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O estudo desenvolvido a partir da questão: quais práticas, normas e métodos seriam representativos da cultura escolar institucionalizada em escolas do sudeste goiano, na primeira metade do século XX? A presença de práticas, normas e métodos investigadas em três instituições escolares, cuja amostra contemplou duas escolas confessionais e uma escola agrícola federal, por meio da consulta a fontes dos acervos escolares, buscou aspectos distintos da cultura escolar interna. No percurso metodológico, dedicado a localizar os documentos, caracterizar as fontes por afinidade e semelhança, a fim de obter as variáveis que corroborassem na interpretação dos vestígios das marcas da cultura escolar nas instituições, com foco nas práticas, normas e métodos inscritos nos documentos oficiais, referenciado em autores e obras da vertente da história das instituições escolares. Nos resultados evidenciamos a existência de práticas, normas e métodos, observando semelhanças e singularidades, tanto no formato quanto na organização didático pedagógica das referidas instituições, dentre os quais destacam-se: os fins e objetivos educacionais, a ênfase no disciplinamento da conduta interna (regulamentos, normas, programas de ensino, horários, calendários); as interfaces da escola com a sociedade local e regional; a prescrição de condutas e rotinas; o culto de símbolos e rituais internos; as manifestações de obediência, disciplinamento e transgressão; os níveis de status e as distinções representativas da educação escolarizada. The study developed from the question: which practices, rules and methods would be representative of the school culture institutionalized in schools from the southeast of Goiás, in the first half of the 20th century? The presence of practices, norms and methods investigated in three school institutions, whose sample included two confessional schools and a federal agricultural school, through the consultation of sources from the school archives, sought distinct aspects of the internal school culture. In the methodological path, dedicated to locate the documents, characterize the sources by affinity and similarity, in order to obtain the variables that would corroborate in the interpretation of the traces of the marks of the school culture in the institutions, with focus on the practices, rules and methods registered in the official documents, referenced in authors and works of the branch of the history of school institutions. The results show the existence of practices, norms and methods, observing similarities and singularities, both in the format and in the didactic and pedagogical organization of the institutions: the educational purposes and objectives, the emphasis on the disciplining of internal conduct (regulations, norms, teaching programs, schedules, calendars); the interfaces of the school with local and regional society; the prescription of conduct and routines; the cult of symbols and internal rituals; the manifestations of obedience, disciplining and transgression; the levels of status and the representative distinctions of schooling.

RESUMO No Nordeste brasileiro, cuja vegetação predominante é Caatinga, muitas plantas nativas ou exóticas são potencialmente ricas em propriedades curativas, porém pouco exploradas ainda pela ciência. O trabalho foi realizado durante agosto de 2011 a junho de 2012, onde foram coletadas amostras bacterianas dos tetos dos animais através de swabs estéreis. Isolados e devidamente identificados, os microrganismos foram sujeitos a antibiogramas com os meios alternativos, controles positivos e negativo através da técnica de difusão em Ágar de poço. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a ação dos extratos de Favela (Cnidoscolus phyllacanthus), Catingueira (Caesalpinia pyramidalis) e Nim (Azadiracta indica) sobre bactérias isoladas de tetos de cabras no assentamento de Cordão de Sombra no Município de Mossoró-RN. ABSTRACT In Northeast Brazil, whose predominant vegetation is Caatinga, many native or exotic plants are potentially rich in healing properties, but little explored yet by science. The work was conducted during August 2011 to June 2012, where bacterial samples were collected from the teats of animals through sterile swabs. Once isolated and properly identified, the microorganisms were subjected to antibiograms with alternative means, positive and negative controls through the well agar diffusion technique. The objective of the work was to evaluate the action of extracts of Favela (Cnidoscolus phyllacanthus), Catingueira (Caesalpinia pyramidalis) and Neem (Azadiracta indica) on bacteria isolated from teats of goats in the settlement Cordão de Sombra in the Municipality of Mossoró-RN.

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, resulting from excessive neuronal discharges. Sideroxylon obtusifolium is used in Brazil for its anti-inflammatory/antioxidant properties, known to be involved with epilepsy. The anticonvulsant effects of the methanol fraction from S. obtusifolium leaves, rich in N-methyl-(2S,4R)-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline, were investigated on pilocarpine- and pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsion models. Mice were pretreated with N-methyl-(2S,4R)-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline (50, 100, 200 mg/kg, p.o.) and, 1 h later, by pilocarpine (400 mg/kg, i.p.) or pentylenetetrazole (80 mg/kg, i.p.). The animals were observed for latency to the first convulsion and latency to death. Immediately after death, brain areas from the pilocarpine groups were harvested for biochemical measurements. The latency to the first convulsion and latency to death increased after N-methyl-(2S,4R)-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline treatment compared with the pilocarpine- or pentylenetetrazole-only groups. In both convulsion models, sodium valproate (reference drug) was used as a positive control. Additionally, the decreases in striatal dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid contents observed in the pilocarpine-only group were partially prevented in the N-methyl-(2S,4R)-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline-treated groups. While brain gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate contents decreased and increased, respectively, after pilocarpine only, these changes were also prevented by N-methyl-(2S,4R)-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline. Similarly, N-methyl-(2S,4R)-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline reduced the brain oxidative stress by decreasing the levels of nitrite and lipid peroxidation and increasing the glutathione content of the pilocarpine-only group. The increases in hippocampal expressions for interleukin 6, interferon-gamma, and glial fibrillary acidic protein, after pilocarpine only, were decreased to normal levels by N-methyl-(2S,4R)-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline. In conclusion, the study showed significant anticonvulsant effects for N-methyl-(2S,4R)-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline, probably related to its anti-inflammatory/antioxidant properties. N-Methyl-(2S,4R)-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline effects were potentiated by VPA (sodium valproate), thus it may also interact with the GABAergic system, as we had recently shown.

Inflammation plays a pivotal role in the development of ischemic brain damage. Astrocyte activation promotes the production of several proinflammatory mediators, such as TNF-α and iNOS. Eventually, neuronal death occurs, leading to the development of motor and memory deficits in patients. Boldine is the main alkaloid in the leaves and bark of the Peumus boldus Molina, and has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The aim of this work was to investigate the neuroprotective effect of boldine on neuroinflammation and memory deficits induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) in mice. Thirty minutes before pMCAO and during the next 5 days, animals received vehicle (0.025 µmol/l HCl) or boldine (8, 16 and 25 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). The extension of the infarct area, neurological scores, and myeloperoxidase activity were evaluated 24 h after pMCAO. Locomotor activity, working, and aversive memory were evaluated 72 h after pMCAO, object recognition memory was tested 96 h after pMCAO, and spatial memory was tested 120 h after pMCAO. Cresyl violet, Fluoro-Jade C staining, and immunohistochemical for GFAP, TNF-α, and iNOS were also carried out. The treatment with boldine significantly decreased the infarct area, improved the neurological scores, and increased cell viability. The vertical exploratory activity and aversive, spatial, object recognition, and working memory deficits induced by pMCAO were prevented by boldine. Moreover, myeloperoxidase activity and GFAP, TNF-α, and iNOS immunoreactivity were decreased significantly by boldine. Although various mechanisms such as its antioxidant activity should be considered, these results suggest that the neuroprotective effect of boldine might be related in part to its anti-inflammatory properties.

Linalool (LIN) is a monoterpene, responsible for the aroma of essential oils in some species. It presents a sedative and anxiolytic potential, enhancing GABAergic currents and behaving as a benzodiazepine-type of drug. The objectives of the present work were to study the neuroprotective effects of LIN on a model of Parkinson’s disease. For that, male Wistar rats were divided into the following groups: sham-operated (SO), 6-OHDA-lesioned, and 6-OHDA-lesioned and treated with LIN (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) for 2 weeks. Afterwards, the animals were subjected to behavioral tests (apomorphine-induced rotations, open field, and forced swimming tests). Then, the animals were euthanized, and the striatum, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex were processed for neurochemistry (nitrite and lipoperoxidation measurements) and immunohistochemistry (TH and DAT) assays. The results were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey’s test for multiple comparisons and considered significant at p

Objective To evaluate the antioxidant, antibacterial and bacterial cell agglutination activities of the hexane (Hex) and 70% ethanol (70% EtOH) extracts of two species of red seaweeds Pterocladiella capillacea ( P. capillacea ) and Osmundaria obtusiloba . Methods In vitro antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH radical scavenging assay, ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay, ferrous ion chelating assay, β-carotene bleaching assay and total phenolic content quantification. Antimicrobial activity was tested using the method of disc diffusion on Mueller-Hinton medium. The ability of algal extracts to agglutinate bacterial cells was also tested. Results The 70% EtOH extract of the two algae showed the highest values of total phenolic content compared to the Hex extract. The results of DPPH for both extracts (Hex, 70% EtOH) of Osmundaria obtusiloba (43.46% and 99.47%) were higher than those of P. capillacea (33.04% and 40.81%) at a concentration of 1 000 μg/mL. As for the ferrous ion chelating, there was an opposite behavior, extracts of P. capillacea had a higher activity. The extracts showed a low ferric-reducing antioxidant power, with optical density ranging from 0.054 to 0.180. Antioxidant activities of all extracts evaluated for β-carotene bleaching were above 40%. There was no antibacterial activity against bacterial strains tested. However, the extracts of both species were able to agglutinate bacterial Gram positive cells of Staphylococcus aureus and Gram negative cells of Escherichia coli , multidrug-resistant Salmonella and Vibrio harveyi . Conclusions This is the first report of the interaction between these algal extracts, rich in natural compounds with antioxidant potential, and Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial cells.

Vitamin D (VD3, cholecalciferol), besides its role on bone calcium homeostasis, has also been shown to present anti-inflammatory actions. The objectives of the present work were to further extend these findings, focusing onVD3action mechanisms at the molecular level and onits central and peripheral effects. For that, VD3 antinociceptive and mainly anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated by acute models of nociception (formalin test) and inflammation (carrageenan-induced paw edema), in mice pretreated orally for 7 days with VD3 (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg). Afterwards, the edematous paws were evaluated by immunohistochemical assays for TNF-alpha. In addition, brains from mice pretreated with VD3, at the same conditions, were harvested for iNOS andCOX-2 immunohistochemical (IHC) assays. The anti-inflammatory effect of VD3 on human neutrophil degranulation was evaluated by the release of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, as well as by the reactive oxygen species production. VD3 significantly reduced the licking time in the formalin test, at the second phase (inflammatory pain). VD3 also reduced the edema volume and the number of polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells, as well as the TNF-alpha expression in the edematous paws, compared with the control group. Furthermore, VD3 significantly decreased iNOS and COX-2 expressions in brain areas, such as hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, and inhibited the degranulation of activated neutrophils by the reduction of ROS production and MPO release. Based in these results, VD3 presents anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects, manifested at peripheral and central sites as showed in the present work for the first time.

Background The deficiency in 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD3) seems to increase the risk for neurodegenerative pathologies, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). The majority of its actions are mediated by the transcription factor, VD3 receptor (VD3R). Methods The neuroprotective effects of VD3 were investigated on a PD model. Male Wistar rats were divided into the following groups: sham-operated (SO), 6-OHDA-lesioned (non-treated), and 6-OHDA-lesioned and treated with VD3 (7 days before the lesion, pre-treatment or for 14 days after the 6-OHDA striatal lesion, post-treatment). Afterwards, the animals were subjected to behavioral tests and euthanized for striatal neurochemical and immunohistochemical assays. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and the Tukey test and considered significant for p

Parkinson's disease (PD), a progressive neurological pathology, presents motor and nonmotor impairments. The objectives were to support data on exercise benefits to PD. Male Wistar rats were distributed into sham-operated (SO) and 6-OHDA-lesioned, both groups without and with exercise. The animals were subjected to treadmill exercises (14 days), 24 h after the stereotaxic surgery and striatal 6-OHDA injection. Those from no-exercise groups stayed on the treadmill for the same period and, afterwards, were subjected to behavioral tests and euthanized for neurochemical and immunohistochemical assays. The data, analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test, were considered significant for

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative movement disorder affecting 1% of the population in the 65-year age group, characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons in the pars compacta substantia. The current treatment of PD is restricted to symptomatic relief, and to date there are no agents capable of reducing neuronal degeneration. Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira) (SPI) is a cyanobacterium that can contain up to 74% of proteins, exhibiting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions. Considering the importance of inflammation and oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease (PD), the possible SPI neuroprotective effects were evaluated in a PD model. Male Wistar rats were divided into: False operated (FO), untreated 6-OHDA and 6-OHDA treated with SPI (25 and 50 mg / kg, v.o.). The neurotoxin was injected into the right striatum through stereotactic surgery and the treatments with SPI began 2 h after surgery lasting 18 days. FO and the 6-OHDA group were treated with distilled water only during the same period. After 15 (fifteen) days after surgery, all the animals were submitted to behavioral tests; after the tests were euthanized by decaptation for dissection of the following brain areas: right (injured) striatum and left striatum to perform the neurochemical and biochemical analyzes or perfused for the immunohistochemical assays. SPI (25 and 50 mg / kg) reduced the rotational behavior induced by apomorphine, increased levels of DA and DOPAC and decreased levels of nitrite and TBARS. In addition, the immunoreactivities for iNOS, COX-2 and GSK3β in the untreated injured striatum were significantly reduced after treatment with the SPI compared to the untreated group. Immunoblotting to TH, DAT, SOD-2 was increased following treatment with SPI in the injured striatum, as well as neuronal death was attenuated in the injured striat after treatment with SPI as shown by histopathological staining with Fluoro-jade C. In conclusion, we have shown that behavioral and neurochemical changes in hemiparkinsonian rats were significantly reversed by treatment with SPI, characterizing the neuroprotective potential of Spirulina and stimulating translational studies that focus on the use as an adjunctive treatment for PD. A doença de Parkinson (DP) é um distúrbio neurodegenerativo do movimento afetando 1% da população na faixa etária de 65 anos, caracterizada pela degeneração dos neurônios nigroestriatais dopaminérgicos na substância negra pars compacta. O tratamento atual da DP esta restrito ao alívio sintomático, e até o presente momento não existem agentes capazes de diminuir a degeneração neuronal. A Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira) (SPI) é uma cianobactéria que pode conter até 74% de proteínas, apresentando ações anti-inflamatórias e antioxidantes. Considerando a importância da inflamação e do estresse oxidativo na doença de Parkinson (DP), os possíveis efeitos neuroprotetores SPI foram avaliados em um modelo de DP. Ratos Wistar machos foram divididos em: Falso operado (FO), 6-OHDA não tratado e 6-OHDA tratados com SPI (25 e 50 mg/kg, v.o.). A neurotoxina foi injetada no estriato direito através de cirurgia estereotáxica e os tratamentos com a SPI começaram 2 h depois da cirurgia com duração de 18 dias. FO e o grupo lesionado com 6-OHDA foram tratados apenas com água destilada, durante o mesmo período. Decorridos 15 (quinze) dias após a cirurgia, todos os animais foram submetidos a testes comportamentais; após os testes foram eutanasiados por decaptação para dissecação das seguintes áreas cerebrais: estriado direito (lesionado) e estriado esquerdo para a realização da análises neuroquimicas e bioquímicas ou perfundidos para os ensaios de imuno-histoquímica. A SPI (25 e 50 mg/kg) reduziu o comportamento rotacional induzido pela apomorfina, houve aumento dos níveis de DA e DOPAC e diminuição dos níveis de nitrito e TBARS. Além disso, as imunorreatividades para iNOS, COX-2 e GSK3β no estriado lesionado não tratado foram diminuídas sgnificativamente após o tratamento com a SPI comparando com o grupo não tratado. A imunomarcação para TH, DAT, SOD-2 foram aumentadas após o tratamento com a SPI no estriado lesionado, assim como a morte neuronal foi atenuada no estriado lesionado após o tratamento com a SPI como mostrou o teste histopatológico de coloração com o Fluoro-jade C. Em conclusão, mostramos que as alterações comportamentais e neuroquímicas em ratos hemiparkinsonianos foram significativamente revertidas pelo tratamento com a SPI, caracterizando o potencial neuroprotetor da Spirulina e estimulando estudos translacionais que dêem enfoque ao uso como um tratamento auxiliar para DP.

Marine invertebrates are capable of synthesizing bioactive compounds, which may be beneficial to human health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant, hemolytic, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of crude extract (70% EtOH), and dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and aqueous (Aq) fractions of the marine zoanthid Palythoa caribaeorum. The phenolic compound contents of the crude extract, DCM, EtOAc and Aq fractions were 12.33, 18.17, 10.53, and 3.18 mg GAE per gram, respectively. DPPH radical scavenging activity showed slight variation. IC50 of crude extract, DCM, EtOAc and Aq fractions were 11.13, 11.25, 11.74, and 11.28 µg mL-1, respectively. Among the sample, ferrous ion chelating was the highest in crude extract (IC50 302.90 µg mL-1), followed by EtOAc, Aq, and DCM fractions with 457.77, 547.91, and 641.82 µg mL-1, respectively. Ferric-reducing antioxidant power showed optical density at about 0.5. The samples tested exhibited low hemolytic activity under 10% up to a concentration of 50 μg mL-1. No antimicrobial activity was observed against any of the tested bacterial strains. For the cytotoxic activity, LC50 of DCM, crude extract, EtOAc, and Aq were 52.10, 83.06, 86.34, and 117.45 μg mL-1, showing high toxicity. Os invertebrados marinhos são capazes de sintetizar compostos bioativos que podem ser benéficos à saúde humana. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar as atividades antioxidante, hemolítica, antimicrobiana e citotóxica do extrato bruto (EtOH 70%) e frações em diclorometano (DMC), em acetato de etila (AcOEt) e aquosa (Aq) do zoantídeo marinho Palythoa caribaeorum. Os conteúdos fenólicos totais do extrato bruto e das frações DCM, AcOEt e Aq foram 12,33; 18,17; 10,53 e 3,18 mg AGE por grama, respectivamente. O sequestro do radical DPPH mostrou uma pequena variação. O IC50 do extrato bruto e das frações DCM, AcOEt e Aq foram 11,13; 11,25; 11,74 e 11,28 g mL-1, respectivamente. Dentre as amostras, a habilidade de quelação foi maior no extrato bruto (IC50 302,90 µg mL-1), seguida pelas frações AcOEt, Aq e DCM com 457,77; 547,91 e 641,82 µg mL-1, respectivamente. O poder de redução do ferro apresentou uma densidade óptica em torno de 0,5. As amostras testadas exibiram baixa atividade hemolítica, inferior a 10%, até a concentração de 50 µg mL-1. Não foi observada atividade antimicrobiana para as cepas bacterianas testadas. Para a atividade citotóxica, LC50 de DCM, extrato bruto, AcOEt e Aq foram, respectivamente, 52,10; 83,06; 86,34 e 117,45 µg mL-1, mostrando elevada toxicidade.

This study evaluated the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of fatty acids from the marine red algae Pterocladiella capillacea (S. G. Gmelin) Santelices & Hommersand 1997 and Osmundaria obtusiloba (C. Agardh) R. E. Norris 1991. The gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified nine fatty acids in the two species. The major fatty acids of P. capillacea and O. obtusiloba were palmitic acid, oleic acid, arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid. The DPPH radical scavenging capacity of fatty acids was moderate ranging from 25.90% to 29.97%. Fatty acids from P. capillacea (31.18%) had a moderate ferrous ions chelating activity (FIC), while in O. obtusiloba (17.17%), was weak. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of fatty acids from P. capillacea and O. obtusiloba was low. As for β-carotene bleaching (BCB), P. capillacea and O. obtusiloba showed a good activity. This is the first report of the antioxidant activities of fatty acids from the marine red algae P. capillacea and O. obtusiloba.

Objectives Aspidosperma species are used for several diseases, especially for malaria in Brazil. Although the genus is object of pharmacological studies, almost none are found on Aspidosperma pyrifolium. We investigate neuroprotective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the APSE-Aq fraction (benzoic acid glycosylated derivative) on Parkinson's disease model. Methods Male Wistar rats were subjected to a 6-hydroxydopamine injection into the right striatum and treated or not with APSE-Aq (100 or 200 mg/kg, p.o.). The sham-operated group was injected with saline. Two weeks later, animals were subjected to behavioural, neurochemical and immunohistochemical evaluation. The data were analysed by ANOVA and Tukey test. Key findings The APSE-Aq-treated group shows a partial recovery of behavioural changes as compared with the untreated-6-hydroxydopamine group. A partial recovery was also observed in nitrite contents and lipid peroxidation. APSE-Aq treatments significantly reversed decreases in striatal dopamine and metabolites in the untreated 6-hydroxydopamine group. Immunostainings for markers as tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter decreased in the untreated 6-hydroxydopamine group and values recovered after APSE-Aq treatments. Similar data were seen for TNF-alpha. Conclusion APSE-Aq presents neuroprotective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Considering that APSE-Aq is chemically related to salicylic acid, it may act on similar targets.

Natural antioxidants found in marine macroalgae are bioactive compounds known to play an important role in the prevention of diseases associated with aging cells protecting them against the oxidative damage. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of ethanolic extracts of two species of red seaweeds, Amansia multifida and Meristiella echinocarpa. In vitro antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH radical scavenging assay, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, ferrous ion chelating (FIC) assay, β-carotene bleaching (BCB) assay and total phenolic content (TPC) quantification. Cytotoxicity was evaluated with the brine shrimp Artemia sp. lethality test. The TPC values observed in the present study indicated that both species A. multifida and M. echinocarpa are rich in phenolic compounds, reaching values of 45.40 and 28.46 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) g−1 of ethanolic extract, respectively. DPPH radical scavenging and ferrous ion chelating showed values of 60% and 17%, respectively. Both seaweed extracts inhibited β-carotene oxidation by approximately 40%. None of the algal extracts were potentially cytotoxic. The results have showed that extracts of both species of marine red algae exhibit antioxidant potential and low toxicity. They are sources of natural antioxidant compounds. Antioxidantes naturais encontrados em macroalgas marinhas são substâncias bioativas conhecidas por desempenhar um papel importante na prevenção de doenças associadas com o envelhecimento, protegendo as células de danos oxidativos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as atividades antioxidante e citotóxica de extratos etanólicos de duas espécies de algas vermelhas, Amansia multifida e Meristiella echinocarpa. A atividade antioxidante in vitro foi determinada pela capacidade de sequestro do radical DPPH, o poder de redução do ferro (FRAP), o poder de quelação do íon ferroso (FIC), o teste de oxidação acoplada β-caroteno/ácido linoleico (BCB), bem como a quantificação do conteúdo fenólico total. A citotoxicidade foi avaliada pelo teste de letalidade contra Artemia sp. Os valores das substâncias fenólicas observados no presente estudo indicaram que as espécies A. multifida e M. echinocarpa são ricas em substâncias fenólicas, atingindo valores de 45,40 e de 28,86 mg de ácido gálico equivalente (AGE) g−1 de extrato etanólico, respectivamente. A capacidade de seqüestro do radical DPPH e o poder de quelação do íon ferroso foram 60% e 17%, respectivamente. Ambos os extratos algáceos inibiram a oxidação do β-caroteno em torno de 40%. Nenhum dos extratos algáceos foi potencialmente citotóxico. Os resultados mostraram que os extratos destas espécies de rodófitas apresentam potencial antioxidante e baixa toxicidade. Elas são fontes de compostos antioxidantes naturais.

Ethnopharmacological relevance The Pseudobombax marginatum (St Hil) Rob., Malvaceae, is mentioned in ethnobotanical studies. It is used as anti-inflammatory, for ulcers and gastritis, and back pain. To evaluate anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities a hydroalcoholic extract (HE) from inner bark was prepared. Materials and methods For the anti-inflammatory activity, carrageenan-induced paw edema and peritonitis models, and also myeloperoxidase assay were used. For the antinociceptiva activity acetic acid-induced writhing, hot plate and formalin tests were employed. Results The HE extract exhibited an intense inhibition in carrageenan-induced edema model and also in myeloperoxidase activity at the doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg. The leukocyte migration into the peritoneal cavity was also inhibited at the doses of 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg. A similar profile was observed against acid-induced abdominal contortions and in formalin second phase test at the doses of 30 and 100 mg/kg, but this treatment did not affect the behavior of animals in the hot plate test. Conclusions The experimental data of the HE from Pseudobombax marginatum show anti-inflammatory and antinociceptiva activities, confirming the indication from traditional medicine; however further studies are required to define and isolate the active anti-inflammatory and antinociceptiva components from this active specie.

Parkinson’s disease (PD), a progressive neurological pathology, presents motor and nonmotor impairments. The objectives were to support data on exercise benefits to PD. Male Wistar rats were distributed into sham-operated (SO) and 6-OHDA-lesioned, both groups without and with exercise. The animals were subjected to treadmill exercises (14 days), 24 h after the stereotaxic surgery and striatal 6-OHDA injection. Those from no-exercise groups stayed on the treadmill for the same period and, afterwards, were subjected to behavioral tests and euthanized for neurochemical and immunohistochemical assays. The data, analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test, were considered significant forp<0.05. The results showed behavioral change improvements in the 6-OHDA group, after the treadmill exercise, evaluated by apomorphine rotational behavior, open field, and rota rod tests. The exercise reduced striatal dopaminergic neuronal loss and decreased the oxidative stress. In addition, significant increases in BDNF contents and in immunoreactive cells to TH and DAT were also observed, in striata of the 6-OHDA group with exercise, relatively to those with no exercise. We conclude that exercise improves behavior and dopaminergic neurotransmission in 6-OHDA-lesioned animals. The increased oxidative stress and decreased BDNF contents were also reversed, emphasizing the importance of exercise for the PD management.

Três naftoquinona, (11S, 13S, 16R)-cordiaquinona J ((+)-cordiaquinona J), 6-[10-(12,12-dimetil-13?-hidroxi-16-metil-ciclohexil]-1,4-naftalenodiona (cordiaquinona L) e 5-metil-6-[10-(12,12-dimetil-13?-hidroxi-16ciclohexil)-metil-1,4-naftalenodiona (cordiaquinona M) foram isoladas do extrato etanólico das raízes de Cordia leucocephala Moric. Estas naftoquinonas, exceto a cordiaquinona M foram quantificadas por CLAE no extrato bruto das raízes de C. leucocephala. Os padrões da (+)-cordiaquinona J e cordiaquinona M foram identificados no cromatograma pelos respecttivos tempo de retenção e espectro-UV. A quantificação das duas naftoquinonas apresentou teores de 310 ?g de (+)-cordiaquinona J e 180 ?g de cordiaquinona M, em 100 mg de raízes dessa espécie vegetal.

O fungo M. roridum é o causador da doença cancro-de-mirotécio em meloeiro e vem provocando grandes perdas na produção dessa olerícola. É uma doença de difícil controle, em razão de seu agente ser habitante do solo. Devido à procura de formas alternativas de controle, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade dos extratos etanólicos de partes de S. alata sobre M. roridum. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, distribuído em esquema fatorial 4 x 6 + 1, sendo o primeiro fator partes da planta (caule, inflorescência, raiz e vagem) e o segundo, seis concentrações (0,25; 0,50; 50; 75; 250; e 500 µg mL-1) mais a testemunha, com quatro repetições por tratamento. As variáveis avaliadas foram: taxa de crescimento micelial (TCM), inibição do crescimento micelial (ICM) e área abaixo da curva do crescimento micelial (AACCM). Todos os extratos de partes vegetais de S. alata foram eficientes em inibir o crescimento micelial de M. roridum. O extrato etanólico da vagem foi o que melhor inibiu o crescimento de M. roridum, na concentração de 500 µg mL-1 , seguido do extrato da raiz e do caule.

Five guanidine alkaloids, mirabilin B (1), 8bβ-hydroxyptilocaulin (2), ptilocaulin (3), and a mixture of the 8β- and 8α-epimers, 4 and 5, of 8-hydroxymirabilin (1,8a;8b,3a-didehydro-8-hydroxyptilocaulin), were isolated from Monanchora arbuscula colonies collected off the northeastern Brazilian coast. All structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, including 1D (1H-, 13C- (BB), and 13C-DEPT) and 2D (COSY, HSQC, and HMBC) NMR experiments, and comparison with the literature data. The cytotoxicity of the isolated compounds were evaluated against four tumor cell lines, showing that mirabilin B (1) and the two epimers were inactive, while 8bβ-hydroxyptilocaulin (2) and ptilocaulin (3) presented IC50 values in the range of 7.9 to 61.5 μM, and 5.8 to 40.0 μM, respectively. Further studies on the mechanism of action of ptilocaulin, using HL-60 leukemia cells, demonstrated that this guanidine compound induced apoptosis of the treated cells.

(+)-Cordiaquinone J is a 1,4-naphthoquinone isolated from the roots of Cordia leucocephala that has antifungal and larvicidal effects. However, the cytotoxic effects of (+)-cordiaquinone J have never being explored. In the present study, the effect of (+)-cordiaquinone J on tumor cells viability was investigated, showing IC(50) values in the range of 2.7-6.6muM in HL-60 and SF-295 cells, respectively. Studies performed in HL-60 leukemia cells indicated that (+)-cordiaquinone J (1.5 and 3.0muM) reduces cell viability and 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine incorporation after 24h of incubation. (+)-Cordiaquinone J showed rapid induction of apoptosis, as indicated by phosphatidylserine externalization, caspase activation, DNA fragmentation, morphologic changes, and rapid induction of necrosis, as indicated by the loss of membrane integrity and morphologic changes. (+)-Cordiaquinone J altered the redox potential of cells by inducing the depletion of reduced GSH intracellular content, the generation of reactive oxygen species and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. However, pre-treatment of cells with N-acetyl-l-cysteine abolished most of the observed effects related to (+)-cordiaquinone J treatment, including those involving apoptosis and necrosis induction.

The chemical composition of the leaf essential oil of Croton regelianus collected from wild plants growing in two different sites at Ceará State (Brazil) was analyzed by GC/MS and GC-FID. Twenty monoterpenoids, representing more than 96% of the chemical composition of the oils, were identified and quantified. The oils showed similar chemical composition but considerable variation in the levels of each constituent. Ascaridole (33.9-17.0%), p-cymene (22.3-21.6%), and camphor (13.0-3.1%) were the predominant constituents. The monoterpene ascaridole was isolated and characterized by spectroscopic data. The essential oils and the isolated compounds were tested against Aedes aegypti and Artemia sp. larvae, and the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. The bioassay results show that the essential oil of C. regelianus and ascaridole were moderately active against the M. incognita, but strongly effective against both A. aegypti and Artemia sp. larvae.

From the roots of Cordia leucocephala (Boraginaceae), two new meroterpenoid naphthoquinones, 6-[10-(12,12-dimethyl-13alpha-hydroxy-16-methenyl-cyclohexyl)ethyl]-1,4-naphthalenedione (cordiaquinone L) and 5-methyl-6-[10-(12,12-dimethyl-13beta-hydroxy-16-methenyl-cyclohexyl)methyl-1,4-naphthalenedione (cordiaquinone M) were isolated. Their structures were elucidated after detailed 1D and 2D NMR (COSY, HSQC, HMBC and NOESY) data analyses and comparison with literature data for analogous compounds.

A new monodesmoside triterpenoid saponin characterized as 3b-O-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1®2)-b-D-glucopyranosyl pomolic acid, was isolated from Cordia piauhiensis Fresen (Boraginaceae). Its structure was determined by extensive NMR analysis, including 1H, 1H-COSY, HMQC, HMBC, and NOESY experiments. In addition, four known triterpenoids: quinovic acid, cincholic acid, cincholic 3b-O-6-deoxy-b-D-glucopyranoside acid and quinovic 3b-O-b-D-glucopyranoside acid were also isolated.

Two new and two known triterpenoid saponins were isolated from the stem bark of Pentaclethra macroloba. Their structures were determined using a combination of homo- (1D ¹H NMR, 13C NMR-HBBD and 13C NMR-DEPT) and heteronuclear 2D NMR techniques (¹H-¹H-COSY, ¹H-¹H-TOCSY, ¹H-¹H-NOESY, HMQC and HMBC), ESIMS and chemical methods. The structures of the two new pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins were established as 3beta-O-{[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)],beta-D- glucopyranosyl-(1->4)}-alpha-L-arabinopyranosylhederagenin (3) and 3beta-O-{[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl- (1->2)],beta-D- glucopyranosyl(1->4)}-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyloleanolic acid (4). Duas novas e duas conhecidas saponinas triterpênicas foram isoladas da casca do caule de Pentaclethra macroloba. As estruturas foram determinadas usando uma combinação de técnicas de RMN homo- (1D: RMN¹H, RMN13C-{¹H}, RMN13C-DEPT135; 2D: ¹H-¹H-COSY, ¹H-¹H-TOCSY, ¹H-¹H-NOESY) and heteronuclear 2D (HMQC and HMBC), espectros de massas obtidos com ionização por pulverização eletrônica (ESIMS) e métodos químicos. As estruturas das duas novas saponinas triterpênicas foram estabelecidas como 3beta-O-{[beta-D-glicopiranosil-(1->3)-alfa-L-ramnopiranosil-(1->2)],beta-D-glicopiranosil- (1->4)}-alfa-L-arabinopiranosilhederagenina (3) e ácido 3beta-O-{[beta-D-glicopiranosil-(1->4)-beta-D-glicopiranosil-(1->3)-alfa-L-ramnopiranosil- (1->2)],beta-D-glicopiranosil(1->4)}-alfa-L-arabinopiranosiloleanólico (4).

A detailed NMR study and full assignments of the 1H and 13C spectral data for two novel triterpenoid saponins isolated from the stem bark of Pentaclethra macroloba (Willd.) Kuntze are described. Their structures were established using a combination of 1D and 2D NMR techniques including 1H,1H-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, gs-HMQC and gs-HMBC, and also electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and chemical methods. The structures were established as 3beta-O-([O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1--2)-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1--4)-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1--3)-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1--2)]-[O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1--3)-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1--4)])-alpha-L-arabinopyranosylhederagenin (1) and 3beta-O-)[O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1--2)-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1--4)-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1--3)-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1--2)]-[O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1--3)-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1--4)])-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyloleanolic acid (2).

Extensive 1D (1H NMR, HBBD-13C NMR, DEPT-13C NMR) and 2D (COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, HMQC and HMBC) NMR analysis was used to characterize the structure of a new bisdesmoside saponin isolated from the methanol extract of stems of Cordia piauhiensis Fresen as 3β-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]ursolic acid 28-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl] ester. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Two uncommon compounds, a meroterpene naphthoquinoid (cordiaquinone P) and a new lignan derivative, were isolated from the hexane extract of roots of Cordia leucocephala Moric and their structures, including the relative stereochemistry, were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (1H and 13C NMR, HSQC, HMBC and NOESY) and high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HRESIMS) techniques.

A careful NMR analysis with full assignment of the 1H and 13C spectral data for two minor saponins isolated from stems of Cordia piauhiensis is reported. These saponins were isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography and characterized as 3beta-O-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 --> 2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]pomolic acid 28-O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 --> 6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl] ester (1) and 3beta-O-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 --> 2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]oleanolic acid 28-O-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 --> 2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 --> 6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl] ester (2). Their structures were established using a combination of 1D and 2D (1H, 1H-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, gs-HMQC and gs-HMBC) NMR techniques, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and chemical evidence.

This study was designed to investigate the beneficial effect of catechin in a model of Parkinson's disease. Unilateral, intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rats were pretreated with catechin (10 and 30mg/kg) by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection 2h before surgery and for 14days afterwards. After treatments, apomorphine-induced rotations, locomotor activity, working memory and early and late aversive memories were evaluated. The mesencephalon was used to determine the levels of monoamines and measurement of glutathione (GSH). Immunohistochemical staining was also used to evaluate the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in mesencephalic and striatal tissues. Catechin administration attenuated the increase in rotational behavior and the decrease in locomotor activity observed in lesioned rats. Although catechin did not rescue the impairment of late aversive memory, it protected the animals against 6-OHDA-induced working memory deficits. Furthermore, catechin treatment restored GSH levels, and significantly increased dopamine and DOPAC content, and TH-immunoreactivity in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. Catechin protected 6-OHDA-lesioned rats due to its antioxidant action, indicating that it could be useful as an adjunctive therapy for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

The aim of the present research was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of six species of marine algae ( Caulerpa cupressoides , Ulva fasciata , Amansia multifida , Cryptonemia crenulata , Dictyota dichotoma and Sargassum vulgare ) collected in 2011 at Paracuru Beach, Ceara State, Brazil. Methanol extracts were prepared from oven-dried algae and used to measure total phenolic content (TPC) using the Folin- Ciocalteu colorimetric method. In vitro antioxidant activity of the algal extracts (12.5 to 100 mg mL -1 ) was analyzed by DPPH radical scavenging, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and ferrous ion chelation (FIC). BHA and EDTA were used as positive controls. Based on the standard curve of gallic acid, TPC values ranged from 10.49 to 19.94 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) g -1 of extract. DPPH results of algal extracts at all concentrations tested remained between 53.96 and 64.96%, lower than the positive control (BHA). All species showed little FRAP activity (less than 0.1) when compared to BHA. FIC above 20% was detected only in the extract from U. fasciata (100 mg mL -1 ), while all the others had activities below 17%. The activity of EDTA ranged from approximately 48 (12.5 mg mL -1 ) to 98% (100 mg mL -1 ). These results allow us to consider the algae species studied as potentially promising sources of natural antioxidants.