanisms for reducing fishing vessel injuries and total losses. Language: en

In an earlier paper, we presented a statistical study dealing comprehensively with the so-called “artisanal fleet”, with data on the typology of vessels and on the extractive effort. In this paper, we focus our research on safety and working conditions. Although numerous factors are known that can directly influence the health of the sailor or fisherman, and that are present one way or another in both the fishing and merchant fleets, it is necessary to address in particular the problem of coastal fishermens’ health in order to identify areas of health and safety that need to be improved. The results of this analysis, among other aspects, identify the injuries associated with machinery, tools, nets and protection devices, the health status, the life styles and the working conditions.

This article is intended as a contribution to safety and health in small-scale/artisanal fishing in the autonomous region of Andalusia, Spain. Training is examined as a key element for reducing risks and therefore the serious number of accidents that occur in the fishery work sector as one of those that is statistically reflected as such and discusses the international and Spanish regulations. The case study focuses on the use of safety equipment in this fishing fleet and highlights the improper use of safety equipment and lack of a health and safety culture. Training is examined as a key element in promoting health and safety awareness in this group.

Andalusia is a region of Spain with an area of some 90,000 km2 and almost 900 km length of coastline. It has an important tradition in the fishing industry that makes it one of the areas of the European Union where fisheries policies have a great significance for the population. The present statistical study deals comprehensively with the so-called “artisanal fleet”, especially in respect of data on the typology of vessels (construction particulars) and on the extractive effort made (distances and depths where they fish, duration of fishing voyages, the fishing gear used and target species), with the aim of presenting a new approach in the policies for regulating this important fisheries sector.

This review discusses the historical evolution of nautical education in Spain. In the Modern Age there are two distinct phases in the technical training of seafarers: Medieval guild, usually host under a religious patronage, formed as confraternities of tradesmen, a character maintained for the first two centuries of the West Indies Fleet; and a later stage, which we call institutional phase, coincident in time with the Age of Enlightenment. In the nineteenth century these teachings became competition to the Commerce Consulate, and finally, in the twentieth century Nautical schools are integrated within the Spanish universities as higher technical education., La presente revisión histórica aborda la evolución de las enseñanzas náuticas en España. En la Edad Moderna existen dos fases bien diferenciadas en la formación del marino: una de carácter gremial, acogida normalmente a un patronato religioso, al estilo de las enseñanzas de los oficios más técnicos, como así ocurría en la Edad Media, y que permanece durante los dos primeros siglos de la Carrera de Indias; y una posterior fase, que llamaremos institucional, coincidente en el tiempo con las reformas ilustradas. Ya en el siglo XIX se produce la incorporación de estas enseñanzas a los Consulados de Comercio, para finalizar en el siglo XX con la integración como enseñanzas técnicas superiores en el seno de las universidades españolas.

BACKGROUND: The conditions of work in the fisheries sector are arduous with high rates of occupational accidents. Numerous factors are known that can directly influence the health of the sailor or fisherman both in fishing and merchant fleets. AIM: To evaluate the health status, safety and working conditions in the Andalusian fishing sector. METHODS: Cross-sectional questionnaire study with proportional sampling of the health and lifestyles of fishery workers in 19 of the 23 Andalusian ports. RESULTS: A total of 247 workers employed on 202 craft fishing boats responded. In all 87% of workers reported a current medical condition. The main problems reported were musculoskeletal disorders, respiratory diseases, diseases of the digestive system, eye problems and skin problems. A total of 72% reported taking some self-prescribed medication, and 60% of fishery workers smoked. Nine per cent of fishery workers admitted taking illicit drugs and 3% reported using illicit drugs on board. Diets on board were poorly balanced. While on board, 62% of crews reported a subjective significant worsening of previous health. The lifetime prevalence of accidents was 76%. CONCLUSIONS: Fishery workers had a high prevalence of self-reported medical problems, a high prevalence of self-medication, poor diets and frequently smoked. Self-medication and some medical conditions (diabetes, angina and depression) may reflect a potential failing of health checks and pre-employment checks. National health services and insurance companies dealing with occupational health should focus more on appropriate health checks, illness prevention and health promotion activities for this population. Language: en

Herramienta de interés para el control y la gestión de pesquerías, The regulation of minimum legal size(MLS) of catches is a tool widely applied in the management of fisheries resources, although the MLS does not always coincide with the length at first maturit(LFM). The optimization of this management tool requires a series of quality control in fish markets and transportation. A software application has been developed to make the control of the landings of several target species easier and faster. In order to test and make this tool operational,six species of commercial interest were selected: four species of fish hand two species of bivalves. It is proposed to estimate the proportion of illegal specimens in the studied lot from the proportion of illegal individuals found in the samples taken from this lot.The input data for the application are the minimum legal size(MLS) of the species and the total length(TL)of each specimen sampled. The out put data is a statistical summary of the percentage of specimens of size less than the legal minimum(TL

La introduccion del vapor en el sistema colonial espanol de comunicaciones maritimas: 1848-1850