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Background Private universities in Peru still need to implement digital transformation models to enhance the job performance of faculty and staff, achieving consistent improvement in the performance levels of university teachers by deploying technological and didactic tools for students. Therefore, the study aims to determine the relationship between digital transformation and the job performance of employees at a Private University. Methods The research approach was quantitative, employing a non-experimental, longitudinal correlational design. The technique used was a survey, applied to a sample of 104 employees (school heads, faculty, and a director) from the university on a national level from a total population of 144. Results Descriptive results reveal that the university has regularly adopted tools related to digital transformation. In particular, it has efficiently employed agile technologies, Big Data, and various technological means, benefiting 90% (52% and 38%) of the staff. The study also showed a high positive correlation (0.92>0.7) between digital transformation and the job performance of staff at the Private University, confirming that there is a significant connection between the variables studied. Conclusions Therefore, creating an innovative culture across all hierarchical levels and identifying key technologies that add value to the learning flow can meet the needs of an increasingly demanding society.

Background This study begins with the analysis of the current management models and their degree of effectiveness in municipal administration. Its aim is to design an administrative management model that enables effective administration in the District Municipality of Nueva Cajamarca, Peru, based on the theory of intelligent organizations. Method The research type employed in this study is diagnostic-propositional, utilizing both deductive and inductive methods, in alignment with a mixed-method approach and a non-experimental nature of the study. Data was collected from three distinct populations, including the 189 municipal employees engaged in administrative roles, who were subjected to a 50-question survey. This survey aimed to assess their perceptions regarding the current management model and its relationship with administrative effectiveness. Additionally, interviews were conducted with three experts to gain deeper insights into the behavior of the variables under investigation. Results Finally, documentary information about the management models currently in use was collected. This facilitated the triangulation of data collection, processing, analysis, and inferences from three sources of information. The results reveal a positive, direct, and significant correlation between the management model and administrative effectiveness. It becomes evident that the current management model is deficient, resulting in a low level of administrative effectiveness. Conclusion The management model based on the theory of intelligent organizations was validated using a rubric by experts in effective management. The main pillars of this model include transformational leadership, structural change, and cultural change.

La Logística Verde es una herramienta de gestión que permite mitigar los daños causados por procesos productivos de las empresas, lo que conlleva a implementar nuevas estrategias para poder estar a la vanguardia de las tendencias. En ese sentido, la presente investigación está relacionada al análisis de la situación de las empresas agroexportadoras con el factor medioambiental como una ventaja competitiva. Por ello, se tiene como objetivo analizar el impacto de la Logística Verde como estrategia en las empresas agroexportadoras de la región Lambayeque en Perú. La metodología de la investigación es de tipo aplicada, tiene un enfoque cualitativo, de diseño exploratorio, la cual tiene una muestra no probabilística a cinco empresas agroexportadoras. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó la entrevista y como instrumento la guía de entrevista. De acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos se concluyó que las empresas han implementado la Logística Verde y siguen en continuo crecimiento en tal aspecto, repercutiendo positivamente en imagen, percepción del cliente, competitividad, optimización de costos, así como incremento de utilidades.

Background The study analyzes the impact of public health spending on malnutrition among Peruvians, using data from the National Household Survey, the Central Reserve Bank of Peru, the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics and the Ministry of Economy and Finance from 2010. -2020. Previous studies have revealed the existing relationship of health spending with the reduction of malnutrition. Methods A quantitative approach is considered, with an explanatory type of research using panel data methodology considering the bidimensionality of the data, which allows quantifying this effect for the Peruvian case using the National Household Survey, data from the Central Reserve Bank of Peru, as well as information from the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics and the Transparency Portal of the Ministry of Economy and Finance in the period 2010-2020. Results The results show that public expenditure on health has a negative relationship with malnutrition; the rural sector has a positive relationship with malnutrition given the limitations present for access to adequate food. Similarly, the unemployment rate shows a positive relationship with malnutrition, given that being unemployed leads to a higher cause of malnutrition in the population, and the gross domestic product has a negative relationship with malnutrition, given that greater economic growth produces an impact on reducing malnutrition, with the greatest impact being on the rural population and the gross domestic product. Conclusions In the analysis period 2010-2020 in Peru, based on the panel data analysis, the impact of public health expenditure on reducing malnutrition is observed in 10 departments, achieving a reduction in malnutrition; while in 14 departments, this indicator has not been reduced.

Background Trade openness shows a positive impact on economic growth, supported by economic theory, and export diversification and economic complexity show a positive dynamic in trade openness in the world; however, a specificity is generated in South American countries. Therefore, the objective of the research is to analyse the macroeconomic determinants of trade openness in Latin American countries. Methods The research approach was quantitative and explanatory using panel data methodology from the databases of the World Bank, Harvard University and the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean for the period 2000-2020. Results The fixed effects panel data model showed that the variables that had a negative impact on trade openness were GDP, the economic complexity index and the logistic performance index, while the variables that had a positive impact were exports of high-tech products (a proxy for innovation), exports, imports, research and development expenditure and interregional trade in goods. Conclusions Therefore, during the analysis period of 2000-2020 in South America, based on the panel data analysis under fixed effects, a total of 8 countries had a negative impact on trade openness, and only the economies of Chile, French Guiana, and Brazil had a positive impact on trade openness; these economies are characterized by their better performance in the economic complexity index, their higher percentage of budget for research and development expenses, and their trade policies oriented towards the industrialization of their value-added products.

Background Women’s educational attainment and their generation of value through education has increased the prospects for achieving economic equality between men and women. However, women continue to earn lower wages than men, reflecting growing inequality in several countries. Therefore, the objective of the study is to estimate the impact of education on the gender wage gap in Peru over the period 2017-2021. Methods Quantitative, explanatory study aimed at identifying the impact of education on the gender wage gap in Peru during the period 2017-2021. The research design is non-experimental and uses a time series that analyses the influence of the latent variable of education on the gender wage gap. This is a continuous variable to estimate the Tobit model. Results The results show that the gender gap in Peru exhibited a decreasing trend between men and women during the period 2017-2020, with an average reduction of 10% until 2020 due to the health crisis. The highest average salary was achieved by men in 2019, reaching S/2289.97 soles, while women reached an average salary of S/1368.85 soles. In the post-pandemic scenario for 2021, the gender gap increased by 3%, with men earning an average salary of S/1999.63 soles and women earning an average salary of S/1281.16 soles. The analysis from 2017-2021 shows that years of education had a positive impact on the gender wage gap in Peru based on the Tobit model estimation. Conclusions During the analysis period of 2017-2021, years of education had a positive impact on the gender wage gap in Peru, with the greatest impact occurring during the health crisis. The probability of women’s incomes improving with an increase in years of education was 2.35%, while for men, the highest impact was in 2018, with a probability of income improvement of 2.16% in terms of marginal effect.

Background Private universities in Peru still need to implement digital transformation models to enhance the job performance of faculty and staff, achieving consistent improvement in the performance levels of university teachers by deploying technological and didactic tools for students. Therefore, the study aims to determine the relationship between digital transformation and the job performance of employees at a Private University. Methods The research approach was quantitative, employing a non-experimental, longitudinal correlational design. The technique used was a survey, applied to a sample of 104 employees (school heads, faculty, and a director) from the university on a national level from a total population of 144. Results Descriptive results reveal that the university has regularly adopted tools related to digital transformation. In particular, it has efficiently employed agile technologies, Big Data, and various technological means, benefiting 90% (52% and 38%) of the staff. The study also showed a high positive correlation (0.92>0.7) between digital transformation and the job performance of staff at the Private University, confirming that there is a significant connection between the variables studied. Conclusions Therefore, creating an innovative culture across all hierarchical levels and identifying key technologies that add value to the learning flow can meet the needs of an increasingly demanding society.

Background This study begins with the analysis of the current management models and their degree of effectiveness in municipal administration. Its aim is to design an administrative management model that enables effective administration in the District Municipality of Nueva Cajamarca, Peru, based on the theory of intelligent organizations. Method The research type employed in this study is diagnostic-propositional, utilizing both deductive and inductive methods, in alignment with a mixed-method approach and a non-experimental nature of the study. Data was collected from three distinct populations, including the 189 municipal employees engaged in administrative roles, who were subjected to a 50-question survey. This survey aimed to assess their perceptions regarding the current management model and its relationship with administrative effectiveness. Additionally, interviews were conducted with three experts to gain deeper insights into the behavior of the variables under investigation. Results Finally, documentary information about the management models currently in use was collected. This facilitated the triangulation of data collection, processing, analysis, and inferences from three sources of information. The results reveal a positive, direct, and significant correlation between the management model and administrative effectiveness. It becomes evident that the current management model is deficient, resulting in a low level of administrative effectiveness. Conclusion The management model based on the theory of intelligent organizations was validated using a rubric by experts in effective management. The main pillars of this model include transformational leadership, structural change, and cultural change.