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La pandemia por COVID-19 ha generado diversos cambios en las conductas relacionadas con la salud de las personas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue examinar el cambio percibido en las conductas saludables y en la salud general en adultos mexicanos de 18 a 60 años de edad durante la emergencia sanitaria; y determinar las características sociodemográficas, de salud y psicosociales relacionadas. Un total de 568 participantes completaron un cuestionario en línea. Se describen la mejoría/aumento o empeoramiento/disminución de la salud general y seis conductas: calidad de la dieta, actividad física, calidad del sueño, sedentarismo y consumo de alcohol y tabaco; se ejecutaron modelos de regresión logística multinomial para evaluar su relación con las características sociodemográficas, de salud y psicosociales. La mayoría de los participantes reportó que la calidad de su dieta, sueño y salud general eran iguales o muy similares que antes de la pandemia, que habían disminuido su actividad física y el consumo de tabaco y alcohol, y que había aumentado su sedentarismo. Los cambios en las conductas se relacionaron con el sexo, edad, escolaridad, ocupación, dificultades económicas, condición de salud física, haber padecido COVID-19, depresión, ansiedad, estrés y apoyo social. Se concluye que la pandemia por COVID-19 ha repercutido en la práctica de conductas saludables relacionadas con la salud física y mental, por lo que se sugiere evaluar el impacto de estos cambios en el corto y largo plazo, así como generar intervenciones integrales sobre los factores biopsicosociales relacionados.

There is still no basic overview about the effect of various types of comorbidity in executive functions due to two main reasons: (1) the type and number of comorbidities in ADHD is significantly varied, (2) EFs are very diverse and have different neuropsychological properties. Our objective was to determine the effect of comorbid disorders (number and type) on the performance in a wide range (seven) of executive functions in a sample of children with ADHD. Fifty-five male children aged seven to nine years with ADHD were divided into six groups: G1 = ADHD only (ADHD-O), G1 = Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), G3 = (anxiety/depressive disorder (ADD), G4 = ODD + ADD, G5 = ODD + learning disorder (LD), G6 = ODD + LD + conduct disorder (CD). The six groups exhibited different number of deficits in EFs; G1 showed only 1 deficit in contrast, G6 presented 11. Statistical analysis (ANOVA and logistic regression) identified three most affected EFs: Working memory, generation/classification of semantic categories, and inhibitory control. Alterations in EFs increased mainly in relation to the increase of the specific number and type of comorbidity. To date, no studies have addressed comorbidity from this perspective. A wide range approach of EF confirms the need to further study comorbidity in ADHD from a wide range/variety perspective and determine all possible combinations (number/type) to clarify its contribution to the complex neuropsychology functioning in ADHD.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the psychometric characteristics of the Self-applied Children’s Binge Eating Disorder Scale (SA-C-BEDS) as a screening tool for risk of binge eating disorder (BED) in a Mexican child population. Method: the self-applied version of the C-BEDS was translated into Spanish and adapted, and its reliability, and exploratory and confirmatory validity obtained. It was administered to two samples of elementary school pupils from May-July 2022 through an Internet link. Results: a total of 378 children (girls=193 and boys=185) with a mean age of 10.22 years, with no differences by sex, answered the questionnaire. “Eating without being hungry” was the main behavior reported (44.8% and 33.7% in girls and boys), followed by eating associated with a certain mood (25% and 21.8% in girls and boys). The scale was distributed within a single factor with a total explained variance of 55%, a significant Bartlett’s test of sphericity, 0.80 on the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test and an ordinal Alpha reliability of 0.90. Confirmatory validity demonstrated that the model fits the data and is valid. Conclusion: the SA-C-BEDS is a valid instrument for assessing binge eating behaviors in Mexican children and provides information for identifying and preventing BED cases in a timely manner. Level of evidence: IV

Introduccion. Los hallazgos de investigacion sobre la violencia de pareja se han centrado principalmente en las mujeres como victimas de la violencia. Estudios recientes destacan tambien la importancia de la violencia infligida por las mujeres hacia los hombres o entre parejas del mismo sexo. Objetivo. Estimar la prevalencia de la violencia de pareja y su asociacion con el consumo de alcohol y drogas en una muestra representativa de hombres y mujeres en Mexico mediante un analisis secundario de datos. Metodo. Los datos provienen de la Encuesta Nacional de Adicciones de Mexico 2011, especificamente de una muestra representativa que contesto la seccion sobre violencia de pareja. Resultados. La prevalencia de violencia de pareja en el ultimo ano fue de 17.6% hacia las mujeres y de 13.4% hacia los hombres. Si uno de los dos integrantes de la pareja consumia sustancias, aumentaba el riesgo de que hombres o mujeres experimentaran violencia y ese riesgo era aun mayor si ambos consumian. Discusion y conclusion. Esta es la primera vez que se reporta la violencia hacia los hombres en un estudio nacional mexicano. Los resultados muestran que la violencia de genero tambien debe considerarse como resultado de la violencia social y cultural.

Introduction: the impact of programs to prevent alcohol consumption in adolescents can be increased by incorporating an environmental component. This paper explores the usefulness of behavioral economics to analyze the preference for the substance as a function of environmental variables. Objective: to evaluate the level of alcohol consumption in a group of Mexican adolescents, as a function of sex, age, access to consumption and reinforcement derived from substance-free activities. Method: a total of 7,569 high school students participated: 51% were male and 49% female. A multiple linear regression model was used to evaluate how the selected variables are related to the level of alcohol consumption. Results: the regression model was adjusted (F = 202.423, p < 0.01) and explained 33.6% of the variance (R2 = 0.336). Gender (being male), age, and access to consumption in social contexts were positively associated with the level of alcohol consumption. Academic, prosocial and cultural activities were negatively related to alcohol consumption; while the use of electronic media, social, physical and recreational activities had a positive relationship. Discussion and conclusions: tit is necessary to reduce access to alcohol consumption, both commercially, and in social and family contexts. Preventive interventions should promote the involvement of adolescents in activities incompatible with consumption and incorporate a social component to increase their level of reinforcement.

Functioning in Bipolar Disorder (BD) is affected in a substantial proportion of patients. The impact of demographic, clinical, cognitive, and genetic factors on functioning has been shown individually; however, as a complex phenomenon, a global approach to identify the most relevant as well as possible interactions is needed.102 patients with type I BD in euthymia were invited for evaluation of demographic, clinical, and cognitive characteristics as well as genotype for Val66Met polymorphism of BDNF gene to determine those associated with poor functioning according to the FAST scale cut-off score. Clinical evaluation included assessment of residual affective symptoms and anxiety. Cognitive evaluation included the COBRA scale, verbal memory, and executive functions testing.Residual depressive symptoms, anxiety, cognitive complaints and being a Met carrier were more frequent in the poor functioning group and were entered in a logistic regression model. Being a Met carrier (OR=4.46, CI=1.19-16.67) and cognitive complaints (OR=1.29, CI= 1.13-1.46) were the most important predictors of poor functioning in type I BD.Cross-sectional study, with select population limiting generalizability of findings.A better understanding of underlying factors affecting cognition, including the possible involvement of BDNF Val66Met polymorphism, its systematic evaluation and a continued search for targeted treatment, along with recognition and attention of residual affective and anxious symptoms might improve psychosocial outcomes such as functioning in this population.

Casi el 5% de la poblacion general de Mexico (18-65 anos) ha sufrido depresion una vez en su vida y 2% la ha sufrido mas de una vez sin haber recibido tratamiento. Objetivo Medir la prevalencia del trastorno depresivo y calcular su relacion con algunos indicadores psicosociales. Metodo Los datos fueron recolectados por medio de dos censos con estudiantes de bachillerato y de licenciatura en la Ciudad de Mexico (n = 116 214). Los participantes completaron el CES-D y otras escalas. Se usaron modelos de regresion logistica multivariable. Resultados La prevalencia del trastorno depresivo fue del 16%. Los predictores del trastorno depresivo fueron: haber sufrido violencia psicologica o sexual, tener un miembro de la familia que hubiera sido herido durante un asalto, antecedentes de depresion en la familia, mala calidad en las relaciones familiares y sociales, entre otros. Discusion y conclusion La prevalencia del trastorno depresivo aumenta con la edad. Como la prevencion y el tratamiento a una edad temprana son esenciales, se deben crear y sistematizar estrategias de intervencion y monitoreo que tomen en cuenta el genero y otros elementos, como la relacion con los padres, violencia e historia de depresion en la familia

Introduccion Las practicas de crianza se refieren a comportamientos especificos utilizados por los padres y cuidadores de ninos para guiar su desarrollo y metas de socializacion infantil. Estas practicas estan asociadas con la salud, el desarrollo psicologico y fisico de los ninos. Objetivo Determinar las propiedades psicometricas del Inventario de Practicas de Crianza (IPC) entre un grupo de cuidadores de ninos en la Ciudad de Mexico. Metodo El IPC se aplico a 443 cuidadores de ninos y adolescentes, que asistieron a consulta medica general en un Centro de salud en la Ciudad de Mexico. Para la evaluacion psicometrica del instrumento se analizo la distribucion total y la discriminacion de los reactivos. La validez de constructo se probo a traves de analisis factorial exploratorio y analisis confirmatorio con modelos de ecuaciones estructurales. Resultados El IPC mostro α = .867 y 41.25% de la varianza explicada para las cuatro dimensiones de interes. El analisis factorial confirmatorio mostro que el modelo tuvo buena bondad de ajuste. Incluyo veinticuatro items con una consistencia e indices de validez adecuados. Discusion y conclusion El IPC es una medida psicometrica potencialmente util para evaluar las practicas de crianza en esta poblacion y podria tener implicaciones importantes para el desarrollo de intervenciones y programas preventivos. Esto brinda bases cientificas para la toma de decisiones en la atencion primaria de la salud desde el momento del contacto inicial hasta la atencion medica especializada en caso de ser requerida

Introduction. Non-suicidal self-injuries (NSSI) are a worldwide health problem that affects principally young people, and can impact negatively the mental and physical health of those that self-injure. Objective. To examine the frequency of NSSI in 564 undergraduate students (132 male, 432 female) from Mexico City and the association of NSSI with depressive symptoms, anxiety, impulsivity, self-efficacy, and emotion regulation. Method. A convenience sample of 564 undergraduate students (aged 17-26 years) from eight universities in the Mexico City metropolitan area completed a survey in their classrooms. Results. Of the total sample, 30.9% had experimented at some point in their lifetime with NSSI on one to four occasions, while 26.9% had recurrent NSSI (i.e., five or more occasions). Nearly eleven percent self-injured in the prior 12 months. The NSSI most often reported among those who self-injured was cutting oneself (48.0%). Recurrent self-injurers reported higher levels of depression and impulsivity, and less self-efficacy than those who had experimented with such behaviors or without any lifetime NSSI. While 54.4% perceived the need for professional help, only 18.1% sought professional services. Discussion and conclusion. NSSI is a hidden problem in the college population in Mexico City which needs to be addressed by university administrators and mental health professionals. Depressive symptomatology, impulsivity, and self-efficacy are factors that should be considered when developing preventive intervention strategies.

El presente artículo explora las formas de relacionarse entre pares, en el contexto de una secundaria de la Ciudad de México, a través de conductas agresivas. Se realizó la técnica de condensación de significados a las transcripciones de cuatro grupos focales con diez estudiantes cada uno, de 2º y 3º de secundaria. A partir de este estudio, se pueden observar cómo para algunos participantes las relaciones fraternas se establecen desde conductas agresivas. De esta forma, se dificulta la identificación de intencionalidad e intimidación por parte de los estudiantes que generan agresiones, elementos imprescindibles para la identificación del fenómeno del bullying. Se evidencia la complejidad de las relaciones entre pares partiendo de sus conductas agresivas, así como de la normalización de la violencia.

Introduction. Parental supervision is constituted by a series of correlated parental behaviors involving children care, knowing their where abouts, which activities they are performing, and the situation of their adaptive processes. In order for parental supervision to take place, it is necessary that communication and mutual support exist between mother and father, as well as between parents and children so that the family environment becomes pleasant. Supervision is one of the most studied factors related to anti-social behavior, and it has been observed that its absence or inconsistency allows for the occurrence of anti-social behavior, which in the more serious cases leads to delinquency. Objective. To know the relationship between family environment, supervision and the seriousness of anti-social behavior in juvenile offenders confined in a state penitentiary from Morelos. Method. A survey was used to collect data from a population of 86 juvenile male offenders from a state penitentiary located in Morelos. Results. Parent-children communication and support are interrelated and form the familiar environment. Thus, children’s communication predicts proper supervision and monitoring, specifically in the area of knowing children’s activities, which, at the same time, predict less serious anti-social behavior. Discussion and conclusion. It is important that families have an environment based on communication and support. It is also relevant to encourage adolescents to freely communicate with their parents so supervision and monitoring become common elements that help adolescents to stay away from behaviors that could lead them to crime.

Background Symptoms of anxiety and depression are among the major mental health problems in cancer patients. These symptoms affect the qual - ity of life and treatment adherence, and are associated with other symptoms and longer hospital stays. Valid and reliable screening in - struments such as the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), have made possible the detection of possible cases of depression and anxiety in medically ill patients. However, the psychometric properties of this instrument have not been documented in different types of can - cer diagnoses in the Mexican population. Objective To determine the psychometric properties of the HADS in a sample of patients with cancer from the Mexican population. Method Four hundred patients from the National Cancer Institute participated, of which 226 were women (56.5%) and 174 men (43.6%), with a mean age of 47.4 ±14.1 years. Participants completed concurrently the HADS as well as the following inventories: 1. Beck Depression, 2. Beck Anxiety and 3. Distress Thermometer. Results A factor analysis adjusted to two factors explained 48.04% of the variance, with 12 items loading on these two factors in a way similar to the original version. The internal consistency of the overall scale was satisfactory ( =0.86). Cronbachs alphas for each subscale were .79 and .80. The concurrent validity assessed by way of correlations with concurrent measures showed significant associations (Pearson r=51-71, p0.05). Discussion and conclusion The HADS has adequate construct validity, internal consistency and concurrent validity for its use in cancer patients from the Mexican population. The relevance of these results is a cost effective tool to provide timely mental health care early in oncological treatment for those in need. Detecting anxiety and depression symptoms through the HADS may benefit cancer patients by ensuring appropriate care that may increase their quality of life and treatment adherence, and reduce their hospital stays.

Resumen La presente investigacion evalua las propiedades psicometricas de la adaptacion al espanol del Inventory of Statements About Self-injury de Klonsky y Glenn (2009). Esta escala evalua las diferentes motivaciones o funciones que las personas refieren para realizar autolesiones no suicidas. Se aplico la escala en una muestra (N = 435) de alumnos universitarios de ambos sexos con una historia de autolesiones no suicidas. El analisis factorial confirmatorio detecto 7 factores interpretables (autorregulacion, venganza, busqueda de sensaciones/fortaleza, evitando el suicidio, manifestando angustia, autodeterminacion y embotamiento), 5 mas que el instrumento original. La confiabilidad de la escala fue aceptable, con un alfa de Cronbach de 0.89 para la escala total y de 0.72 a 0.82 para cada factor. Se presenta la validez convergente a traves de correlaciones positivas entre la escala y mediciones de depresion, ansiedad e impulsividad. El instrumento adaptado al espanol presenta propiedades psicometricas aceptables para la medicion de autolesiones no suicidas en poblacion universitaria mexicana.

This study evaluated the link between relatives’ criticism of overweight or obese teenage girls’ figure and body weight and their relationship with their mothers, fathers and siblings, affection, self-esteem, the internalization of the aesthetic body thin ideal, depressive symptoms and disordered eating behaviors (DEB). The sample comprised 2174 senior high school students aged 15 to 19. Teenagers criticized by their relatives showed higher DEB, without interaction between Body Mass Index (BMI) and DEB. The structural equations model showed DEB was primarily explained by the internalization of the body aesthetic thin ideal, family’s criticism, BMI and depressive symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence of, severity of, and risk factors for depressive symptoms in a probabilistic sample of Mexican adolescent mothers. METHODS: A sample of adolescents aged 13-19 years, drawn from a national survey, was interviewed in relation to severity of depressive symptoms [Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) 16-23 and CES-D > 24] and pregnancy or parenting status. RESULTS: Depressive symptoms (CES-D 16-23) ranged from 2.3% in the first postpartum semester to 32.5% in the second trimester of pregnancy; high depressive symptoms (CES-D > 24) ranged from 3.0% in the second postpartum semester to 24.7% in mothers of an infant more than 1 year old. Significant differences between groups were in mothers in the second gestation trimester, who had significantly more symptoms than those who had never been pregnant and those in the first postpartum semester. In those with high symptomatology, no significant differences were observed between groups. A multinomial logistic regression model used to estimate the likelihood of depression found increased risk of depressive symptoms (CES-D 16-23) in those without a partner in the first, second, or third trimester of pregnancy; in the second postpartum semester; and with a child over the age of 1 year. Increased risk of high symptomatology (CES-D > 24) was found in those not in school or with a child over the age of 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: Depressive symptoms entail an enormous burden of disease for the mother and mental health risks to the infant; mothers should therefore be targeted in prevention and intervention actions.OBJETIVO: Estudiar la prevalencia, la gravedad y los factores de riesgo de los síntomas depresivos en una muestra probabilística de madres adolescentes de México. MÉTODOS: En una muestra de adolescentes de 13 a 19 años de edad tomadas de una encuesta nacional se efectuaron entrevistas relacionadas con la gravedad de los síntomas depresivos (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale [CES-D] 16 a 23 y CES-D > 24) y la situación de embarazo o de crianza. RESULTADOS: Los síntomas depresivos (CES-D de 16 a 23) variaron de 2,3% en el primer semestre después del parto a 32,5% en el segundo trimestre del embarazo; los síntomas depresivos graves (CES-D > 24) fueron desde 3,0% en el segundo semestre posparto hasta 24,7% en las madres de un niño mayor de 1 año de edad. Se observaron diferencias significativas entre los grupos en las madres que se encontra-ban en el segundo trimestre de la gestación, que presentaron significativamente más síntomas que las mujeres que nunca habían estado embarazadas y que las que estaban en el primer semestre posparto. En las mujeres con síntomas graves, no se observaron diferencias significativas entre los grupos. Mediante un modelo de regresión logística polinómico usado para calcular la probabilidad de depresión se detectó un mayor riesgo de padecer síntomas depresivos (CES-D 16 a 23) en las mujeres sin una pareja que se encontraban en el primer, segundo o tercer trimestre del embarazo; en el segundo semestre después del parto; y en las mujeres con un niño mayor de 1 año. En las mujeres que no concurrían a la escuela y en aquellas con un niño mayor de 1 año se encontró un mayor riesgo de presentar síntomas graves (CES-D > 24). CONCLUSIONES: Los síntomas depresivos implican una carga de morbilidad impor-tante para la madre y riesgos para la salud mental del lactante; por lo tanto, las acciones de prevención y de intervención deben dirigirse a las madres.

OBJETIVOS: Validar la Prueba de Identificacion de Trastornos Derivados del Consumo de Alcohol (AUDIT, por su sigla en ingles) en pacientes con esquizofrenia. METODOS: Se aplico la Cedula Diagnostica Internacional Compuesta (CIDI, por su sigla en ingles) version 1.0 y el AUDIT a 80 sujetos con esquizofrenia, de ambos sexos y mayores de 16 anos, de la consulta externa del Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria de la ciudad de Mexico. RESULTADOS: De los 80 pacientes esquizofrenicos, 57 eran hombres y 23 mujeres con un promedio de edad de 30,5 y 34,3 anos, respectivamente; la edad de inicio de la esquizofrenia fue de 22 anos para los hombres y 26 anos para las mujeres; 35 sujetos (43,7%) consumian alcohol al momento del estudio. La escala AUDIT mostro alta consistencia interna, con un alfa de Cronbach de 0,812; el punto de corte de la escala completa del AUDIT para esta poblacion fue de 4 puntos o mas; se construyeron los puntos de corte de la "prueba rapida" y de los "Problemas psicosociales y probable dependencia al alcohol" del AUDIT utilizando como estandar de comparacion el CIDI (DSM-III-R y CIE-10). CONCLUSIONES: La validacion del AUDIT mostro que es un instrumento de tamizaje muy util y sensible para identificar a pacientes con esquizofrenia en riesgo de abuso o dependencia de alcohol, por lo que se recomienda su uso en estudios clinicos y epidemiologicos en Latinoamerica.

"El trasplante de células madre hematopoyéticas (TCMH) es un tratamiento para el manejo de la leucemia en niños que implica hospitalización prolongada en aislamiento extremo, visitas y actividades restringidas y vulnerabilidad infecciosa; es una condición que genera en pacientes y cuidadores malestar psicológico. Objetivo: El propósito del presente estudio fue identificar y describir las necesidades psicológicas de pacientes pediátricos y cuidadores.Participantes: Participaron 21 cuidadores con hijos en TCMH. Medición: Mediante entrevistas, revisión de expedientes clínicos y registros observacionales se identificaron necesidades cognitivas, conductuales y emocionales durante el evento. Resultados: Los datos revelaron que, entre las necesidades destacan la de mejorar la información y adhesión terapéutica, de involucrar activamente a los padres en el tratamiento, y de reforzar las conductas de autonomía en los pacientes. Discusión: A partir de los resultados se sugiere brindar técnicas de afrontamiento y relajación, mediante técnicas sencillas y de fácil aprendizaje para minimizar el malestar en pacientes y cuidadores."

The aim of this article was to determine the psychometric characteristics of the Attitudes Towards Body Figure Questionnaire in a sample of Mexican female students and to compare them with a sample of patients with eating disorders. A self-applicable questionnaire with 15 questions on the importance of one's weight, and figure was given to a sample of students with an average age of 18 years in Mexico City (N = 408) and a sample of patients under treatment (N = 87). The results showed adequate values of internal consistency and a factorial structure in two highly correlated factors that was corroborated in a confirmatory factorial analysis. The questionnaire yielded data with adequate concurrent and predictive validity as well as appropriate values of sensitivity and specificity. This questionnaire constitutes a significant contribution to the field of research on eating disorders and body image in adolescents in Mexico that is why its use is recommended for research and prevention work in the area. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.

To analyze the link between intimate partner violence (IPV) reported in the past year and depressive symptoms in pregnant Mexican women.The data were obtained from the National Addictions Survey (ENA) 2008. For the purposes of this paper, we analyzed a sample of women over 18 who reported being pregnant at the time of the interview (n = 250). When this number is weighted at the population level, it represents 881,575 women across the country. The χ2 test was used to analyze demographic characteristics, prevalence of depressive symptoms and intimate partner violence. A multiple logistic regression was performed to estimate predictors of depressive symptoms during pregnancy.The prevalence of any type of intimate partner violence (IPV) was 5.4% and of depressive symptoms was 16.2% (CES-D ≥ 16). A total of 53.4% of pregnant women who reported IPV during the past year had depressive symptoms whereas this occurred in 14.1% of those who had not been victimized. The variables that predicted depressive symptoms during pregnancy were having been a victim of IPV (OR = 6.23) and having nine years or less of schooling (OR = 5.26). Working outside the home and family income level did not increase the risk of depressive symptoms in this population.This population study, representative at the national level, provides an initial overview of the link between intimate partner violence and depressive symptoms in pregnant women in México. The results highlight the need to expand research on the topics covered, as well as to detect both phenomena in a timely manner during pregnancy in order to propose the necessary care.

Debido a su importancia para prevenir conductas de riesgo, se describieron los problemas conductuales de 17 adolescentes con una edad promedio de 14 años con sus padres, así como las afectaciones percibidas por ambas partes. Se intervino mediante un diseño N=1 pre/post test y un modelo conductual para aumentar la incidencia de conductas adecuadas y reducir la de inadecuadas. Los resultados mostraron la efectividad en la modificación conductual y en la percepción de afectaciones tanto en padres como en adolescentes. Se comentan ciertas limitaciones.

To analyze the association between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and disordered eating (DE).A probabilistic sample of 2,358 female high school students of public schools in the Estado de Mexico was used.DE was more prevalent among CSA sufferers (por = 0.05). Preoccupation with gaining weight, binging and restrictive behaviors were associated to CSA (por = 0.05). The probability of DE was 7 times higher when the CSA experience had not been revealed and 36 times when CSA happened before 14 years of age.The association between CSA and DE is clear in the sample studied, as well as with some of its specific characteristics, which highlights the need to deepen in this research field and to incorporate the evaluation of CSA and its consequences in adolescents' mental health.

The objectives of the current study were to explore: (1) the association between the social environment at the city and family levels and risky eating behaviors in adolescent females and (2) the interaction between the social and cultural environment and body mass index (BMI). The data were obtained from a representative survey of female high school students in Mexico State, Mexico (15-19 years). A questionnaire was applied on risky eating behaviors and socio-demographic data. The municipal social and cultural environment was evaluated using the municipal marginalization index. Data analysis used multivariate regression. Prevalence of risky eating behaviors was 4.23%. BMI and family socioeconomic status were directly associated with risky eating behaviors. The municipal marginalization index was not associated with risky eating behaviors. Possible explanations for the latter are that the relevant components of the social and cultural environment were not measured, or that the municipal level does not exert a contextual effect on risky eating behaviors. The effect of BMI on risky eating behaviors was greater in more marginalized municipalities.

To study the prevalence of, severity of, and risk factors for depressive symptoms in a probabilistic sample of Mexican adolescent mothers.A sample of adolescents aged 13-19 years, drawn from a national survey, was interviewed in relation to severity of depressive symptoms [Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) 16-23 and CES-D24] and pregnancy or parenting status.Depressive symptoms (CES-D 16-23) ranged from 2.3% in the first postpartum semester to 32.5% in the second trimester of pregnancy; high depressive symptoms (CES-D24) ranged from 3.0% in the second postpartum semester to 24.7% in mothers of an infant more than 1 year old. Significant differences between groups were in mothers in the second gestation trimester, who had significantly more symptoms than those who had never been pregnant and those in the first postpartum semester. In those with high symptomatology, no significant differences were observed between groups. A multinomial logistic regression model used to estimate the likelihood of depression found increased risk of depressive symptoms (CES-D 16-23) in those without a partner in the first, second, or third trimester of pregnancy; in the second postpartum semester; and with a child over the age of 1 year. Increased risk of high symptomatology (CES-D24) was found in those not in school or with a child over the age of 1 year.Depressive symptoms entail an enormous burden of disease for the mother and mental health risks to the infant; mothers should therefore be targeted in prevention and intervention actions.

To validate the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) in schizophrenic patients.The Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI v. 1) and the AUDIT were administered to 80 subjects with schizophrenia, of both sexes, more than 16 years of age, from the outpatient services at the National Institute of Psychiatry in Mexico City.Of the 80 schizophrenic patients, 57 were men and 23 women, with a mean age of 30.5 years and 34.3 years, respectively; the age at schizophrenia onset was 22 years for men, and 26 years for women; 35 subjects (43.7%) were consumers of alcohol at the time of the study. The AUDIT scale showed high internal consistency with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.812; for this population, the cutoff point for the full AUDIT scale was 4 points or more; cutoff points for the AUDIT 'rapid test' and the 'psychosocial issues and probable alcohol dependence' were based on benchmarking against the CIDI (DSM-IIIR and ICD-10).The AUDIT validation showed it to be a useful and sensitive screening tool for identifying schizophrenic patients at risk for alcohol abuse and dependence; therefore, it is recommended for use in clinical and epidemiological studies in Latin America.

The article is aimed at reporting the characteristics of the population detected at State Prosecutors' Offices including the two such offices that existed in the city selected for the study, one located in a general hospital for the inspection of violence-related cases (n = 156); and the second in the facility where all detainees are taken when arrested (n = 129), and where victims can file a complaint (n = 186). A household survey undertaken among the population 18 to 65 years of age (n = 887) was used as a group of reference. Both studies were undertaken in Pachuca City, the capital of Hidalgo, located 100 km from Mexico City during the second half of 1996. Face-to-face questionnaires were used to obtain sociodemographic data, drug use and drinking patterns, depressive symptomatology, and family violence. Discriminant and logistic regression analysis were undertaken. The age group from 18 to 24 displayed the highest number of legal complaints and arrests (OR = 1.773). The likelihood for appearing at a State Prosecutor's Office was higher for those living in an atmosphere of threats and injuries within the family (OR = 19) and for those that reported alcohol consumption on the day of the event (OR = 14). Extremely high rates of family violence were obtained in this sample, increasing the likelihood of arriving at the Prosecutor's Office either because arrested or for being a victim. Results confirm the relationship between alcohol use, depression, and violence, reinforcing the need to prevent alcohol abuse, especially among youth.