Search

Abstract The European Union has navigated numerous complex and multifaceted crises in recent years, including Brexit, refugee challenges, and economic turmoil. The COVID-19 pandemic has added a global-scale event with significant implications, elevating public health protection as a central priority for the EU. This study aims to examine the personalization (stakeholders involved), impact, and digital engagement resulting from diverse communication strategies on Twitter during the COVID-19 vaccination campaign by key EU institutions. Employing a primarily quantitative approach, the research conducts a content analysis that categorizes both quantitative and qualitative elements to explore various variables and engagement indicators in the official accounts of the European Commission, European Parliament, and European Council. The findings suggest that, while the vaccination campaign saw a substantial volume of posts from these profiles, they fell short in engaging, mobilizing, and attracting audiences on Twitter, highlighting enduring challenges in EU message management and dissemination, as identified in previous studies.

BackgroundSchizophrenia is a chronic mental illness that affects millions of individuals worldwide. The etiological origin of schizophrenia is heterogeneous, but it has been shown to be associated with dysfunction in serotonin activity, serotonin receptors, and serotonin metabolism in the brain. Bibliometric analysis is a tool used to scrutinise and analyse research activities and evidence in a specific research area. No existing bibliometric analyses have considered both serotonin and schizophrenia.MethodsWe conducted a bibliometric analysis including 12,027 studies related to the schizophrenia–serotonin link published from the inception of the study to 2023 and available in the Scopus database. We used VOSviewer software to identify global trends, analyse the author and editors keywords, the most cited articles and author, as well as the most productive institutes and journals publishing research on schizophrenia–serotonin link.ResultsMost publications related to the link between schizophrenia and serotonin are focused on adult humans and examine topics such as antipsychotic agents, depression, and serotonin uptake inhibitors. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry has published the most papers on the schizophrenia–serotonin relationship. Among nations, the United States is the leader in publications. King’s College London is the institution with the highest number of publications, and H. Y. Meltzer is the most influential author. Growing trends in schizophrenia–serotonin research are personalised medicine, alternative medicine, transcranial magnetic stimulation, artificial intelligence, nervous system inflammation, brain-gut axis, and the gut microbiome.ConclusionSince 1950, there have been several fluctuations in the number of published studies related to schizophrenia and serotonin. We believe that the development of novel medications and treatments for schizophrenia will be increased in the future, as well as research into genetic risks, psychological factors, and cranial neuroimaging components. Future schizophrenia and serotonin research is likely to focus on personalised medicine, alternative therapies, novel pathogenesis of schizophrenia, and the use of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence.

Los ciclotrones son aceleradores de partículas cargadas, como protones o iones, para que colisionen con blancos escogidos, generando reacciones nucleares. Estas reacciones producen otras partículas que son radiactivas o sea que emiten radiación al desintegrarse. Para optimizar el estudio de los procesos, estas interacciones se simulan mediante el método Monte Carlo. Esto permite predecir la radiactividad producida en los blancos del ciclotrón y establecer los controles respectivos. Para realizar estas simulaciones en detalle, se empleó el software Geant4, una herramienta esencial en el campo de la física de partículas y de radiaciones. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron ser de suma relevancia porque con la simulación se obtuvieron valores de actividad similares a los obtenidos mediante la experimentación, con lo que podemos ver a Geant4 como una herramienta útil para estimar la radiactividad y en consecuencia diseñar la experiencia, sin comprometer la salud humana.

Abstract The technical and intellectual capabilities of past societies are reflected in the monuments they were able to build. Tracking the provenance of the stones utilised to build prehistoric megalithic monuments, through geological studies, is of utmost interest for interpreting ancient architectures as well as to contribute to their protection. According to the scarce information available, most stones used in European prehistoric megaliths originate from locations near the construction sites, which would have made transport easier. The Menga dolmen (Antequera, Malaga, Spain), listed in UNESCO World Heritage since July 2016, was designed and built with stones weighting up to nearly 150 tons, thus becoming the most colossal stone monument built in its time in Europe (c. 3800–3600 BC). Our study (based on high-resolution geological mapping as well as petrographic and stratigraphic analyses) reveals key geological and archaeological evidence to establish the precise provenance of the massive stones used in the construction of this monument. These stones are mostly calcarenites, a poorly cemented detrital sedimentary rock comparable to those known as 'soft stones' in modern civil engineering. They were quarried from a rocky outcrop located at a distance of approximately 1 km. In this study, it can be inferred the use of soft stone in Menga reveals the human application of new wood and stone technologies enabling the construction of a monument of unprecedented magnitude and complexity.

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the clinical and epidemiological impact of a new molecular surveillance strategy based on qPCR to control an outbreak by Serratia marcescens in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Methods We design a specific qPCR for the detection of S. marcescens in rectal swabs of patients admitted to a NICU. We divided the surveillance study into two periods: (a) the pre-PCR, from the outbreak declaration to the qPCR introduction, and (b) the PCR period, from the introduction of the qPCR until the outbreak was solved. In all cases, S. marcescens isolates were recovered and their clonal relationship was analysed by PFGE. Control measures were implemented during the outbreak. Finally, the number of bloodstream infections (BSI) was investigated in order to evaluate the clinical impact of this molecular strategy. Results Nineteen patients colonized/infected by S. marcescens were detected in the pre-PCR period (October 2020–April 2021). On the contrary, after the PCR implementation, 16 new patients were detected. The PFGE revealed 24 different pulsotypes belonging to 7 different clonal groups, that were not overlapping at the same time. Regarding the clinical impact, 18 months after the qPCR implementation, no more outbreaks by S. marcescens have been declared in the NICU of our hospital, and only 1 episode of BSI has occurred, compared with 11 BSI episodes declared previously to the outbreak control. Conclusions The implementation of this qPCR strategy has proved to be a useful tool to control the nosocomial spread of S. marcescens in the NICU.

Abstract During the Roman domain of the Iberian Peninsula (from 201 BCE to 460 CE) water management infrastructures were built to satisfy high water demand. However, whether the Roman activities affected the hydrological balance of Iberian wetlands remains unclear. Here, we investigate the paleo-hydrology of Lake Zóñar (southern Iberia) by using the stable isotopes (16O, 17O, 18O, 1H and 2H) of its gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) sediments and reconstruct the isotopic composition of the lake water during Roman times. A period of recurrent lake low stand occurred between 2120 and 1890 cal. yr BP (ca. 170 BCE to 60 CE), coinciding with a relatively dry climate stage recorded by most regional paleoclimate archives. The stable isotopes and hydrochemistry of the lake water during gypsum precipitation are consistent with a shallow saline lake that evaporated under relative humidity ~ 10% lower than the present annual mean and at least 20% less rainfall amount. Our analytical and archeological findings support lake level lowering during the Roman period was probably caused by combined arid climate conditions and diversion of the inlets feeding the lake. Spring capturing was likely necessary to satisfy the high water demand of nearby Roman settlements, in the framework of a period of persistent droughts.

lncRNAs are noncoding transcripts with tissue and cancer specificity. Particularly, in breast cancer, lncRNAs exhibit subtype-specific expression; they are particularly upregulated in luminal tumors. However, no gene signature-based laboratory tests have been developed for luminal breast cancer identification or the differential diagnosis of luminal tumors, since no luminal A- or B-specific genes have been identified. Particularly, luminal B patients are of clinical interest, since they have the most variable response to neoadjuvant treatment; thus, it is necessary to develop diagnostic and predictive biomarkers for these patients to optimize treatment decision-making and improve treatment quality. In this study, we analyzed the lncRNA expression profiles of breast cancer cell lines and patient tumor samples from RNA-Seq data to identify an lncRNA signature specific for luminal phenotypes. We identified an lncRNA signature consisting of LINC01016, GATA3-AS1, MAPT-IT1, and DSCAM-AS1 that exhibits luminal subtype-specific expression; among these lncRNAs, GATA3-AS1 is associated with the presence of residual disease (Wilcoxon test, p < 0.05), which is related to neoadjuvant chemotherapy resistance in luminal B breast cancer patients. Furthermore, analysis of GATA3-AS1 expression using RNA in situ hybridization (RNA ISH) demonstrated that this lncRNA is detectable in histological slides. Similar to estrogen receptors and Ki67, both commonly detected biomarkers, GATA3-AS1 proves to be a suitable predictive biomarker for clinical application in breast cancer laboratory tests.

La cultura visual digital y de la convergencia permea actualmente en los modos de producción, circulación y consumo de las representaciones audiovisuales, siguiendo los postulados de autores como A. Darley o H. Jenkins. En este contexto, A. Cameron define las narrativas modulares como aquellas en las que la causalidad narrativa clásica es sustituida por una estética de base de datos, en la que la narración es dividida en elementos discretos sujetos a manipulaciones de orden, frecuencia y duración. Poniendo el foco en el caso de Open Windows (Nacho Vigalondo, 2014), se pretende explorar las huellas de la cultura visual digital en el cine español contemporáneo que incorpora narrativas modulares. La metodología diseñada incorpora un modelo de análisis adaptado a esta especificidad narrativa y estética, en el marco de la denominada Computational Media Aesthetics. Se analizan los mecanismos de representación fílmica que la película incorpora a través de una interfaz multipantalla en la que los acontecimientos simultáneos se yuxtaponen en el mismo campo visual. Finalmente, se discute sobre la necesidad de aplicar esta tipología de modelos al análisis de manifestaciones audiovisuales vinculadas con la cultura visual digital, así como su aplicabilidad para futuras investigaciones.

El objetivo de este artículo es identificar, señalar y construir las nuevas formas de violencia que se representa en sus distintos conceptos: directa, estructural, cultural, simbólica e híbrida. Estas nuevas formas de naturalización de la violencia se realizan a través de la convivencia de entre familias, escuela y los contextos que tiene toda sociedad. La metodología utilizada es una investigación cualitativa dónde se han recogido información a través de fichas bibliográficas sobre canciones tradicionales infantiles para examinar los juegos que promueven las distintas formas de violencia contra las mujeres, las etnias, la pobreza, entre otras. Los datos y los juegos autóctonos y tradicionales externalizan de forma oculta la pervivencia de las violencias. Concluimos, señalando, la necesidad de identificar y animar en la construir de nuevos juegos para fomentar una Cultura de paz en especial en los contextos educativos.

Introduction: In this article, we analyze the evolution of hate crimes in Spain from 2013 to 2020. Hate crimes are based on the relationship between racism and fear, shaped by a social and economic rejection based on race-ethnic identity, religion, sexual orientation-identity, sex/gender, and social class. Method: These crimes are examined by type and population affected with the figures obtained from the reports of the Ministry of the Interior of the Report on the Evolution of hate crimes. The methodology used has been a critical documental analysis of sources and data to reveal an X-ray of hate crimes within Spanish society and in comparison, to the European Union. The typology of the crimes is identified and analyzed. Results: The results indicate an overall increase in such crimes, particularly in five autonomous communities, with a significant increase in crimes motivated by sexual orientation and identity. Moreover, the data shows a significant increase in certain crimes related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions: Further training for law and health officials is required to improve the precision of the registry, cataloguing and data generation in order to identify trends. In addition, pedagogy for the general population is necessary to create awareness of these crimes to the public.

Cryptorchidism (CO) or undescended testes is defined as the failure of one or both testes to be positioned inside the scrotum. Typically, cryptorchidism is detected at birth or shortly thereafter, and in humans, it is considered to be part of the testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS), a complex pathology regarding the male reproductive system that apparently involves the interaction of both genetic and environmental harmful factors, mainly during embryonic development. Serotonin (5-HT) is an ancient molecule that participates in a broad range of body functions, and in recent years, its importance in reproduction has started to be elucidated. In male pathologies such as infertility, varicocele, erectile dysfunction, and primary carcinoid tumors, an increase in 5-HT concentration or its metabolites in the blood, semen, and urine has been directly related; nevertheless, the role of 5-HT in CO remains unknown. In the present work, our goal was to answer two important questions: (1) whether some serotonergic system components are present in adult male Oryctolagus cuniculus (chinchilla rabbit) and (2) if there are changes in their expression in an experimental model of CO. Using histological, molecular, and biochemical approaches, we found the presence of some serotonergic system components in the adult chinchilla rabbit, and we demonstrated that its expression is downregulated after CO was pharmacologically induced. Although we did not test the role of 5-HT in the etiology of CO, our results suggest that this indoleamine could be important for the regulation of steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis processes in the chinchilla rabbit during adulthood. Finally, in parallel experimental series, we found downregulation of kynurenine concentration in COI rabbits when compared to control ones, suggesting that CO could be affecting the kynurenine pathway and probably testicular immune privilege which in turn could lead to infertility/sterility conditions in this disorder.

Abstract Despite the substantial impact of skin scarring on patients and the healthcare system, there is a lack of strategies to prevent scar formation, let alone methods to remodel mature scars. Here, we took a unique approach inspired by how healthy hairbearing skin undergoes physiological remodelling during the regular cycling of hair follicles. In this pilot clinical study, we tested if hair follicles transplanted into human scars can facilitate tissue regeneration and actively remodel fibrotic tissue, similar to how they remodel the healthy skin. We collected full-thickness skin biopsies and compared the morphology and transcriptional signature of fibrotic tissue before and after transplantation. We found that hair follicle tranplantation induced an increase in the epidermal thickness, interdigitation of the epidermal-dermal junction, dermal cell density, and blood vessel density. Remodelling of collagen type I fibres reduced the total collagen fraction, the proportion of thick fibres, and their alignment. Consistent with these morphological changes, we found a shift in the cytokine milieu of scars with a long-lasting inhibition of pro-fibrotic factors TGFβ1, IL13, and IL-6. Our results show that anagen hair follicles can attenuate the fibrotic phenotype, providing new insights for developing regenerative approaches to remodel mature scars.

Surely, Vittorio Erspamer, discoverer of Enteramine in 1935, and Irvine Page, Maurice M. Rapport and Arda Green, discoverers of Serotonin in 1948, never imagined the biological importance that this fundamental molecule has in the living beings of our planet; from its physiological, passing through endocrine, neural, developmental and reproductive functions and even its role in evolution. For this reason, our workgroup is commemorating these researchers and celebrating their great discovery, which deeply influenced science and medicine, in the present perspective article. As a consequence of their seminal work, and the work of many other researchers in the field of serotonin over the following years, now we stand in front of the practical concept of “Serotoninomics,” which we think will contribute to find out precise answers regarding basic, clinical, and translational research related to serotonin, just as the emerging medical and “omics” sciences have done before.

Resistive memories are outstanding electron devices that have displayed a large potential in a plethora of applications such as nonvolatile data storage, neuromorphic computing, hardware cryptography, etc. Their fabrication control and performance have been notably improved in the last few years to cope with the requirements of massive industrial production. However, the most important hurdle to progress in their development is the so‐called cycle‐to‐cycle variability, which is inherently rooted in the resistive switching mechanism behind the operational principle of these devices. In order to achieve the whole picture, variability must be assessed from different viewpoints going from the experimental characterization to the adequation of modeling and simulation techniques. Herein, special emphasis is put on the modeling part because the accurate representation of the phenomenon is critical for circuit designers. In this respect, a number of approaches are used to the date: stochastic, behavioral, mesoscopic..., each of them covering particular aspects of the electron and ion transport mechanisms occurring within the switching material. These subjects are dealt with in this review, with the aim of presenting the most recent advancements in the treatment of variability in resistive memories.

If in recent years the European Union (EU) has had to face complex and multifactorial “poly-crises” (such as Brexit, refugees or the euro), the pandemic caused by COVID-19 has been an unprecedented event on a global scale with important implications at all levels. Indeed, it has reinforced public health issues aimed at protecting the population as nodal elements of the policies implemented by this organization. This research aims to analyze the different organizational communication strategies on Twitter implemented by the main EU institutions during the COVID-19 vaccination campaign, in order to examine the presence of this exceptional milestone. This study has been carried out using an eminently quantitative methodology, based on a content analysis to quantify the different variables and indicators established for the publications of the official profiles of the European Commission, the European Parliament and the European Council. The proposed categories focus on exploring their predominant thematic areas, as well as main purposes/attributed functions. In the light of the results obtained, it is concluded that the vaccination campaign is a milestone with a considerable volume of publications by all profiles. However, among the attributed functions, the distribution of aseptic information has been predominant, which is why it is discussed whether these institutions have sufficiently taken advantage of the possibilities offered by the digital environment of Twitter for the dissemination of the European message.

La producción de remakes en el cine constituye una práctica de carácter transnacional especialmente presente en las cinematografías norteamericana y europeas. Del mismo modo, la adquisición de derechos para adaptar una película de un mercado doméstico a otro infiere un especial interés para los estudios tanto de representación multicultural como de los flujos de producción internacionales. La presente investigación explora desde una perspectiva industrial las películas participadas por la productora Telecinco Cinema que han sido desarrolladas bajo la fórmula del remake en el último lustro (2017-2021). En concreto, las producciones estudiadas son Perfectos desconocidos (Álex de la Iglesia, 2017), Lo dejo cuando quiera (Carlos Therón, 2019), Si yo fuera rico (Álvaro Fernández Armero, 2019) y Operación Camarón (Carlos Therón, 2021). Los resultados hallados reflejan un mayor éxito de los remakes de Telecinco Cinema en las salas españolas que el de sus obras de origen, así como una preferencia por la adaptación de comedias procedentes, principalmente, de Italia.

IntroductionDespite advances in respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) management over the past decade, non-invasive ventilation (NIV) failure is frequent and associated with adverse outcomes. There are insufficient data on the failure of different NIV strategies currently used in clinical practice in preterm infants.MethodsThis was a prospective, multicenter, observational study of very preterm infants [gestational age (GA)

Este artículo pretende realizar una síntesis de los Estudios (para, de, sobre) la paz, que construyen su evolución histórica desde su nacimiento y pretenden buscar un consenso dentro de la disciplina. Se presenta con una visión holística desde la interdisciplinariedad partiendo desde un paradigma pacífico desde la paz (negativa, positiva, neutra e híbrida). No debemos olvidar su conexión con las violencias y los conflictos que nos ayudan a construir un concepto de paz como categoría independiente, compleja y multidimensional. La metodología es una revisión bibliográfica desde nuestra trayectoria personal en la Investigación para la paz y los conflictos de más de treinta años. El contenido transciende dese una definición de paz que se asocia a la noviolencia y construye un camino de las etapas de los Estudios para la paz que nos ayuda a comprender nuestra relación con las Ciencias Sociales. Desde dónde venimos hacia dónde vamos. Concluimos con una presentación de una Cartografía de paces imprescindibles para construir una trama o narrativa para la paz desde una utopía que nos lleva al concepto de paz mundo.

En un contexto globalizado que atenta contra identidades y tradiciones, un pequeño pueblo rural de Extremadura (España), recuperando la memoria y el saber de sus experiencias. A pesar de enfrentar cambios estructurales como consecuencia de un grave problema demográfico, los moradores de Salvaleón no desisten en evocar la justicia perseguida por sus antepasados, haciendo uso común de las riquezas emanadas de la dehesa Monte Porrino como forma de sostener el tejido social. La metodología utilizada ha sido cualitativa realizando trabajo de campo y observación participante. El conocimiento de este pequeño pueblo nos animó a realizar dicha investigación desde tres ejes principales: a) Desvelar aspectos simbólicos presentes en la identidad colectiva construida en torno a la finca comunal; b) Observar e interpretar el rito centenario del reparto de las partes de las bellotas; c) Valorar las potencialidades de esta tradición en la cohesión, bienestar y resistencia de este pueblo.

This audiovisual essay addresses the poetics of time in cinema through depictions of objects that are markers of certain temporal densities. By exploring three films the essay offers a view to the petrified objects as the symptoms of the filmmaker’s obsessions with time. In the films cited here, time is a matter of concern as a historical process, as construction within the physical laws, and ultimately, as a psychological perception.

El presente artículo propone un análisis de la representación de la mujer científica en el cine a través del estudio de caso de la pionera filósofa y astrónoma Hipatia de Alejandría en la película Ágora (Alejandro Amenábar, 2009). Los objetivos de la investigación persiguen explorar y describir los diferentes mecanismos de representación de esta figura en el ámbito cinematográfico. Para ello, se ha llevado a cabo un análisis textual y narrativo del personaje, que se complementa con datos sobre el desarrollo de la película procedentes de la consulta de fuentes de diversa naturaleza. Considerando estudios previos sobre la representación de la mujer científica en el cine y partiendo de que la premisa de que la película contó con una gran difusión, los principales resultados apuntan a una amplia visibilización de la figura de Hipatia de Alejandría como mujer de ciencia admirada en el ámbito científico, pero limitada por el contexto social dominado por hombres. Pese a las licencias creativas de los autores de la película, se encuentra un retrato positivo de las relaciones entre las mujeres y el desarrollo científico.

This comparative study presents the same university service-learning experience carried out by the Valle Tabares Center for Educational Internment of Minors (CIEM VT) and the Center Educatiu de Justícia Can Llupià (CEJ CLL). From two subjects of two degrees, one from the University of La Laguna and the other from the University of Barcelona, a socio-sports meeting was organized, which consisted in the design and joint practice of cooperative challenges of a recreational-motor nature by two groups: university students and persons deprived of liberty (PPL). In order to know the perception of the participants about the experience, a qualitative approach was followed by applying a questionnaire with open and closed questions to university students and a group interview with PPL. The results point towards an improvement in the development of professional skills and the overcoming of social stereotypes by university students; and to the empowerment of PPL, by assuming personal and social responsibilities. There are similarities in the perception of university students in relation to the ‘experience’ and ‘learning’ dimensions, and in the responses of the group interviews carried out to the PPL of both centers.

Given their tumor-specific and stage-specific gene expression, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have demonstrated to be potential molecular biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response. Particularly, the lncRNAs DSCAM-AS1 and GATA3-AS1 serve as examples of this because of their high subtype-specific expression profile in luminal B-like breast cancer. This makes them candidates to use as molecular biomarkers in clinical practice. However, lncRNA studies in breast cancer are limited in sample size and are restricted to the determination of their biological function, which represents an obstacle for its inclusion as molecular biomarkers of clinical utility. Nevertheless, due to their expression specificity among diseases, such as cancer, and their stability in body fluids, lncRNAs are promising molecular biomarkers that could improve the reliability, sensitivity, and specificity of molecular techniques used in clinical diagnosis. The development of lncRNA-based diagnostics and lncRNA-based therapeutics will be useful in routine medical practice to improve patient clinical management and quality of life.

A methodology to estimate the device temperature in resistive random access memories (RRAMs) is presented. Unipolar devices, which are known to be highly influenced by thermal effects in their resistive switching operation, are employed to develop the technique. A 3D RRAM simulator is used to fit experimental data and obtain the maximum and average temperatures of the conductive filaments (CFs) that are responsible for the switching behavior. It is found that the experimental CFs temperature corresponds to the maximum simulated temperatures obtained at the narrowest sections of the CFs. These temperature values can be used to improve compact models for circuit simulation purposes.

Background: Currently, there is no validated method for estimating antimicrobial consumption in the neonatal population, as it exists for adults using Defined Daily Doses (DDD). In neonatology, although there are different methods, each one with advantages and disadvantages, there is no unified criterion for use. The aim of this study is to validate the neonatal DDD designed as a new standardised form of antimicrobial consumption over this population. Methods: The validation of the neonatal DDD, Phase II of the research project, was carried out through a descriptive observational study. Periodic cut-offs were performed to collect antimicrobial prescriptions of neonates admitted to the neonatology and intensive care units of nine Spanish hospitals. The data collected included demographic variables (gestational age, postnatal age, weight and sex), antimicrobial dose, frequency and route of administration. The selection of the optimal DDD value takes into account power value, magnitude obtained from the differences in the DDD, statistical significance obtained by the Wilcoxon test and degree of agreement in the stipulated doses. Results: Set of 904 prescriptions were collected and finally 860 were analysed based on the established criteria. The antimicrobials were mostly prescribed in the intensive care unit (63.1%). 32 different antimicrobials were collected, and intravenous administration was the most commonly used route. Neonatal DDD were defined for 11 different antimicrobials. A potency > 80% was obtained in 7 antibiotics. The 57.1% of the selected DDD correspond to phase I and 21.4% from phase II. Conclusion: DDD validation has been achieved for the majority of intravenously administered antimicrobials used in clinical practice in the neonatal population. This will make it possible to have an indicator that will be used globally to estimate the consumption of antimicrobials in this population, thus confirming its usefulness and applicability.

Desde la Transición democrática la extrema derecha apenas tenía representatividad política y soporte popular en España, lo que suponía una excepción respecto al contexto europeo. Sin embargo, desde hace apenas unos años, dos nuevas ultraderechas han irrumpido con fuerza: Hogar Social y Vox. En este texto analizaremos la evolución de la extrema derecha española desde una perspectiva histórica y sociológica para explicar el surgimiento de ambas formaciones. A través de la netnografía y el análisis del discurso examinaremos sus similitudes y diferencias, sus tácticas comunicativas y los motivos que podrían explicar su creciente aceptación por una parte significativa de la sociedad.

This article aims to analyze the forms and kinds of violence, following the classifications made from the perspective of Peace research, and thus, provide a bridge to Anthropology. In this paper, we set out a summary of reasons, origins, forms, results, ambiguity of the word violence, but above all, the factors that condition the violent behavior of human beings. Following Johan Galtung, we attempt to clarify the types of violence: direct (verbal, psychological and physical); structural (poverty, repression, pollution, alignment, etc.); cultural (from the ideas, norms, values, tradition, etc.); and / or symbolic (demonstrations by acts or rituals that give recognition to direct and structural violence). We recover the concept of Pierre Bourdieu, symbolic violence (manifestations through acts or rituals that give recognition to structural and direct violence); and we present the concept of hybrid violence of Jiménez Bautista that constitutes the sum of the four forms of violence mentioned above. We present a change of a peaceful paradigm from «knowing to understand» to «knowing to transform» and subsequently to «knowing to neutralize». Finally, the central thesis of this paper is that «the human being is conflictive by nature, but is violent due to its education and culture». This thesis is argued by defining three aspects: a) the meaning of violence (‘typically human phenomenon, free biologically, but psychologically voluntary); b) the manifestations of violence, and c) its possible taxonomy.

This article intends to construct a theoretical framework for Education for Peace, critical in neutralizing new modalities of violence that are emerging in the world today. Neutral Peace is a form of eliminating cultural and symbolic violence, which can help to build a more just and sustainable world. The methodology used is hermeneutic in order to trace the history of Peace Education and its connection with Peace Research. It is concluded that, without Neutral Peace Education, we cannot develop a critical perspective and mindset to challenge violence where peace is war, ignorance is strength and liberty is slavery.

El presente ensayo bibliográfico aborda las principales monografías sobre género y ultraderecha publicadas en el último lustro. En primer lugar, se establece una genealogía de este campo de investigación en el ámbito anglosajón y español. En segundo lugar, se realiza un análisis individual de cada uno de los trabajos reseñados, considerando su contexto, temas y principales aportaciones. Aquellos trabajos realizados desde y sobre España reciben una especial atención con el objetivo de mostrar los logros y las carencias existentes. Por último, se señalan los desafíos epistemológicos y sociopolíticos que se plantean en el futuro para su afianzamiento.

Este artículo intenta definir y concretar el concepto de racismo para el siglo XXI, y, a la vez, plantear un nuevo concepto en el cual visualicen los racismos cotidianos. El problema a investigar es que el racismo no es un instrumento neutro sino destructivo, el cual implica a todos los ámbitos de la sociedad en conocer y consolidar una visión más amplia de las diferencias, multi-inter y transcultural. La metodología utilizada es el auto etnografía reflexiva con un análisis bibliográfico crítico de la literatura existente dentro de una Antropología sobre el racismo. Los hallazgos contemplan el racismo, es decir, una actitud hacia la diferencia se mantiene y refuerza en la ausencia de un ejercicio individual de la neutralización.

El objetivo de este artículo es cuestionar el concepto de paz imperfecta y desvelar sus limitaciones frente al concepto de paz positiva con el fin de descubrir sus tendencias conceptuales subterráneas. La paz imperfecta resulta teórica y críticamente limitada e ineficaz en la práctica de la acción política y ética dentro de la Investigación para la paz. Utilizamos una metodología comparativa consistente en una revisión bibliográfica de la obra de Johan Galtung y Francisco A. Muñoz para encontrar las diferencias y similitudes entre los dos conceptos. En esta revisión observamos un solapamiento de dichos conceptos que nos anima a pensar en el negacionismo de muchos autores del mundo de la imperfección sobre el concepto de paz positiva. El resultado es que dicho solapamiento constituye un esfuerzo para imponer el concepto de paz imperfecta en detrimento de la paz positiva con la fragmentación que supone para la Investigación para la paz.

SARS-CoV-2 is a coronavirus family member that appeared in China in December 2019 and caused the disease called COVID-19, which was declared a pandemic in 2020 by the World Health Organization. In recent months, great efforts have been made in the field of basic and clinical research to understand the biology and infection processes of SARS-CoV-2. In particular, transcriptome analysis has contributed to generating new knowledge of the viral sequences and intracellular signaling pathways that regulate the infection and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2, generating new information about its biology. Furthermore, transcriptomics approaches including spatial transcriptomics, single-cell transcriptomics and direct RNA sequencing have been used for clinical applications in monitoring, detection, diagnosis, and treatment to generate new clinical predictive models for SARS-CoV-2. Consequently, RNA-based therapeutics and their relationship with SARS-CoV-2 have emerged as promising strategies to battle the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic with the assistance of novel approaches such as CRISPR-CAS, ASOs, and siRNA systems. Lastly, we discuss the importance of precision public health in the management of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 and establish that the fusion of transcriptomics, RNA-based therapeutics, and precision public health will allow a linkage for developing health systems that facilitate the acquisition of relevant clinical strategies for rapid decision making to assist in the management and treatment of the SARS-CoV-2-infected population to combat this global public health problem.

El presente artículo se propone exponer los resultados de investigación acerca de los malestares subjetivos que aquejan a mujeres migrantes latinoamericanas y caribeñas en Santiago de Chile, expresados por ellas en los talleres de promoción de salud mental. A través de la Sistematización de Experiencia de equipos implementadores de talleres (pertenecientes a dos Universidades), del registro de la participación de las mujeres en los talleres (realizados entre los años 2016 y 2019) y de entrevistas semiestructuradas con cinco de ellas, se analiza el impacto subjetivo que las problemáticas psicosociales que enfrentan en Chile han tenido en las mujeres. Se identificaron cuatro ámbitos de problemáticas en las cuales se inscriben los malestares expresados por ellas, tales como la sensación de engaño y frustración, sentimientos de menoscabo y fragilidad, así como sentimientos de soledad y vergüenza. Las conclusiones que aquí exponemos buscan aportar al campo de los estudios sobre migración femenina en la región latinoamericana, específicamente a las problemáticas sobre salud mental.

Se describe la diatomea Hantzschia gadorensis como especie nueva a partir de muestras recogidas en una balsa ganadera en la Sierra de Gádor en Almería, España. Sus principales características son un bajo grado de dorsiventralidad, la ausencia de nódulo central y la presencia de conopeo que se registra por primera vez en el género, lo que permite distinguirla de especies similares. Los humedales de este sistema montañoso se confirman así como interesantes focos de biodiversidad aún por explorar.

Se discuten los aportes y experiencias del CATIE en manejo de cuencas hidrográficas en América tropical a través de sus programas de formación de capital humano, así como de la implementación de programas y proyectos de desarrollo y de investigación. Se describen las principales experiencias, contribuciones y lecciones aprendidas, ejemplificadas a través de la justificación de la cuenca como unidad de planificación, manejo, gestión y cogestión de los recursos naturales; de la importancia de abordar el manejo de cuencas como una construcción social; de concebir la cuenca como un sistema y el agua como el recurso integrador; de asumir el manejo de la cuenca como una responsabilidad compartida entre actores; de los comités de cuencas como mecanismo para la institucionalización, la gobernanza y la sostenibilidad de acciones; de la implementación de acciones y procesos con horizontes de corto, mediano y largo; de la progresión desde el manejo a la gestión y a la cogestión como parte de la innovación para superar limitaciones del enfoque convencional de manejo de cuencas; de disponer de una ruta metodológica probada para el proceso de gestión de cuencas y para la elaboración de planes de manejo. Finalmente, se presentan algunos elementos claves para el manejo y gestión de cuencas hidrográficas que incluyen la intervención por microcuencas, la creación y fortalecimiento de capacidades, la importancia de la facilitación de procesos, la acción - investigación participativa asociadas al manejo adaptativo, el aprovechamiento de experiencias aprendidas, el ordenamiento territorial, los mecanismos financieros y la sostenibilidad de las acciones.

In this article a constructive criticism is made to the concept of imperfect peace developed by Professor Francisco A. Muñoz. We intend to point out the main flaws of a concept whose hegemonic narrative is more related to the charisma of Francisco A. Muñoz than to the development of that concept, whose obviousness, imperfection has become a value of peace. The three main deficiencies of the concept of this author have to do with the denial of the figure of Johan Galtung and positive peace; the conceptual imprecision and the perpetuation of the status quo. Said concept - not an analytical category - part of all situations in which the maximum possible peace is achieved according to social conditions, because if we accept imperfect peace we accept a certain level of injustice and reject utopia as an engine of transformation and social neutralization.

In this article we analyze and diagnose the concept of «hybrid violence» as the sum of the different types of violence (direct, structural, cultural and symbolic) within the Research for Peace. Within the process of evolution of the different forms of violence it seems appropriate to specify how the concept of hybrid violence is constructed for the case of Colombia, where we think that the culture of violence has transcended the conflict and has become naturalized. This article aims to point out the most important aspects that construct this violence which has been built through a profile of structuring indicators through the disproportionate use of violence, desire for destruction to the enemy, intolerance and Manichaeism, the cult of the strong man and ubiquity.

This paper studies the social (political, economic and cultural) aspects of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea. We hypothesize that many African countries, as in the case of Equatorial Guinea, conceived and structured their independence apart from the sociological and anthropological models of their own countries. This is due to the adoption of European models and its epidemical «africanization», also the principles of freedom and Western democracy, to the nationalism and anti-colonialism which inspired emancipation movements, as well as the Europeanized elites who do not usually worry about civil society. This paper points out and denounces some incongruent aspects of the common good, truth, justice, peace and patriotism which are developed by the political elite indoctrinated by Western behaviors of understanding democracy and social justice.

Serotonin (5-HT) is member of a family of indolamine molecules that participate in a wide variety of biological processes. Despite its important role in the regulation of local blood systems, little is known about the physiological function of 5-HT in reproductive organs, its functional implications, and its role in the reproduction of mammals. In the present work, we evaluated the localization and distribution of 5-HT (using histochemical analysis of indolamines) and different components of the serotoninergic system in rat testes. We detected local synthesis and degradation through immunofluorescence and western blot analyses against the TPH1, MAOA, 5-HTT, and VMAT1 serotonin transporters. We also identified the localization and distribution of the 5-HT1B, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT3A receptors. RT-PCR results showed the presence of the Tph1, Maoa, Slc6a4, and Htr3a genes in testes and in the brain stem (Tph1 was used as a negative control). High-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the presence of 5-HT and the activity of tryptophan hydroxylase in testes homogenates in vitro. Our observations suggest that TPH1 activity and local 5-HT synthesis befall in rat testes. We propose that 5-HT could participate in the regulation of testosterone synthesis and in the spermatogenesis process via local serotoninergic system. However, more studies are needed before concluding that rat testes, or those of other mammals, contain an active form of tryptophan hydroxylase and produce 5-HT.

[Introducción]: La deforestación y la gestión insostenible de los sistemas de producción agrícola y ganadero en áreas montañosas han provocado la degradación de la tierra y una progresiva reducción en la provisión de los servicios ecosistémicos. [Objetivo]: En este artículo se desarrolla un análisis espacial de susceptibilidad de erosión en la subcuenca del río Claro, en el cordón montañoso Fila Cruces, en la región del Pacífico Sur de Costa Rica. [Metodología]: Para ello se aplicaron los métodos de regresión logística y redes neuronales artificiales integrados en un entorno de sistemas de información geográfica (GIS) y empleando herramientas de teledetección. En ambos modelos se consideraron los siguientes factores explicativos: uso del suelo, geomorfología, pendiente, distancia euclidiana a la red de drenaje e índice de vegetación diferencial normalizado (NDVI, en sus siglas en inglés). Los mapas de susceptibilidad de erosión fueron validados independientemente por medio de la función características operativas del receptor (ROC, por sus siglas en inglés). [Resultados]: El modelo de redes neuronales artificiales obtuvo un poder predictivo superior al de regresión logística con base en el valor calculado del área debajo de la curva (AUC, por sus siglas en inglés). Los factores con mayor poder explicativo variaron en función del modelo utilizado [Conclusiones]: Los mapas de susceptibilidad de erosión mostraron una elevada alteración ecológica en términos de la probabilidad de ocurrencia de procesos de erosión, especialmente en la parte alta de la subcuenca, en terrenos ocupados por fincas de ganadería extensiva y elevada pendiente.

Este artículo pretende realizar una autoetnografía de la pandemia del Covid-19 y la vulnerabilidad en la que está inmersa toda la sociedad. La humanidad globalizada ha sufrido de forma total una pandemia que destruye la sociedad. Autoetnografía que constituye un esfuerzo por analizar la información cuantitativa y cualitativa, que recibimos diariamente a través de los medios de comunicación. Esta se construye como un método que se alimenta del conocimiento de la antropología, la geografía e investigación para la paz, haciéndonos protagonistas de esta sociedad vulnerable. El materialismo cultural y dialéctico da una mejor explicación a dicho fenómeno, ya que la superestructura contiene prácticas, pliegues y texturas que también son prácticas culturales (razones, causas y procesos) en tiempos de pandemias. El resultado es la construcción de una sociedad vulnerable en la cual reina el miedo y dónde surge el fenómeno del racismo y la xenofobia a la luz del coronavirus. Todas estas sinergias generan violencias que resultan imperceptibles como secuestradoras de la libertad y de justicia social, sino como protectora del propio Estado autoritario. Hoy la humanidad no es consciente de un contexto de vulnerabilidad sin precedentes, por ello, los tiempos exigen el derecho a la no discriminación en una realidad de paz neutra, paz intercultural y paz vulnerable.

Este estudo teve o objetivo de validar o conteúdo dos itens de um instrumento de avaliação dos conteúdos substantivos, suas organizações e formas de prática e do feedback pedagógico para a natação por meio do coeficiente de validade de conteúdo (CVC). Esta análise se reteve ao polo teórico da validação de instrumentos, que gerou uma grelha de ocorrências sobre itens relativos ao conhecimento pedagógico de conteúdo do ensino e aprendizagem da natação. A amostra foi composta por três avaliadores, com experiência ativa de no mínimo 10 anos na área do ensino da natação que julgaram 31 itens quanto a concordância dos critérios de clareza da linguagem, pertinência prática, relevância teórica e da dimensão teórica. Seguindo o critério de concordância mínima aceitável para o CVCi≥0,7 três itens da grelha foram excluídos, pois apresentaram resultados abaixo do esperado nos critérios pertinência prática e relevância teórica. Em seguida um novo CVCtotal foi mensurado, levando-se em consideração 28 itens restantes. Nos três critérios o CVCtotal foi satisfatório, demonstrando que os itens foram descritos de forma clara, que se adequam ao ensino e aprendizagem da natação e indicam estar de acordo com as competências que o professor deve ter sobre o conhecimento pedagógico no ensino desse esporte. Subdivididos nas dimensões de natureza da tarefa, organização e formas de prática e feedback pedagógico e suas subdimensiones objetivo, forma, direção e referencial, os 28 itens darão auxílio como meio pedagógico ao professor de natação quanto aos conteúdos aplicados, sua organização da prática e seus feedbacks.