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Introduction: the variable determinants of physical performance in a cross-country marathon of mountain biking (XCM-MTB) are still unknown. Objective: we aimed to verify the training control variables and the physiological responses in an official XCM-MTB race. Material and methods: Thirteen athletes (11 men and 2 women; 33.3 ± 12.7 years of age) participated in this study. The study was conducted during an official XCM-MTB in Brazil (route of 70 km). The heart rate (HR), altimetry, velocity, temperature, pacing, and power were obtained every 10 km travelled by the STRAVA application. Multivariate linear analysis was performed to verify whether the variables could predict physical performance. Results: the athletes maintained constant HR elevation in the corresponding zone 80% HRmax. The athletes also presented a variation in the pacing (F = 35.82; p < 0.001; d = 0.66) and power (F = 7.20; p < 0.001; d = 0.18) presenting higher values in the last ten kilometers. Only pacing can be considered a predictor of the physical performance (β = 0.958; t = 7.30; p < 0.001), specifically the pacing at 20km (F = 10.23; p = 0.004; R2 = 0.82) can be considered as a predictor of the total time. Conclusion: the study concluded that the analysed variables are reliable for training control in an official XCM - MTB race. HR and power are variables that can be used to prescribe training, as they change according to the requirements of the race. Power can also be used as a performance predictor as it is directly influenced by terrain.

Objetivo: Descrever intensidades de esforço (frequência cardíaca e percepção subjetiva de esforço) de uma sessão de dança de salão (i.e., forró), relacionando com a reativação parassimpática (e.g., recuperação da frequência cardíaca) e aptidão cardiorrespiratória (e.g., máxima velocidade aeróbia) em mulheres. Método: Estudo observacional, com a participação de 17 mulheres saudáveis com idade de 18-24 anos. No primeiro encontro realizou-se a sessão de Forró de 40 minutos (nove músicas; variações de xote e baião; monitoramento da frequência cardíaca e percepção subjetiva de esforço). Com intervalo de 24-48 horas, realizou-se teste incremental máximo para determinação da máxima velocidade aeróbia em esteira. Resultados: A intensidade da sessão de forró variou entre moderada e vigorosa com diferenciação entre as intensidades do xote (ritmo lento, moderada intensidade) e baião (ritmo rápido, vigorosa intensidade) a partir do percentual de frequência cardíaca máxima e com aumento linearizado para a percepção subjetiva de esforço. A máxima velocidade aeróbia foi inversamente correlacionada (moderadas/elevadas correlações) às respostas da: i) frequência cardíaca em cinco músicas; ii) percentual de frequência cardíaca máxima em três músicas; iii) percepção subjetiva de esforço em uma música. Não houve associação entre reativação parassimpática e as respostas fisiológicas/perceptuais à sessão de forró. Conclusão: A intensidade de uma sessão de forró varia entre moderada e vigorosa com melhor caracterização de intensidade de diferentes estilos (xote e baião) pelo percentual de frequência cardíaca máxima em comparação à percepção subjetiva de esforço. O forró pode ser usado para promover melhoras à saúde já que apresenta estímulo suficiente para tal.

This study aimed to verify the influence of performance level on the relationship between peak velocity (Vpeak) and time limit (tlim) at 100% Vpeak. Fifty-four male participants aged between 20 and 35 years were divided into three groups: low fitness (LF) individuals, moderate fitness (MF), and high fitness (HF). The participants performed two running tests on a treadmill: one maximal incremental test to determine Vpeak and one rectangular test to determine tlim at 100% Vpeak. Heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured during the tests. For the variables evaluated during the incremental test to determine Vpeak, higher values of Vpeak were observed for HL compared to the LF (P

Objetivo: Esse estudo investigou a motivação para a prática de corrida de rua em atletas amadores de alta performance e amadores da cidade de Maringá (PR). Métodos: Participaram 34 atletas de corrida de rua (16 amadores e 18 amadores de alta performance). Como instrumentos de coleta de dados foram aplicados um questionário sociodemográfico para caracterização da amostra e trajetória no esporte assim como a Escala de Motivação para o Esporte (SMS- II). Para análise dos dados, foi utilizado o pacote estatístico SPSS 20.0. As respostas sociodemográficas dos atletas foram expressas em estatística descritiva; os dados da escala de motivação foram expostos em média e desvio padrão, para verificar a normalidade dos dados foi adotado o teste Shapiro Wilk, a comparação da motivação para o esporte dos atletas foi utilizado o teste “t” de Student, adotado o nível de significância de p

This study investigated the effects of chronic 3-day beetroot juice (BRJ) supplementation on maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max), velocity associated with VO2max(vVO2max), and peak velocity (Vpeak) in recreational runners. Thirteen male recreational runners (age 28.2 ± 3.0 years, height 176.8 ± 0.1 cm, body mass 74.4 ± 9.5 kg) performed four tests on a treadmill in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design: two maximum incremental tests to determine VO2max and vVO2max, and two tests to determine Vpeak. Trials were performed following 3 days of supplementation of NO3−-rich BRJ in natura (8.4 mmol NO3− day− 1) or BRJ NO3−-depleted placebo (0.01 mmol NO3− day− 1), with the last dose being ingested 2 h before each test. During the tests, maximum heart rate (HRmax), maximal rating of perceived exertion (RPEmax), pre- and post-test glucose concentrations (Glucpre, Glucpost), and peak blood lactate concentration were determined. VO2max was higher following BRJ vs PLA (46.6 ± 6.4 vs 45.1 ± 5.8 mL kg− 1 min− 1; P = 0.022), as well as vVO2max (14.5 ± 0.8 vs 13.9 ± 1.0 km h− 1P = 0.024) and Vpeak (15.5 ± 1.1 vs 15.2 ± 1.2 km h− 1P = 0.038), with no differences in the other variables. Consumption of NO3−-rich BRJ in natura (8.4 mmol NO3− day− 1) once per day for 3 days improved VO2max, vVO2max and Vpeak in recreational runners without changing the other analyzed variables.

Objetivo: Analisar a eficiência mecânica do chute frontal no kickboxing visando identificar se o desgaste fisiológico pode influenciar o desempenho do gesto técnico durante um combate. Métodos: Participaram do estudo dois praticantes da modalidade. Apenas um foi analisado e o outro participou somente na fase da simulação de combate. A pesquisa ocorreu em duas fases, iniciando com o teste progressivo em esteira para a identificação dos limiares de lactato e frequência cardíaca. Amostras de sangue do lóbulo da orelha foram coletadas em repouso e durante o teste sendo ao final de cada incremento. A segunda fase foi a simulação de combate para a identificação de alterações fisiológicas e biomecânicas decorrentes de cada round, bem como da Percepção Subjetiva de Esforço (PSE). Resultados: Correlações altas foram encontradas entre ângulo máximo, amplitude de movimento e porcentagem de fadiga com as variáveis fisiológicas de PSE e concentração de lactato durante a luta, foi observado uma similaridade no padrão cinemático angular dos segmentos analisados, houve um decréscimo nos valores de cada round quando comparadas ao valor de repouso, bem como em relação à amplitude de movimento. Conclusão: O desgaste fisiológico encontrado durante os rounds em um combate de Kickboxing pode influenciar na angulação máxima e amplitude de movimento do chute frontal com salto.

The aim of this study was to verify the effect of endurance training on the pacing strategy and analyse the risk of premature fatigue during the 10-km performance in moderately trained runners. Study participants were 14 runners (18–35 years) who had training prescribed with peak velocity (Vpeak) and its time limit (tlim). Three tests were performed on a treadmill: two maximum incrementals for VO2max and Vpeak and one for tlim. The 10-km running performance was evaluated on a 400-m track. The mean velocity, heart rate (HR) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were monitored at each trial of 10-km running performance. Evaluations were collected pre and after 4 weeks of endurance training. The RPE and HR increased linearly throughout the test, and the risk of fatigue decreased after 3 km. The pacing strategy used by the participants was the “U” running pace in pre- and post-training. There was improvement in the 10-km run after training (40.8 ± 2.8 vs. 39.6 ± 2.7 min). The study showed that 4 weeks ...

Summary Purpose The study aimed to examine the recovery/performance effects of LED therapy applied between two running time trials on blood lactate, creatine kinase (CK), delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and heart rate variability (HRV) in physically active participants. Methods Eleven healthy and young males (26.7 ± 4.8 years) volunteered to participate. Visits in the laboratory were divided into two phases (i.e., two different weeks with four visits each) using the same exercise protocols, but differing randomly in recovering intervention conditions: placebo (PLA) or LED therapy (LED). The minimal and maximal duration for each phase was one and two weeks. On the first day of each phase, the participants performed two (test 1 and test 2) time trials of 40-minute duration with six hours of interval separating the trials. Blood lactate, CK, DOMS, HRV were used as recovery measurements. Variables were compared using two-factor ANOVA for repeated measures followed by the Bonferroni post-hoc test for multiple comparisons. Cohen's effect size (ES) was used to estimate the magnitude of the difference. Results We found that LED therapy had a moderate ES on decreasing how much DOMS increased before test 2, despite no significant effect of LED therapy on CK, lactate concentrations, DOMS and parasympathetic activity (i.e., HRV). No influences were observed in endurance running performance (i.e., mean velocity in the 40-minute time trial). Results suggest LED therapy applied between two running time trials has a moderate effect on attenuating delayed onset muscle soreness but does not change recovery markers and running performance.

espanolObjetivo: En nuestro conocimiento, la informacion sobre la concordancia entre la percepcion subjetiva del esfuerzo durante el entrenamiento de entrenadores y de jovenes julgadores de futbol, durante los periodos especificos de entrenamiento (intensificacion y reduccion de cargas), no se ha establecido. El proposito de este estudio fue examinar y comparar la carga interna de entrenamiento y la percepcion subjetiva del esfuerzo durante el entrenamiento entre los entrenadores y jovenes jugadores de futbol durante tres semanas en diferentes fases de formacion. Metodo: Participaron 16 jugadores de futbol sub19 y sus entrenadores. Antes de cada sesion de entrenamiento, los entrenadores informaron una clasificacion del esfuerzo de sesion percibido usando la escala Borg CR-10 asi como la duracion planificada (min) de la capacitacion basada en la planificacion previa, mientras que los atletas respondieron la escala despues de cada sesion de entrenamiento. Resultados: No se observaron diferencias en la percepcion subjetiva del esfuerzo durante el entrenamiento (t = 0.49; p = 0.62) y la carga de entrenamiento (t = 0.18; p = 0.86) entre el entrenador y los jugadores durante el periodo de entrenamiento analizado. Durante las diferentes fases de entrenamiento no se encontraron diferencias significativas durante la intensificacion (t = 0.18; p = 0.85) ni la reduccion de cargas (t = -0.19; p = 0.85), en las cargas de entrenamiento y en la percepcion subjetiva del esfuerzo, durante el entrenamiento prescrito por el entrenador y percibido por los julgadores. Se observaron correlaciones muy grandes entre la carga de entrenamiento de los entrenadores (r = 0.84) y la carga de entrenamiento de los jugadores. Sin embargo, se encontro una correlacion trivial entre la carga de entrenamiento de los jugadores y los cambios en el rendimiento del Yo-yo IR1 (r = -0.09), edad (r = -0.06) y anos de experiencia competitiva (r = -0.08). La regresion lineal multiple revelo que la carga de entrenamiento de los entrenadores (F1; 238 = 582.7, R2 = 0.710, p Conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren que la percepcion subjetiva del esfuerzo durante el entrenamiento prescrito durante tres semanas, en diferentes fases de entrenamiento, no fue diferente de lo percibido por los jugadores jovenes de futbol. Ademas, la carga de entrenamiento de los entrenadores parece ser eficaz para predecir la carga de entrenamiento en estos jugadores. EnglishObjective: To our Knowledge, information about the agreement between coaches’ and the young soccer players’ session rating of perceived exertion is not consistent during specific periods of training (intensification and taper) and has not been established. The purpose of this study was to examine and compare the internal training load and session rating of perceived exertion between coaches’ and young soccer players’ during three weeks in different training phases. Method: Participants were 16 male elite Under19 soccer players and their coaches. Before each training session, the coaches reported a session rating of perceived exertion using the Borg CR-10 scale as well as the planned duration (min) of the training based on prior planning, while the athletes responded the scale after each training session. Results: No differences in intensity session rating of perceived exertion (t = 0.49; p = 0.62) and training load (t = 0.18; p = 0.86) were observed between coaches and players during the training period analyzed. During different training phases, no significant differences were found during intensification (t = 0.18; p = 0.85) and taper (t = -0.19; p = 0.85) in training loads and in the session rating of perceived exertion prescribed by coaches and perceived by players. A very large correlation was observed between coaches training load (r= 0.84) and players training load. However, a trivial correlation was found between players training load and changes in the Yo-yo IR1 performance (r= -0.09), age (r= -0.06) and years of competitive experience (r= -0.08). Stepwise linear regression revealed that coaches training load (F1; 238= 582.7; R2= 0.710; p Conclusion: The results suggest that the session rating of perceived exertion and training load prescribed during three weeks in different training phases (by coaches) was not different from perceived by young soccer players. Moreover, coaches training load seem to be effective to predict the training load in soccer players. portuguesObjetivo: Nenhum estudo examinou se a concordância entre a a percepcao subjetiva de esforco do treinador e de jovens jogadores de futebol e consistente durante periodos especificos de treinamento (intensificacao e taper). O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar e comparar a carga interna de treinamento e a percepcao subjetiva de esforco da sessao entre treinadores e jovens futebolistas durante tres semanas em diferentes fases de treinamento. Metodos: Participaram 16 jogadores de futebol sub-19 e seus treinadores. Antes de cada sessao de treinamento, os treinadores informaram uma classificacao de esforco da sessao percebido usando a escala de BORG CR-10 assim como a duracao planejada (min) do treinamento, enquanto os atletas responderam a escala apos cada sessao de treinamento. Resultados: Nao foram observadas diferencas para a percepcao subjetiva de esforco da sessao (t = 0.49; p = 0.62) e para a carga de treinamento (t = 0.18; p = 0.86) entre os tecnicos e jogadores durante o periodo de treinamento analizado. Durante as diferentes fases de treinamento, nao foram encontradas diferencas significantes durante a intensificacao (t = 0.18; p = 0.85) e taper (t = -0.19; p = 0.85) na carga de treinamento e a percepcao subjetiva de esforco da sessao prescrita pelos tecnicos e a percebida pelos jogadores. Correlacoes muito grandes foram observadas entre a carga de treinamento dos treinadores (r= 0.84) e a carga de treinamento dos jogadores. No entanto, foi encontrada uma correlacao trivial entre a carga de treinamento dos jogadores e as mudancas no desempenho do Yo-yo IR1 (r = -0.09), idade (r = -0.06) e anos de experiencia competitiva (r = -0.08). A regressao linear multipla revelou que a carga de treinamento dos treinadores (F1; 238 = 582.7; R2 = 0.710; p Conclusao: Os resultados sugerem que, a percepcao subjetiva de esforco da sessao e a carga de treinamento prescritos durante tres semanas em diferentes fases de treinamento (pelos treinadores), nao foi diferente do percebido pelos jovens jogadores de futebol. Alem disso, a carga de treinamento dos treinadores parece ser eficaz para prever a carga de treinamento em jovens jogadores de futebol.

This study compared the effects of 4 weeks of training prescribed by peak velocity (Vpeak) or velocity associated with maximum oxygen uptake (vVO2max) in moderately trained endurance runners. Study participants were 14 runners (18–35 years) randomized into 2 groups, named group VO2 (GVO2) and group Vpeak (GVP). The GVO2 had training prescribed by vVO2max and its time limit (tlim), whereas the GVP had training prescribed by Vpeak and its tlim. Four tests were performed on a treadmill: 2 maximum incremental for Vpeak and vVO2max and 2 for their tlim. Performance (10 km) was evaluated on a 400 m track. Evaluations were repeated after 4 weeks of endurance training. The results showed a significant effect of training on Vpeak [GVP (16.7±1.2–17.6±1.5 km.h−1), GVO2 (17.1±1.9–17.7±1.6 km·h−1)]; vVO2max [GVP (16.4±1.4–17.0±1.3 km·h−1), GVO2 (17.2±1.7–17.5±1.9 km·h−1)]; and 10 km performance [GVP (41.3±2.4–39.9±2.7 min), GVO2 (40.1±3.4–39.2±2.9 min)]. The Vpeak highly correlated with performance in both pre- and post-training in GVP (–0.97;–0.86) and GVO2 (–0.95;–0.94), as well as with vVO2max in GVP (–0.82;–0.88) and GVO2 (–0.99; –0.98). It is concluded that training prescribed by Vpeak promoted similar improvements compared to training prescribed by vVO2max. The use of Vpeak is recommended due to its practical application and the low cost of determination.

O objetivo do estudo foi descrever a distribuição das Cargas de Treinamento (CT) pelo método da percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) da sessão e verificar a sua associação com as alterações de marcadores salivares (MS) em atletas de atletismo durante um camping de treinamento. Participaram do estudo, 44 atletas (17,5 ± 2,7 anos; 175,1 ± 9,0 cm; 63,9 ± 10,7 Kg) sendo, 11 velocistas, 11 fundistas, 11 saltadores e 11 arremessadores, avaliados durante oito sessões de treinamento (duração entre 120 e 150 minutos). Amostras de saliva foram colhidas antes e após o camping, avaliando as concentrações de cortisol, proteínas totais e osmolaridade. A PSE foi obtida trinta minutos após cada sessão, utilizando a escala CR10. A normalidade dos dados foi verificada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. A comparação entre grupos foi realizada por ANOVA e a correlação entre PSE e MS foi obtida pela correlação de Pearson, adotando p < 0,05. A distribuição das CT apresentaram características ondulatórias e alta variabilidade. Houve aumento na osmolaridade salivar nos velocistas (55,0 ± 14,0 vs. 68,7 ± 22,6 mOsm/L; p=0,003) e saltadores (60,9 ± 17,9 vs. 77,8 ± 18,7 mOsm/L; p=0,001). Os fundistas apresentaram maiores níveis de cortisol (p = 0,007) comparado aos demais grupos. Não foram encontradas correlações entre a PSE da sessão e MS. Sendo assim, a combinação de avaliações perceptuais e fisiológicas deve ser priorizada para um melhor controle e monitoramento de atletas na modalidade de atletismo. The aim of the study was to describe the distribution of training loads (TL) by the method of Subjective Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) sessions and verify your association with the changes of salivary markers (SM) in track and field athletes during a training. Participated in the study 44 athletes (17.5 ± 2.7 years; 175.1 ± 9.0 cm-1; 63.9 ± 10.7 Kg-1) being 11 sprinters, 11 jumpers, 11 runners and 11 athletes shot puts, evaluated for eight training sessions (duration between 120-150 min-1). Saliva samples were collected before and after the camping to evaluate cortisol levels, osmolality and total protein. The RPE was obtained thirty minutes after each session using the CR10 scale. The data normality was verified by the Shapiro-Wilk test. The comparison between groups was performed by ANOVA one-way and correlation between RPE and SM were obtained by Pearson correlation, considering p < 0.05. The distribution of TL they presented characteristic undulated and variability high. There was an increase in salivary osmolality in sprinters (55.0 ± 14.0 vs. 68.7 ± 22.6 mOsm.L-1; p=0.003) and jumpers (60.9 ± 17.9 vs. 77.8 ± 18.7 mOsm.L-1; p=0.001). The runners presented higher cortisol levels (p=0.007) compared to other groups. There were no correlations between sessions RPE and SM. Thus, the combination of perceptual and physiological assessments should be prioritized for better control and monitoring in athletes athletic.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic beetroot juice (BRJ) supplementation on 10-km running performance in recreational runners. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover-designed study, 14 male recreational runners (age, 27.8 ± 3.4 years) performed three 10-km running tests, at baseline and under the conditions of BRJ supplementation and placebo (PLA). Supplementation was administered for 3 days, and on the days of the assessments, the ingestion occurred 2 h before the test and consisted of a dose of 420 mL of BRJ in natura (8.4 mmol inorganic nitrate (NO3−)·day−1) or PLA with depleted NO3− (0.01 mmol NO3−·day−1). The mean velocity (MV) was calculated, and the following variables were determined: maximal heart rate, maximal rating of perceived exertion, blood glucose concentration (analyzed before and after the test), and lactate peak. There was no main effect between conditions regarding 10-km running time performance (BRJ: 50.1 ± 5.3 min; PLA: 51.0 ± 5.1 min; P = 0.391) and total MV (BRJ: 12.1 ± 1.3 km·h−1; PLA: 11.9 ± 1.2 km·h−1; P = 0.321) or in the other analyzed variables. The time to complete the first half of the test (5 km) was statistically lower in the BRJ group than in the PLA group (P = 0.027). In conclusion, chronic supplementation with BRJ increased MV in the first half of the test and improved the final test times of 10 of the 14 runners, although we did not find a statistically significant difference in the performance of the 10-km run.

Aims The use of electromagnetic waves by phototherapy to skeletal muscle presents potential ergogenic effects. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of using bioceramic clothes on performance, heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during a 10 km race. Our hypothesis is that the use of such clothes modifies these variables. Methods Participants were 10 runners (27.9 ± 4.2 years) who performed two 10 km performances on track under different intervention conditions: bioceramic garments (CER) and placebo garments (PLA). The mean velocity (MV), HR and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were monitored at each trial. Additionally, partial MV was calculated in three phases: (1) start (first 400 m), (2) middle (400-9600 m) and (3) end (last 400 m). Results MV in CER condition was significantly higher than in PLA condition (11.8 ± 1.0 km·h-1 vs 11.4 ± 1.2 km·h-1; F = 6.200; P = 0.034; ŋp² = 0.408). HR and RPE values in CER condition were not different from PLA condition. Conclusions Our main finding was that the use of bioceramic clothes (CER) increased MV when compared to the PLA condition. Based on these results, bioceramic may be used as an ergogenic resource to increase performance.

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the Influence of two distinct Periods of the day on maximal aerobic power in young Athletes mountain bike. Volunteers are the mountain bike Athletes, 37.83 ± 8.87 years, and underwent two progressive maximal exercise test on a cycle Ergometer at two times of day. Gauging the behavior glucose and heart rate. The verification of normality of data was performed by the Shapiro-Wilk test for analysis of variables was Adopted t test for paired samples. Statistical we Adopted an evidence for p

This study compared the effects of 4 weeks of training prescribed by peak velocity (V peak ) or velocity associated with maximum oxygen uptake (vVO 2max ) in moderately trained endurance runners. Study participants were 14 runners (18–35 years) randomized into 2 groups, named group VO 2 (GVO 2 ) and group V peak (GVP). The GVO 2 had training prescribed by vVO 2max and its time limit (t lim ), whereas the GVP had training prescribed by V peak and its t lim . Four tests were performed on a treadmill: 2 maximum incremental for V peak and vVO 2max and 2 for their t lim . Performance (10 km) was evaluated on a 400 m track. Evaluations were repeated after 4 weeks of endurance training. The results showed a significant effect of training on V peak [GVP (16.7±1.2 – 17.6±1.5 km . h −1 ), GVO 2 (17.1±1.9–17.7±1.6 km·h −1 )]; vVO 2max [GVP (16.4±1.4–17.0±1.3 km·h −1 ), GVO 2 (17.2±1.7–17.5±1.9 km·h −1 )]; and 10 km performance [GVP (41.3±2.4–39.9±2.7 min), GVO 2 (40.1±3.4–39.2±2.9 min)]. The V peak highly correlated with performance in both pre- and post-training in GVP (–0.97;–0.86) and GVO 2 (–0.95;–0.94), as well as with vVO 2max in GVP (–0.82;–0.88) and GVO 2 (–0.99; –0.98). It is concluded that training prescribed by V peak promoted similar improvements compared to training prescribed by vVO 2max . The use of V peak is recommended due to its practical application and the low cost of determination.