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Bothremydidae was one of the most diverse and widespread group of side-necked turtles (pleurodirans) during the Cretaceous and part of the Paleogene. In South America, the Paleogene record of bothremydids is restricted to Puentemys mushaisaensis from the middle–late Paleocene Cerrejón Formation of Colombia, Inaechelys pernambucensis from the Paleocene of Brazil, and Motelomama olssoni from the early Eocene of Perú. Here, we describe two shells of P. mushaisaensis and several other isolated bones conferred to this taxon from the upper Paleocene and lower Eocene Arcillolitas de Socha Formation found in the Socha Region, Boyacá Department of Colombia. U-Pb dating of detrital zircon from two levels from this formation indicates maximum depositional ages of 56.83±0.04 Ma and 57.2±0.5 Ma for the areniscas guía interval of the formation. The new occurrence of P. mushaisaensis in the Socha region, at least 500 km south from Cerrejón, indicates a wider biogeographical distribution of northern South America Paleocene herpetofauna, possibly helped by low topography and ecosystems connectivity via a faunistic corridor.

Changing the morphology is an excellent option for altering the textural parameters of SBA-15 materials. This study provides a guide on how the properties of mesoporous structures behave according to their morphology and their contribution to thermal stability. The objective of this work was to synthesize different morphologies (spherical, hexagonal prisms, rice-like grains, rods, and fibers) of SBA-15 materials and evaluate the existing textural changes. The materials were synthesized by varying the temperature of the synthesis gel from 25 °C to 55 °C, with stirring at 300 or 500 rpm. The results of X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, N2 adsorption and desorption, and scanning electron microscopy were evaluated. Thermal stability tests were also conducted in an inert atmosphere. The materials were successfully synthesized, and it was observed that they all exhibited different characteristics, such as their ordering, interplanar distance, mesoporous parameter, specific surface area, micropore and mesopore volumes, external mesoporous area, and wall thickness. They also presented different thermal stabilities. The rice grain morphology had the highest specific surface area (908.8 cm2/g) and the best thermal stability, while the rod morphology had the best pore diameter (7.7 nm) and microporous volume (0.078 cm3/g).

In this study, a total of 34 Spanish minority varieties were studied during four seasons from 2020 to 2023, and their behavior was characterized according to their main phenological stages (bud break, bloom, veraison, and maturity) and complete cycle. We focused on the varieties prospected in the central Spanish plateau and conserved in the “El Encín” grapevine collection, aiming to identify the potential for adaptation of these varieties and for them to be considered by winegrowers as an alternative to current climate change conditions. The growing degree days required for the expression of the phenological stage, and the duration of each stage, were compiled. Characteristics of oenological interest were also monitored, such as °Brix, pH, and titratable acidity in must at the time of harvest. This study was carried out in years with atypical snowfall and cold spells (winter 2021), as well as with heat waves (summer 2022), with average temperatures 3–5 °C higher than normal and absolute maximum temperatures over 40 °C. Both cases also exceeded records of historical series (1957–2019). Veraison has been identified as the stage most susceptible to damage from high temperatures, in addition to the maturation and duration of the complete cycle. The varieties were classified into five groups according to the duration of each phenological stage (very early, early, medium, late, and very late). Some varieties with late or very late maturation and with must characteristics of 20–23 °Brix, 3–5 g/L of titratable acidity, and pH 3.5–4.5, as well as others, retained stability in their phenological periodicity and must quality. The results suggest that special attention should be given to thoroughly evaluating these varieties, and that the strategies contemplated should be considered as a feasible cultivation alternative in viticulture to mitigate the effects of climate change.

Purpose: Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a rare form of malignancy comprising only 5% of urothelial cancers. The mainstay of treatment is radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) with bladder cuff excision. Neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy is often used in locally advanced disease. The role of adjuvant radiotherapy (RT), however, remains controversial. To further explore the potential role of adjuvant RT, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature from 1990 to present. Methods and Materials: We identified 810 candidate articles from database searches, of which 67 studies underwent full-text review, with final inclusion of 20 eligible studies. Among the included studies, there were no randomized controlled trials and a single prospective trial, with the remainder being retrospective series. We performed quantitative synthesis of the results by calculating the pooled odds ratios (OR) for the primary outcome of locoregional recurrence (LRR) and secondary outcomes of overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS) and distant recurrence (DR). Results: Adjuvant RT, which was mostly prescribed for locally advanced or margin-positive disease following RNU, significantly reduced locoregional recurrence risk OR 0.43 (95% CI: 0.23–0.70), and the effect remained significant even following subgroup analysis to account for adjuvant systemic therapy. The effect of adjuvant RT on 3-year OS, 5-year CSS and DR was non-significant. However, 5-year OS was unfavourable in the adjuvant RT arm, but study heterogeneity was high, and analysis of small-study effects and subgroups suggested bias in reporting of outcomes. Conclusions: Adjuvant RT in the setting of locally advanced UTUC improves locoregional control following definitive surgery, but does not appear to improve OS. Higher-quality studies, ideally randomized controlled trials, are needed to further quantify its benefit in this setting, and to explore multi-modal treatments that include systemic agents given concomitantly or sequentially with RT, which may offer an OS benefit in addition to the locoregional control benefit of RT.

Este artigo constitui um desdobramento da pesquisa Crianças, Educação Física e Metodologias de Ensino: Interfaces entre os campos de conhecimento da Educação Física e da Infância. A partir de algumas constatações empíricas, teve como objetivo fazer uma reflexão teórica e exploratória tomando como referência o pensamento do filósofo Merleau-Ponty. Com estas constatações e reflexões pretendeu-se conhecer e extrair princípios teórico-didático-metodológicos para a Educação Física com crianças. Paralelamente a esse caminho, convocamos a perspetiva fenomenológica do “se-movimentar”, desenvolvida por Elenor Kunz, como possibilidade de assegurar algo que é intrínseco às crianças, isto é, a “relação ingênua (que elas estabelecem) com o mundo”. Ambos os autores trazem uma importante noção fenomenológica: a expressão do ter e do ser corpo, como o princípio estruturante do ser-no-mundo; do ter e do ser corpo como forma de “ver a criança por ela mesma – uma dimensão ontológica”. Além destas noções fenomenológicas destacamos, também conclusivamente, a importante noção de criança comum a Merleau-Ponty: a de Manuel Sarmento (um olhar sociológico), quando faz um elogio à positivação da infância: “ver a criança por ela mesma”.

Esta investigación evaluó el efecto inhibidor de aceites esenciales (AE) de romero y orégano silvestre contra bacterias patógenas encontradas en trucha arcoiris, promotoras de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos. Los AE fueron extraídos mediante fluidos supercríticos y se determinó su densidad, índice de refracción (IR), y compuestos orgánicos volátiles. Las bacterias se identificaron con el sistema Phoenix® y la susceptibilidad por Kirby-Bauer. Las actividades antimicrobianas y bactericida ejercida por AE contra S. aureus y B. cereus, se determinaron por microdilución. Como resultados se obtuvo una densidad de 0,89 y 0,93 g/cm3; IR de 1,46 y 1,40; humedad de 8,42 % y 8,34 % y rendimiento global de 2,42 % y 2,05 % para el aceite esencial de romero (AER) y el aceite esencial de orégano (AEO), respectivamente. La caracterización química por cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas determinó como compuestos representativos alcanfor (26,95 %) y trans-cariofileno (22,80 %) para el AER y timol (76,25 %) para el AEO. El AER ejerció un mayor efecto antimicrobiano y antibacteriano contra S. aureus (CMI y CMB= 28480 µg/mL) en comparación con el AEO, no obstante AEO presentó una mejor respuesta antimicrobiana (CMI= 44640 µg/mL) y antibacteriana (CMB=59520 µg/mL) contra B. cereus frente a AER, lo que sugiere un potencial efecto bioprotector de estos aceites esenciales como conservantes naturales de productos cárnicos.

El libro de Juan Pablo Lichtmajer puede inscribirse como una de estas iniciativas ya que revisita la producción intelectual de Juan Bautista Alberdi desde las confrontaciones que asume contra el liberalismo porteño y el caudillismo rosista, en una exploración aleatoria de aquel federalismo centralizante pero también visibiliza las operaciones retóricas en torno a la obra alberdiana. El libro, en cuatro capítulos y un epílogo, recorre los temas propuestos de forma aleatoria, es decir, no circunscrita rígidamente a la temporalidad evenemencial sino que se sostiene en la retroactividad y la recursividad.

La pandemia ocasionada por el COVID-19 dejó en evidencia la importancia del trabajo doméstico remunerado y no remunerado, el trabajo de cuidados y las diversas actividades profesionales que las mujeres realizan desde casa, ante los prolongados períodos de confi­namiento físico que han trastocado la vida cotidiana de millones de seres humanos en todo el planeta. Este documento busca exponer la sobrecarga de actividades que en­frentan las mujeres a causa del con­finamiento reflexionando desde la economía feminista, con el objetivo de sacar a la luz la apremiante ne­cesidad de repensar la organización de los tiempos laborales y de vida de las personas, así como visibili­zar los conflictos velados entre los tiempos y trabajos que enfrentan especialmente las mujeres, además de las desigualdades entre hombres y mujeres, ya que las últimas son quie­nes asumen la responsabilidad del cuidado y sostenimiento de la vida.

Introduction: Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by neuronal dysfunction and death. Studies suggest that some seed extracts have a neuroprotective effect. Considering the increased incidence of these diseases and the need for new effective therapies with fewer side effects, this review aimed to assess the evidence of the efficacy and safety of seed extracts in experimental models of neurodegeneration. Material and Method: The search was carried out through studies published between 2000 and 2021 in Science Direct, PubMed, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), and Latin American Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS) databases, in which the effects of seed extracts in in vitro and in vivo experimental models of neurodegeneration were investigated. Based on the eligibility criteria, 47 studies were selected for this review. Results: In the in vitro models, the neuroprotection of the seed extracts was a result of their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. In the in vivo models, neuroprotection resulted from the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, a decrease in motor deficits, an improvement in learning and memory, as well as the increased release of neurotransmitters. The results show promise for the future of clinical research on new therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. However, the studies are still limited, which does not allow us to extrapolate the results to human beings with ND. Conclusions: Therefore, clinical trials are needed in order to prove the results of the in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as to assess the ideal, safe, and effective dose of these seed extracts in patients with neurodegenerative diseases.

La recuperación y reciclado de hormigones es parte imprescindible para conseguir y compatibilizar el desarrollo constructivo-económico de la sociedad con la preservación del medio ambiente. En el presente trabajo se describe el proceso de reciclaje de hormigones y los principales factores que pueden afectar la durabilidad en los elementos elaborados con hormigones reciclados, señalándose como significativos el porciento de sustitución de los áridos, la relación agua/cemento y la cantidad de mortero adherido en los áridos reciclado. Mediante un enfoque mixto que complementa el método deductivo con el método bibliográfico mediante el manejo de una amplia fuente de bibliografía, se hace un análisis de los factores principales que condicionan la durabilidad de hormigones fabricados con residuos de la construcción y demolición por clasificación de sólidos. De los factores determinantes, tanto la permeabilidad como la porosidad pueden ser limitadas por un meticuloso tratamiento de los residuos del hormigón reciclado al lograrse una alta depuración de fracciones no útiles. Se ha encontrado como límite máximo de sustitución de áridos reciclados hasta el 20% del árido natural, señalándose por varios autores que superarlo produce afectaciones significativas comprometiendo la resistencia. En su mayoría, los autores aconsejan que los procesos de reutilización deben siempre ser acompañados de procesos de comprobación.

In view of the innovations brought by the Code of Civil Procedure regarding the system of judicial precedents, the purpose of this article is to discuss the need to treat as a preliminary matter the existence or not of criteria that allow or authorize the overruling, in order to guarantee more stability.

OBJETIVO: Compreender a prática educativa e quais os conteúdos abordados por três professores de Educação Física em uma escola da Rede Municipal de Ensino de Florianópolis-SC. MÉTODOS: Como abordagem teórico-metodológica adotamos a pesquisa exploratória de caráter qualitativo na forma de análise de conteúdo por meio da triangulação de dados. Foi caracterizado como um estudo de campo e como instrumentos de coleta de dados utilizou-se o diário de campo, a observação participante e os diálogos informais. A pesquisa foi realizada em uma escola do município de Florianópolis-SC. Como sujeitos da pesquisa participaram de forma voluntária três professores de Educação Física. CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que os conteúdos predominantes entre os professores foram os esportes, os jogos e as brincadeiras e as práticas corporais na natureza. Ao fim do estudo foi possível compreender que as práticas educativas se diferem de sujeito para sujeito, mesmo estando em uma mesma escola, e que os conteúdos em alguns momentos se repetem, mas são abordados de maneiras distintas a partir da perspectiva de Educação Física de cada professor, a qual transitou pelo conceito da cultura corporal de movimento, do desenvolvimento motor e da prática de atividade física e esportiva.

Bilateral testicular germ cell tumors (BTGCT) occur in 1 to 4% of patients with testicular cancer and of these, 10-15% are synchronous. Overall, BTGCT represents less than 0.5% of all new cases of testicular cancer. There are few reports in the literature of synchronous BTGCT with different histology. We present the case of a 30-year-old man who presented to our genitourinary tumor unit with a bilateral increase of testicular volume. After initial assessment, a testicular ultrasound showed the presence of solid tumors in both testes. Staging studies were negative for metastatic disease. The patient was referred to the fertility clinic for sperm banking and later underwent a bilateral radical orchiectomy. The histopathology evaluation revealed a 5.5 cm right-sided mixed germ cell tumor and a 1.5 cm left-sided testicular seminoma. Because patient´s poor compliance for surveillance was identified as a risk factor for relapse and poor outcome, adjuvant chemotherapy was favored. The patient underwent one cycle of bleomycin, etoposide and cisplatin (BEP). After four years of follow up, the patient shows no evidence of relapse, either clinically or radiologically. In men unlikely to carry out successful surveillance; active treatment is the preferred option for preventing disease recurrence, even in patients with no risk factors. The physician must consider all available therapeutic measures in this scenario to achieve the best possible therapeutic result.

Introduction. The production and commercialization of raw milk in Nariño, Colombia, follows microbiological and compositional standards on which payment for quality is made. However, quality can be affected during its transport after milking. Objective. To describe the microbiological and compositional quality of raw milk in the highland tropic. Materials and methods. The study was carried out in seven municipalities in the department of Nariño, Colombia, during the rainy season between February and July of 2017. Two milk samples from the same milk can were collected, one after milking (farm; n = 10), and the second at the collection point (tank; n = 10). In each sample, the following variables were evaluated: height above the sea level of the collection site, aerobic mesophilic count (CFU), total coliform count (COL), milk temperature, fat (FAT), protein (PC) and total solids (TS). Results. The temperature of the milk was higher on the farm compared to the tank (30±0.68 vs. 23±0.87 °C, respectively). The aerobic mesophilic count was higher in the tank vs. farm (116,470 vs. 41,388 CFU ml-1, respectively). The temperature of the milk was negatively correlated with the distance and the transport time of the milk (-0.86 and -0.84, respectively). The compositional quality of the milk was not affected by transport conditions. Conclusion. In the high tropic conditions, the microbiological quality of raw milk was negatively affected by the increase in the aerobic mesophilic counts.

Objetivo: Identificar los gastos que realizan los pacientes que reciben hemodiálisis con diferentes esquemas de cobertura en salud, en la ciudad de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, en el contexto de una entidad altamente marginada como el estado de Chiapas, en México durante los meses de agosto-septiembre de 2017. Métodos: Estudio etnográfico, observacional, descriptivo a partir de una muestra no probabilística intencional de 21 casos abordados mediante entrevistas individuales. Los criterios de selección fueron la etiología de la enfermedad renal crónica, el sexo, el tiempo que tenía el paciente en hemodiálisis, el esquema de financiamiento del tratamiento, el lugar de residencia y la edad. Resultados: Se identificaron cuatro modalidades de financiamiento del tratamiento. Considerando los gastos en medicamentos, transporte, viáticos, consultas médicas, estudios de laboratorio, dieta y hemodiálisis. El grupo que reporta menor gasto es el de pacientes institucionales que destinan en promedio $308.90 USD mensuales, seguido de los pacientes subrogados que destinaron en promedio $337.94 USD mensuales. Los pacientes semiprivados invierten $768.89 USD cada mes y el grupo con el mayor gasto es el de los pacientes privados que destinan en promedio $1,530.61 USD mensualmente. Conclusiones: El tratamiento de la ERC por medio de hemodiálisis tiene un costo mensual por paciente que va desde los $308.9 USD hasta los $1,530.61 USD, por lo tanto, las posibilidades de que un hogar asuma los costos del tratamiento están en función del esquema de seguridad social al que tienen acceso, del capital físico y financiero que posean y de las redes de apoyo que construyan.

Atualmente uma elevada quantidade de pessoas procura as atividades em academia, entre estas, pode-se destacar a musculação. A busca por um corpo “perfeito” faz com que esses indivíduos utilizem uma grande variedade de suplementos alimentares e recursos ergogênicos com a finalidade de potencializar esses resultados, e muitas vezes sem orientação profissional. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a prevalência do uso de suplementos alimentares e recursos ergogênicos em uma academia de Fortaleza-CE. Utilizou-se para isso, um questionário contendo 17 perguntas, aplicado a 85 sujeitos de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 18 e 58 anos. Observou-se um expressivo número que indica o uso ou conhecimento de alguém próximo aos entrevistados que usam esses produtos (97,6%), e que adultos jovens entre 18 e 30 relatam fazer maior consumo dessas substâncias do que pessoas de idades mais avançadas. Os suplementos mais citados pelos entrevistados foram o Whey Protein e BCAA, tendo como motivação principal para o uso a indicação de um nutricionista. Um dado alarmante foi encontrado no que diz respeito a utilização de esteroides anabolizantes, onde 67,1% dos entrevistados afirmaram fazer ou conhecer alguém que utilize tais substâncias. O alto consumo de suplementos alimentares e recursos ergogênicos apontam a necessidade de alertar esses usuários, e aos novos que poderão vir a surgir, dos riscos relacionados à utilização indevida e sem orientação profissional. ABSTRACT Analysis of use of food supplements and ergogenic resources by individuals of a gym from Fortaleza-CE Currently a large number of people are looking for activities in the gym, among them, you can highlight the bodybuilding. The search for a "perfect" body makes these individuals use a wide variety of food supplements and ergogenic resources in order to enhance these results, often without professional guidance. The aim of the study was to analyze the prevalence of the use of food supplements and ergogenic resources in a Fortaleza-CE academy. A questionnaire containing 17 questions was applied to 85 subjects of both sexes, aged between 18 and 58 years. There was an expressive number indicating the use or knowledge of someone close to the interviewees who use these products (97.6%), and that young adults between 18 and 30 reported making more use of these substances than people of more advanced age. The supplements most cited by the interviewees were Whey Protein and BCAA, with the main motivation for the use being the indication of a nutritionist. An alarming finding was found regarding the use of anabolic steroids, where 67.1% of respondents said they did or know someone who uses these substances. The high consumption of food supplements and ergogenic resources point out the need to warn these users, and new ones that may arise, of risks related to misuse and without professional guidance.

Objetivos: Evaluar la proporción de afiliados al Seguro de Salud del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires con adherencia primaria a: 1) bifosfonatos para la prevención secundaria de fractura osteoporótica; 2) insulina y metformina para el tratamiento de diabetes tipo 2, y 3) tamoxifeno en el contexto del tratamiento del cáncer mamario. Diseño: Cohorte retrospectiva para determinar la proporción de la adherencia primaria durante los años 2012 y 2013. Emplazamiento: Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Participantes: Afiliados al Seguro de Salud del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, a quienes en el periodo descrito anteriormente se les hubiera realizado una prescripción electrónica nueva de los fármacos descritos previamente. Fueron evaluadas 1.403 nuevas prescripciones electrónicas de los fármacos analizados, de las cuales se excluyeron 673 por no cumplir con los criterios de inclusión. Mediciones principales: Adherencia primaria: constatación de que se dispensó la nueva medicación durante los primeros 30 días de haber sido realizada la prescripción electrónica índice. El análisis primario evaluó la proporción de adherencia primaria de los diferentes medicamentos. Se realizó un análisis bivariado para comparar las características y los posibles predictores. Resultados: La proporción de adherencia primaria para los fármacos y las familias de los fármacos analizados fue: bifosfonatos, 93%; metformina, 88%; insulina, 96%; y tamoxifeno, 92%. Conclusiones: Este es el primer estudio que evaluó la adherencia primaria en Argentina y, según los resultados de nuestra búsqueda, el primero en el mundo para tamoxifeno. La adherencia primaria documentada en nuestra investigación fue algo mayor que la informada en la bibliografía.

Ampelography, the botanical discipline dedicated to the identification and classification of grapevine cultivars, was grounded on the description of morphological characters and more recently is based on the application of DNA polymorphisms. New methods of image analysis may help to optimize morphological approaches in ampelography. The objective of this study was the classification of representative cultivars of Vitis vinifera conserved in the Spanish collection of IMIDRA according to seed shape. Thirty eight cultivars representing the diversity of this collection were analyzed. A consensus seed silhouette was defined for each cultivar representing the geometric figure that better adjusted to their seed shape. All the cultivars tested were classified in ten morphological groups, each corresponding to a new model. The models are geometric figures defined by equations and similarity to each model is evaluated by quantification of percent of the area shared by the two figures, the seed and the model (J index). The comparison of seed images with geometric models is a rapid and convenient method to classify cultivars. A large proportion of the collection may be classified according to the new models described and the method permits to find new models according to seed shape in other cultivars.

Este artigo teve por finalidade analisar a percepção dos conselheiros gestores de educação da cidade de Vilhena em relação à prevenção e ao combate à corrupção e à transparência e ao acesso à informação. Como amostra, foram utilizados os conselhos de educação do município. A pesquisa, realizada em duas etapas, caracterizou-se por uma abordagem qualitativa e seus objetivos apresentaram um caráter descritivo. A técnica de pesquisa utilizada foi a aplicação de questionário baseado nas 10 Medidas Contra a Corrupção, propostas pelo Ministério Público Federal (MPF), na Lei da Transparência e na Lei de Acesso à Informação. Os conselheiros possuem alto nível de conhecimento da legislação e, para eles, a população não participa do controle social e não cobra os gestores em relação à transparência das contas públicas.

This article presents a pictorial representation of a generalized model for a human interacting with an exoskeleton or a force-augmenting device. This model is used for comparing four different control schemes, which are: 1) Kazerooni's algorithm, 2) BLEEX’s algorithm, 3) technique inspired by fictitious gain, and 4) Force control with velocity and position feedback. The hardware and software requirements for the presented control algorithms are also discussed.

The identification of contributory factors to crash frequencies observed in different highway facilities can aid transportation and traffic management agencies to improve road traffic safety. In spite of the strategic importance of the national Portuguese road network, there are no recent studies concerned with either the identification of contributory factors to road crashes or Crash Prediction Models (CPMs) for this type of roadway. This study presents an initial contribution to this problem by focusing on the national roads NR-14, NR-101 and NR-206, which are located in Northern region of Portugal. They are two-lane single carriageway rural roads. This study analysed the crash frequencies, Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT) and geometric characteristics of 88 two-lane road segments. The selected segments were 200-m-long and did not cross through urbanized areas. The fixed length of 200 meters corresponds to the road length used in Portugal to define a critical point. Data regarding the annual crash frequency and the AADT were available from 1999 to 2010. Due to the high number of zero-crash records in the initial database, the data were explored to identify the best statistical modelling approach to be adopted. The Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) procedure was applied to 10 distinctive databases formed by grouping the original data in time and space. The results show that the different observations within each road segment present an exchangeable correlation structure type. This paper also analyses the impact of the sample size on the model’s capability of identifying the contributing factors to crash frequencies. The major contributing factors identified for the two-lane highways studied were the traffic volume (expressed in AADT), lane width, vertical sinuosity, and Density of Access Points (DAP). Acceptable CPM was identified for the highways considered, which estimated the total number of crashes for 400-m-long segments for a cumulative period of two years. First published online 18 August 2015

Nos dias de 1 a 3 de outubro houve o IV Colóquio Internacional da Associação Latino Americana de Literatura e Teologia, ALALITE, e I Jornada de Estudos do Grupo LERTE da PUC-SP no Campus Ipiranga da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo. Iniciava assim os “Diálogos e provocações entre Literatura e Teologia” num encontro que reuniu teólogos e críticos literários de diversas partes do Brasil, Argentina, Chile, Bélgica e Alemanha.

A homoparentalidade é uma temática que ativa opiniões e tomadas de posição nos vários setores da sociedade que, por sua vez, podem influenciar a postura de cada profissional que trabalha na área das responsabilidades parentais. Neste artigo pretende-se analisar as convergências e dissonâncias entre as disposições da Ordem Jurídica portuguesa e os princípios emergentes da investigação científica adotados por associações como a American Psychological Association (APA) e a American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) na área da homoparentalidade. Pretende-se, ainda, fazer uma análise crítica dos estudos reportados pela literatura, ponderando possíveis implicações para a investigação e para as práticas profissionais.

El interés por los aceites esenciales ha aumentado notablemente por sus propiedades bactericidas, fungicidas y antioxidantes. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la capacidad antibacteriana de aceites esenciales de eucalipto, limón y mandarina frente a bacterias ATCC Staphylococcus aureus y Escherichia coli. La actividad antibacteriana se determinó con la concentración mínima inhibitoria CMI y bactericida CMB, mediante el método de microdilución, con una emulsión estable cuyo diámetro promedio de gota estuvo entre 40 y 63 micras. La composición se determinó por cromatografía de gases acoplado a masas, también se midió la densidad, índice de refracción y acidez. Como resultados, se encontró para los aceites, valores de densidad entre 0,858±0,002 y 0,920±0,003 g/cm3, índice de refracción de 1,469±0,01 y 1,4595±0,0025, índice de acidez entre 5,32±0,02 y 8,08±0,074; la composición de limón y mandarina presentaron compuestos comunes como limoneno, terpineno, octanal y mirceno; en eucalipto se destacaron eucaliptol (1,8 cineol) y pineno. En conclusión, los mejores resultados de inhibición fueron para eucalipto y mandarina frente a la bacteria Gram positiva con una CMI y CMB de 6,8 µL/mL y para la Gram negativa el aceite esencial de cascara de mandarina y eucalipto con una CMI y CMB de 13,2 µL/mL

O presente artigo versa sobre uma analise das primeiras experiências de gestão em bacias hidrográficas na Amazônia, como o caso, das bacias hidrográficas dos Igarapés Água Preta e Murutucum, consideradas estratégicas quanto ao abastecimento de água potável à população localizados na Região Metropolitana de Belém – Pará e a do Rio Tarumâ – Açu, localizado na Região Metropolitana de Manaus – Amazonas, que se destaca, por nela ter sido criado o primeiro Comitê de Bacia Hidrográfica na Amazônia. Para tanto, buscou-se uma breve revisão teoria a cerca das deferentes concepções e modelos de gestão de bacias hidrográficas, que a destacam como uma unidade física e territorial fundamental para gestão dos recursos hídricos, corroborado pela Lei Federal nº 9.433/97 que instituiu a Política Nacional de Recursos Hídrico e pelas leis estaduais, que dispõe sobre as Políticas Estaduais de Recursos Hídricos e instituíram o Sistema de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos no país. E a identificação e acompanhamento das ações político-administrativas implementadas pelos governos dos estados do Pará e Amazonas, referentes ao uso da bacia hidrográfica como unidade de planejamento e gestão dos recursos hídricos.

A diverticulum is a bulging sack in any portion of the gastrointestinal tract. The most common site for the formation of diverticula is the large intestine. Small intestine diverticular disease is much less common than colonic diverticular disease. The most common symptom is non-specific epigastric pain and a bloating sensation. Major complications include diverticulitis, gastrointestinal bleeding, acute perforation, pancreatic or biliary (in the case of duodenal diverticula) disease, intestinal obstruction, intestinal perforation, localized abscess, malabsorption, anemia, volvulus and bacterial overgrowth. We describe the clinical case of a 65-year-old female patient with a diagnosis on hospital admittance of acute appendicitis and a intraoperative finding of diverticular disease of the small intestine, accompanied by complications such as intestinal perforation, bleeding and abdominal sepsis. This was surgically treated with intestinal resection and ileostomy and a subsequent re-intervention comprising perforation of the ileostomy and stomal remodeling. The patient remained hospitalized for approximately 1 month with antibiotics and local surgical wound healing, as well as changes in her diet with food supplements and metabolic control. She showed a favorable clinical evolution and was dismissed from the hospital to her home. We include here a discussion on trends in medical and surgical aspects as well as early handling or appropriate management to reduce the risk of fatal complications.

Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder observed primarily in young women. The neurobiology of the disorder is unknown but recently magnetic resonance imaging showed a volume reduction of the hippocampus in anorexic patients. Dehydration-induced anorexia (DIA) is a murine model that mimics core features of this disorder, including severe weight loss due to voluntary reduction in food intake. The energy supply to the brain is mediated by astrocytes, but whether their density is compromised by anorexia is unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to estimate GFAP+ cell density in the main regions of the hippocampus (CA1, CA2, CA3, and dentate gyrus) in the DIA model. Our results showed that GFAP+ cell density was significantly reduced (~20%) in all regions of the hippocampus, except in CA1. Interestingly, DIA significantly reduced the GFAP+ cells/nuclei ratio in CA2 (−23%) and dentate gyrus (−48%). The reduction of GFAP+ cell density was in agreement with a lower expression of GFAP protein. Additionally, anorexia increased the expression of the intermediate filaments vimentin and nestin. Accordingly, anorexia increased the number of reactive astrocytes in CA2 and dentate gyrus more than twofold. We conclude that anorexia reduces the hippocampal GFAP+ cell density and increases vimentin and nestin expression.

O presente artigo versa sobre uma analise das primeiras experiências de gestão em bacias hidrográficas na Amazônia, como o caso, das bacias hidrográficas dos Igarapés Água Preta e Murutucum, consideradas estratégicas quanto ao abastecimento de água potável à população localizados na Região Metropolitana de Belém – Pará e a do Rio Tarumâ – Açu, localizado na Região Metropolitana de Manaus – Amazonas, que se destaca, por nela ter sido criado o primeiro Comitê de Bacia Hidrográfica na Amazônia. Para tanto, buscou-se uma breve revisão teoria a cerca das deferentes concepções e modelos de gestão de bacias hidrográficas, que a destacam como uma unidade física e territorial fundamental para gestão dos recursos hídricos, corroborado pela Lei Federal nº 9.433/97 que instituiu a Política Nacional de Recursos Hídrico e pelas leis estaduais, que dispõe sobre as Políticas Estaduais de Recursos Hídricos e instituíram o Sistema de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos no país. E a identificação e acompanhamento das ações político-administrativas implementadas pelos governos dos estados do Pará e Amazonas, referentes ao uso da bacia hidrográfica como unidade de planejamento e gestão dos recursos hídricos.

The legal principles (species of rule of law) on the theory Robert Alex optimization commandments are legal. This is of interest, since fundamental rights are, as a rule, the nature of principles. In this vein, the doctrine came to discuss about the linking of individuals to fundamental rights. Under German, were studied mainly theories mediate and immediate effectiveness, whereas under United States, it was discussed about the state action. In this century, these theories began to be studied in Brazil, with scientific literature on the subject. In this vein, this paper aims to engage with these theories, with aim of reaching finally a logical systematization satisfactory with creating parameters in view of the existence of prior legislative mediation the essentiality of the legal relationship (economic or existential) or its verticality.Os princípios jurídicos (espécies do gênero norma jurídica), seguindo a teoria de Alexy, são mandamentos de otimização do ordenamento jurídico. Isto é de interesse, já que os direitos fundamentais têm, em regra, a natureza de princípios. Neste diapasão, a doutrina passou a discutir acerca da vinculação dos particulares a direitos fundamentais. No âmbito alemão, foram estudadas, principalmente, as teorias da eficácia imediata e mediata, enquanto que, no âmbito estadunidense, discutiu-se acerca da state action. Neste século, estas teorias passaram a ser estudadas no Brasil, com produção científica acerca do tema. Nesta senda, o presente trabalho buscará dialogar com estas teorias, com fito de se chegar, enfim, a uma sistematização lógica satisfatória, com criação de parâmetros, tendo em vista a existência de prévia mediação legislativa, a essencialidade da relação jurídica (econômica ou existencial) ou sua verticalidade

Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are activated by an increase in the extracellular proton concentration. There are four genes (ASIC1-4) that encode six subunits, and they are involved in diverse neuronal functions, such as mechanosensation, learning and memory, nociception, and modulation of retinal function. In this study, we characterize the ASIC currents of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs). These ASIC currents are primarily carried by Na+, exhibit fast activation and desensitization, display a pH50 of 6.2 and are blocked by amiloride, indicating that these are ASIC currents. The ASIC currents were further characterized using several pharmacological tools. Gadolinium and acetylsalicylic acid reduced these currents, and FMRFamide, zinc (at high concentrations) and N,N,N’,N’–tetrakis-(2-piridilmetil)-etilendiamina (TPEN) increased them, indicating that functional ASICs are composed of the subunits ASIC1, ASIC2 and ASIC3. Neomycin and streptomycin reduced the desensitization rate of the ASIC current in SGNs, indicating that ASICs may contribute to the ototoxic action of aminoglycosides. RT-PCR of the spiral ganglion revealed significant expression of all ASIC subunits. By immunohistochemistry the expression of the ASIC1a, ASIC2a, ASIC2b and ASIC3 subunits was detected in SGNs. Although only a few SGNs exhibited action potential firing in response to an acidic stimulus, protons in the extracellular solution modulated SGN activity during sinusoidal stimulation. Our results show that protons modulate the excitability of SGNs via ASICs.

Healing tissues of extraction sockets have been used, as autografts, for the treatment of periodontal bony defects. These tissues have proved to be more effective in inducing bone formation than mature bone. However, there are limited data regarding the nature and proliferative activity of its cells. The aim of this pilot study was to analyze the nature and the proliferative activity of cells present in newly formed tissue from human extraction sockets, covered or not by an e-PTFE membrane. The healing tissue of 6 pairs from human alveolar sockets covered or not by an e-PTFE membrane, collected 4 weeks after tooth extraction was analyzed. The specimens were observed using light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The immunohistochemical characterization of the tissues included type I collagen, osteonectin and bone sialoprotein detection. The proliferation rates of the tissues were obtained using PCNA labeling. Cells and extracellular matrix were labeled for type I collagen, osteonectin and bone sialoprotein, in both groups. PCNA antibodies revealed significant higher proliferation rates in the coronal areas than in the apical areas of the tissues, independent of which group they belonged to. TEM showed cells containing a Golgi apparatus, rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria indicative of secretory cells, in both groups. In the apical area of the test and control groups, the extracellular matrix exhibited more bundles of collagen fibrils than in the coronal area. The cells of healing tissue of dental sockets are osteoblastic in nature. Additionally, they present higher proliferating rates in the coronal areas, independent of the use of the e-PTFE membrane.

Estuda os reflexos da Lei n. 11.232/2005 sobre a sentença condenatória em razão da modificação da técnica processual executiva consistente na adoção do processo sincrético. Enfoca a problemática sobre uma possível alteração da sua natureza para mandamental ou executiva lato sensu, analisando especificamente o art. 475-J, do Código de Processo Civil. Demonstra, do ponto de vista do conteúdo, a inexistência de diferença ontológica entre as sentenças condenatória, mandamental e executiva lato sensu. Distingue tais sentenças a partir da técnica adotada para a efetivação do comando, variável em função do direito material debatido no caso concreto. Conclui pela permanência da sentença condenatória no modelo processual vigente após a Lei n. 11.232/2005, e pela suficiência da classificação ternária para o estudo das sentenças.

Este ensaio desenvolveu reflexões sobre possíveis avanços teórico-metodológicos na concepção de corpo e infância, a partir da consideração da existência da interconexão entre natureza e cultura. Inicialmente, examinamos os elementos das concepções dualistas, as quais se mostravam insuficientes para a compreensão da relação entre corpo e infância, seja pelo fato de focarem suas deduções apenas nas diferenças e semelhanças biológicas do corpo, seja por debruçarem-se exclusivamente em determinações culturais. Pautados nos estudos da Sociologia da Infância e em outros de base filosófica, buscamos delinear uma possível concepção crítica da relação entre infância e corpo que a compreendesse, concomitantemente, como construção cultural e biológica. Além disso, ainda que breves, acabamos redigindo, também, alguns desdobramentos da reflexão realizada para a prática dos educadores que trabalham em instituições educativas.This essay provides reflections on the possible theoretical and methodological developments in devising Body and Childhood by considering the existence of an interconnection between character and culture. Initially we reviewed the details of the duality concept, which proved insufficient for the understanding of the relationship between body and childhood, either because of focusing their deductions just on the difference and similarity of the biology of the body, or in addressing to cultural determinations, eventually leading to some reductionism. Based on studies of childhood sociology and on childhood philosophy, we seek to outline a possible critical conception of the relationship between childhood and body to, at the same time, understand it as a cultural and biological diversity. Moreover, this paper also discusses, although superficially, some ramifications of thought developed for the practice of teachers working at educational institutions.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the infuence of efforts applied to modify the patients' behavior towards periodontal maintenance. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients were classifed into three groups: Complete Compliance (participation in all visits), Irregular Compliance (irregular participation, one or more missing appointments), and Noncompliance (abandoned or never returned to the program). Complete compliers received usual procedures of the maintenance visit. The irregular compliers and non-compliers received usual procedures and strategies such as reminding next visit, informing patients on both periodontal disease and importance of maintenance, motivating the patient who showed an improvement in compliance. Thus, 137 patients were observed for 12 months. RESULTS: The degree of compliance has increased signifcantly during this period (p=0.001). No association was detected between age or gender and compliance degree. CONCLUSIONS: The results have shown that the intervention applied had a favorable infuence on the patients' compliance.

El objetivo del estudio es identificar las percepciones de los estudiantes recién ingresados al curso de licenciatura en Enfermería con respecto a la profesión. Estudio cualitativo, realizado entre marzo y mayo de 2008, con 38 estudiantes del primer semestre de una universidad pública de Ceará. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de cinco reuniones, en el cuaderno de notas de campo y la técnica de dibujo proyectivo, planteándoles la siguiente pegunta: ¿Para usted, qué es Enfermería? Los resultados muestran valoración del hospital como campo de actuación, seguido por el cuidado en la atención primaria de salud. Los estudiantes ven en la carrera de Enfermería la posibilidad de ascenso financiero y hacen hincapié en la importancia del apoyo, ayuda y solidaridad con los pacientes. El estudio identifica las percepciones de los estudiantes de enfermería, y también nos lleva a reflexionar sobre la necesidad de nuevas actitudes y el reconocimiento del rol del enfermero, independiente del escenario de actuación.

This chapter provides evidences on pedagogical teaching practices, resulting from the influence of continued formation. These reports show how the studies, besides the exchange of experiences, have added in the professional development of the participants in the Independent Study Group of Physical Education in Children’s Education.

The text presents a survey of the theoretical and methodological major pillars for the Physical Education insertion in Children Education, related in four documents of the network education at Florianopolis and in the Deborah Sayão’s Master dissertation. There was a re-reading of those documents based on a document analysis, combined with some elements of the thematic analysis, a kind of content analysis. The production was a table with the synthesis of the major theoretical and methodological pillars from the thematic units that are more visible in the documents analyzed. At the end, an analytical reading, extracted from thematic units in the table, starts a reflection exercise about the major theoretical and methodological pillars that characterize the Physical Education insertion in Children Education at the network education of Florianópolis.

This study aimed to assess the prevalence of aggressive periodontitis (AgP), and to investigate the association between demographic, socioeconomic and behavioral risk indicators with AgP in an untreated and isolated young population in Southeastern Brazil. For this cross-sectional survey, 134 subjects aged 12-29 years were selected by a census. Of those eligible, 101 subjects received a full-mouth clinical examination, and were interviewed using a structured written questionnaire. Cases were defined as individuals with 4 or more teeth with attachment loss > 4 mm or > 5 mm in the age groups 12-19 and 20-29, respectively. Overall, 9.9% of the subjects presented AgP (10.3% of the 12-19-year-olds and 9.7% of the 20-29-year-olds). The only risk indicator significantly associated with AgP in this isolated population was a high proportion of sites (> 30%) presenting supragingival calculus [OR = 23.2]. Having experienced an urgency dental treatment was a protective factor for AgP [OR = 0.1]. The authors concluded that this isolated and untreated population from Brazil presented a high prevalence of AgP. Local plaque-retaining factors played a major role in the prevalence of AgP in this isolated population, and should be included in further studies evaluating this destructive periodontal disease form.

The objective of the present study was to characterize bone cells grown in two culture media, and to determine the effective concentration of OP-1 on the growth of osteo-1 cells. Subcultured rat bone cells (osteo-1) were grown in alpha-modified Eagle's minimal essential medium (alpha-MEM) and Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) and total protein content, alkaline phosphatase activity and the formation of mineralized nodules were evaluated after 7, 14 and 21 days. Cells were exposed to different concentrations of rhOP-1 for 1, 3, 5 and 7 days and compared with an untreated control. Osteo-1 cells presented a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium deposits were observed at 21 days. Cells treated with 10 and 20 ng/mL rhOP-1 for 24 h showed a significant increase in cell viability when compared to control. Osteo-1 cells cultured on DMEM demonstrated an osteoblastic phenotype as indicated by high alkaline phosphatase activity and the presence of calcified nodules. The results suggest that low concentrations of OP-1 may promote an osteogenic effect on osteo-1 cells.

No Brasil, foi desenvolvido um novo híbrido de mamão obtido através de melhoramento do cruzamento entre um progenitor do Grupo Formosa e um progenitor do Grupo Solo. Recentemente, os produtores de mamões do Rio Grande do Norte introduziram o cultivo desse híbrido em seus pomares: no entanto, os estudos acerca do potencial de conservação desses frutos restringem-se aos testes realizados nas próprias empresas. O presente trabalho propôs-se a avaliar a vida útil pós-colheita do mamão híbrido UENF/Caliman 01 cultivado no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Os frutos foram provenientes de um plantio comercial, localizado no município de Ceará-Mirim-RN. Os mamões foram colhidos no estádio de maturação I (menos de 15% da superfície da casca amarela). No galpão de embalagem, os frutos passaram por lavagem, seleção, tratamentos hidrotérmico, imersão em fungicida e cera. No laboratório da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (Mossoró-RN), os frutos foram armazenados à temperatura de 25º C ± 2º C e umidade relativa de 55% ± 5%. Aos 0; 2; 4; 6; 8 e 10 dias de armazenamento, realizaram-se avaliações sobre as seguintes variáveis: aparência externa e interna, coloração da casca, perda de massa, firmeza, sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, pH e açúcares. Esse híbrido apresenta características fenotípicas do Grupo Formosa, com frutos alongados, massa média de 1,28 kg, polpa com espessura de 2,74 cm, coloração vermelha e conteúdo elevado de sólidos solúveis (13,65%) e açúcares (10,53%). As variáveis de qualidade analisadas limitaram a vida útil pós-colheita do híbrido UENF/Caliman 01 em oito dias.A new papaya hybrid was developed in Brazil obtained by breeding with the crossing of progenitors from Solo x Formosa groups. Recently, in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, this hybrid was introduced by the farmers in their orchards. However, the studies concerning to the conservation potential of these fruits was limited to the tests accomplished in commercial farms. This work purpose was to evaluate the hybrid UENF/Caliman shelf life produced in the state of Rio Grande Norte. Fruit were harvested at physiological maturity, packaged and transported to the Semi-arid Federal Rural University laboratory, in Mossoró City, state of Rio Grande do Norte . Fruits were stored at 25 ºC (±2) and 55 % (± 5) of relative humidity for 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 days. The experiment was completely randomized with 6 treatments. Were evaluated the variables: mass loss, external appearance, firmness, pulp color, titratable acidity, pH, soluble solids and total soluble sugars. The hybrid presents phenotypic characteristics of the 'Formosa' papaya group, with elongated fruits, 1,28 kg of medium mass, 2,74 cm of pulp thickness, red coloration of the pulp, high content of soluble solids (13,65%) and sugars (10,53%). The quality variables analyzed limited at postharvest shelf life of the hybrid UENF/Caliman 01 to eight days.

Aims: Testing the effect of the experimental robot-based therapeutic sessions for patients with dementia in: a controlled study of parallel groups of nursing home patients comparing the effects of therapy sessions utilizing a humanoid robot (NAO), an animal-shaped robot (PARO), or a trained dog (DOG), with conventional therapy (CONTROL) on symptoms of dementia; and an experience for patients who attend a day care center, comparing symptom prevalence and severity before and after sessions utilizing NAO and PARO. Methods: In the nursing home, patients were randomly assigned by blocks, based on dementia severity, to one of the 3 therapeutic groups to compare: CONTROL, PARO and NAO (phase 1) and CONTROL, PARO and DOG (phase 2). In the day care center, all patients received therapy with NAO (phase 1) and PARO (phase 2). Therapy sessions were held 2 days/week for 3 months. Evaluation at baseline and follow-up was carried out by blind raters using: the Global Deterioration Scale (GDS), the Severe Mini Mental State Examination (sMMSE), the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), the Apathy Scale for Institutionalized Patients with Dementia Nursing Home version (APADEM-NH), the Apathy Inventory (AI) and the Quality of Life Scale (QUALID). Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics and non parametric tests performed by a blinded investigator. Results: In the nursing home, 101 patients (phase 1) and 110 patients (phase 2) were included. There were no significant differences at baseline. The relevant changes at follow-up were: (phase 1) patients in the robot groups showed an improvement in apathy; patients in NAO group showed a decline in cognition as measured by the MMSE scores, but not the sMMSE; the robot groups showed no significant changes between them; (phase 2) QUALID scores increased in the PARO group. In the day care center, 20 patients (phase 1) and 17 patients (phase 2) were included. The main findings were: (phase 1) imp

The architecture of the inflorescence, the shoot system that bear the flowers, is a main component of the huge diversity of forms found in flowering plants. Inflorescence architecture has also a strong impact on the production of fruits and seeds, and on crop management, two highly relevant agronomical traits. Elucidating the genetic networks that control inflorescence development, and how they vary between different species, is essential to understanding the evolution of plant form and to being able to breed key architectural traits in crop species.Inflorescence architecture depends on the identity and activity of the meristems in the inflorescence apex, which determines when flowers are formed, how many are produced and their relative position in the inflorescence axis. Arabidopsis thaliana, where the genetic control of inflorescence development is best known, has a simple inflorescence, where the primary inflorescence meristem directly produces the flowers, which are thus borne in the main inflorescence axis. In contrast, legumes represent a more complex inflorescence type, the compound inflorescence, where flowers are not directly borne in the main inflorescence axis but, instead, they are formed by secondary or higher order inflorescence meristems.Studies in model legumes such as pea (Pisum sativum) or Medicago truncatula have led to a rather good knowledge of the genetic control of the development of the legume compound inflorescence. In addition, the increasing availability of genetic and genomic tools for legumes is allowing to rapidly extend this knowledge to other grain legume crops. This review aims to describe the current knowledge of the genetic network controlling inflorescence development in legumes. It also discusses how the combination of this knowledge with the use of emerging genomic tools and resources may allow rapid advances in the breeding of grain legume crops.

Las tendencias del mercado sugieren productos de fácil y cómoda prepara- ción, así lo demostraron investigaciones de mercado en la ciudad de Pasto, con una aceptación del 86% para la presentación de carne de cuy empacada en bandeja a vacío, por la comodidad para los consumidores al momento de su preparación. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue el diseño del proceso de empacado al vacío. La metodología empleada fue la observación directa con cámara de filmación y el registro de los tiempos de las operacio- nes con cronometro, calculando los tiempos promedios de las observacio- nes (TR), el tiempo normal (TN) y el tiempo tipo o estándar (TP). Como resultado se diseñaron nueve operaciones, en las cuales se identificaron las variables del proceso, maquinaria y equipos, así mismo se logró determinar la capacidad de producción para un operario en tiempo tipo (TP), la cual fue de 128 cuartos de carne de cuy empacada a vacío en una jornada laboral de 8 horas.

Amyloid peptide is able to promote the activation of microglia and astrocytes in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and this stimulates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Inflammation contributes to the process of neurodegeneration and therefore is a key factor in the development of AD. Some of the most important proteins involved in AD inflammation are: clusterin (CLU), complement receptor 1 (CR1), C reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF- α), the interleukins 1α (IL - 1α), 6 (IL-6), 10 (IL-10) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). In particular, COX-2 is encoded by the prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 gene (PTGS2). Since variations in the genes that encode these proteins may modify gene expression or function, it is important to investigate whether these variations may change the developing AD. The aim of this study was to determine whether the presence of polymorphisms in the genes encoding the aforementioned proteins is associated Mexican patients with AD. Fourteen polymorphisms were genotyped in 96 subjects with AD and the differences in allele, genotype and haplotype frequencies were analyzed. Additionally, an ancestry analysis was conducted to exclude differences in genetic ancestry among groups as a confounding factor in the study. Significant differences in frequencies between AD and controls were found for the SNP rs20417 within the PTGS2 gene. Ancestry analysis revealed no significant differences in the ancestry of the compared groups, and the association was significant even after adjustment for ancestry and correction for multiple testing, which strengthens the validity of the results. We conclude that this polymorphism plays an important role in the development of the AD pathology and further studies are required, including their proteins.

O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar e comparar a dinâmica qualitativa das águas superficiais de reservatórios do Estado do Ceará com relação à salinidade e sodicidade, baseado no diagrama de classificação do United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) e do University of California Commitee of Consultants (UCCC). Os dados utilizados no presente trabalho foram provenientes do banco de dados da Companhia de Gestão dos Recursos Hídricos (COGERH) no período de 1998/2009, num total de 807 amostras de águas de diferentes reservatórios artificiais (açudes). Os parâmetros considerados para o estudo foram a Condutividade Elétrica das Águas (CE), a Razão de Adsorção de Sódio (RAS) e a Razão de Adsorção de Sódio Corrigida (RAS°). Os resultados mostraram uma diferença marcante entre as classificações propostas pelo USDA e pelo UCCC. Sendo que, a principal divergência observada entre as classificações foram quando se trata da sodicidade das águas. De acordo com a classificação do USDA 97,9% dos reservatórios, enquadraram-se na classe de baixos riscos de causar problemas de infiltração devido a sodicidade. No entanto, de acordo com a classificação do UCCC 97,9% dos reservatórios enquadraram-se nas classes de moderado a severo grau de restrição em causar problemas de infiltração nos solos.

Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder associated with severe weight loss as a consequence of voluntary food intake avoidance. Animal models such as dehydration-induced anorexia (DIA) mimic core features of the disorder, including voluntary reduction in food intake, which compromises the supply of energy to the brain. Glial cells, the major population of nerve cells in the central nervous system, play a crucial role in supplying energy to the neurons. The corpus callosum (CC) is the largest white matter tract in mammals, and more than 99% of the cell somata correspond to glial cells in rodents. Whether glial cell density is altered in anorexia is unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to estimate glial cell density in the three main regions of the CC (genu, body, and splenium) in a murine model of DIA. The astrocyte density was significantly reduced (~34%) for the DIA group in the body of the CC, whereas in the genu and the splenium no significant changes were observed. DIA and forced food restriction (FFR) also reduced the ratio of astrocytes to glial cells by 57.5% and 22%, respectively, in the body of CC. Thus, we conclude that DIA reduces astrocyte density only in the body of the rat CC.