Search

Resumen: Introducción: la medicina de urgencia (MDU) se encuentra en etapa de desarrollo en la mayor parte del mundo, particularmente en América Latina y otras regiones hispanohablantes. Entre los desafíos para seguir consolidándose están: el desarrollo de sociedades científicas especializadas, investigación en el área y la formación de especialistas acorde a las necesidades locales, alineada con los estándares internacionales. En Chile existen 14 programas de formación en MDU que siguen lineamientos basados en documentos nacionales e internacionales, pero no existe un consenso claro en relación con las competencias mínimas que los especialistas en esta disciplina deberían adquirir durante su programa de formación. El presente estudio busca consensuar, a través de un panel de expertos, las competencias mínimas que debería incluir un plan de estudios en MDU en Chile. Método: se utilizó una técnica Delphi modificada, seleccionando un panel de expertos al que se les envió un cuestionario online sobre un listado de competencias mínimas organizadas en 7 roles (médico experto, líder, profesional, colaborador, académico, promotor de salud y comunicador), basado en estándares internacionales. Resultados: se realizaron 2 rondas de cuestionarios, con una respuesta de un 45,2% y 34,5%, respectivamente, obteniéndose consenso en 197 competencias de un total de 204. Conclusiones: este consenso puede servir de base para el desarrollo de programas de formación en el país y puede ser adaptado para otros países de habla hispana, sirviendo de impulso para el desarrollo académico de la MDU en estas regiones. Abstract: Emergency Medicine (EM) in Latin America and other Spanish-speaking regions is in a stage of development, especially in Latin America and other Spanish speaker populations. Among challenges for further consolidation are the development of specialized scientific societies, research in the area and training of specialists according to local needs, aligned with international standards. In Chile, there are 14 EM training programmes that follow guidelines based on national and international documents, but there is no clear consensus regarding the minimum competencies that specialists in this discipline should achieve during their training programme. Objective: This study seeks to reach a consensus, through a panel of experts, on the minimum competencies that should be included in an EM curriculum in Chile. Method: A modified Delphi technique was used, selecting a panel of experts who were sent an online questionnaire on a list of minimum competences organized into 7 roles, based on international standards. Results: 2 rounds of questionnaires were carried out, with a response rate of 45.2% and 34.5% respectively, obtaining consensus on 197 out of 204 competencies. Conclusions: This consensus can serve as a basis for the development of training programmes in the country and can be adapted for other Spanish-speaking countries, serving as an impulse for the academic development of the EM in these regions.

Comparative phenotyping and genome-wide association study in a panel of 149 wheat genotypes reveal alleles associated with heat tolerance, which could be useful in future breeding programmes for wheat cultivars.

En este artículo se aborda la propuesta del protocolo de formulación de planes de conservación programada (PCP) para inmuebles patrimoniales en el contexto costarricense, el cual es parte de los resultados del segundo objetivo del proyecto de investigación: «Herramientas de gestión y conservación programada en intervenciones de bienes inmuebles patrimoniales en Costa Rica». La metodología para el desarrollo de este objetivo consistió en la comparación sincrónica, el análisis documental, la elaboración de la propuesta y la validación. La descripción del protocolo se acompaña de diagramas de proceso para cada fase propuesta.

Advances in breeding efforts to increase the rate of genetic gains and enhance crop resilience to climate change have been limited by the procedure and costs of phenotyping methods. The recent rapid development of sensors, image-processing technology, and data-analysis has provided opportunities for multiple scales phenotyping methods and systems, including satellite imagery. Among these platforms, satellite imagery may represent one of the ultimate approaches to remotely monitor trials and nurseries planted in multiple locations while standardizing protocols and reducing costs. However, the deployment of satellite-based phenotyping in breeding trials has largely been limited by low spatial resolution of satellite images. The advent of a new generation of high-resolution satellites may finally overcome these limitations. The SkySat constellation started offering multispectral images at a 0.5 m resolution since 2020. In this communication we present a case study on the use of time series SkySat images to estimate NDVI from wheat and maize breeding plots encompassing different sizes and spacing. We evaluated the reliability of the calculated NDVI and tested its capacity to detect seasonal changes and genotypic differences. We discuss the advantages, limitations, and perspectives of this approach for high-throughput phenotyping in breeding programs.

The areas of data science and data engineering have experienced strong advances in recent years. This has had a particular impact in areas such as healthcare, where, as a result of the pandemic caused by the COVID-19 virus, technological development has accelerated. This has led to a need to produce solutions that enable the collection, integration and efficient use of information for decision making scenarios. This is evidenced by the proliferation of monitoring, data collection, analysis, and prediction systems aimed at controlling the pandemic. This article proposes a hybrid model that combines the dynamics of epidemiological processes with the predictive capabilities of artificial neural networks to go beyond the prediction of the first ones. In addition, the system allows for the introduction of additional information through an expert system, thus allowing the incorporation of additional hypotheses on the adoption of containment measures.

For centuries, mills with beam and weight presses have been the production units used in the town of Écija to obtain the oil. The intensification of olive tree cultivation in the 18th century gave rise to the proliferation of these constructions throughout the town, which at one point was home to no less than 286 mills of this type. However, by the mid-20th century events surrounding the local olive groves caused many of them to fall into disuse. Nowadays, the mills present an advanced state of decay, to the extent that many of them have disappeared partly or completely. In view of the functional nature of these production units and the short space of time in which they were built, we decided to conduct a typological study aimed at identifying any common patterns in their design. The geometric and proportional relationships between their constituent parts obtained using digital information models (Geographic Information System (GIS), 3D point clouds and databases) enabled us to determine standard structures based on ranges of deduced values. The repetition of these patterns suggested that it would be useful to create a graphical database using a parameterised HBIM (Historic Building Information Modelling), which in turn facilitates the introduction of attributes associated with these mills from a dynamic database, therefore favouring interoperability in heritage management as a response to the critical situation of the mills today. At the same time, the correspondence in the relationships of proportionality between the mills analysed typologically and the model of a 16th-century mill, suggests that 18th-century mills were adapted to patterns developed in older presses. Highlights: - The typological study of the Écija (Seville) mills with beam and weight presses reveals common patterns in these preindustrial buildings. - The proportional relationships between their constituent parts obtained using digital information models enabled us to determine standard structures. - These patterns have similarly enabled us to generate a parameterised HBIM model as a standard graphical base for the historical mills in Écija.

AbstractWhile several statistical machine learning methods have been developed and studied for assessing the genomic prediction (GP) accuracy of unobserved phenotypes in plant breeding research, few methods have linked genomics and phenomics (imaging). Deep learning (DL) neural networks have been developed to increase the GP accuracy of unobserved phenotypes while simultaneously accounting for the complexity of genotype–environment interaction (GE); however, unlike conventional GP models, DL has not been investigated for when genomics is linked with phenomics. In this study we used 2 wheat data sets (DS1 and DS2) to compare a novel DL method with conventional GP models. Models fitted for DS1 were GBLUP, gradient boosting machine (GBM), support vector regression (SVR) and the DL method. Results indicated that for 1 year, DL provided better GP accuracy than results obtained by the other models. However, GP accuracy obtained for other years indicated that the GBLUP model was slightly superior to the DL. DS2 is comprised only of genomic data from wheat lines tested for 3 years, 2 environments (drought and irrigated) and 2–4 traits. DS2 results showed that when predicting the irrigated environment with the drought environment, DL had higher accuracy than the GBLUP model in all analyzed traits and years. When predicting drought environment with information on the irrigated environment, the DL model and GBLUP model had similar accuracy. The DL method used in this study is novel and presents a strong degree of generalization as several modules can potentially be incorporated and concatenated to produce an output for a multi-input data structure.

This paper adopts the form of a log book of experiences, observations, interpretations, ideas and resources obtained as a result of using digital information models to address the needs of the institutions and managers of the Archaeological Site of Itálica (CAI, after the Spanish initials) between 2006 and 2021. The problems related to the knowledge and management of the site vary enormously both in scale and complexity. We discuss them here in chronological order to provide a vision of how digital geometric registration and information models have played an increasingly important role at this type of heritage site. The significance of the case study resides both in the importance of the remains, recognised since the 18th century, and in the difficulty of applying systematic processes to manage the site today.

To achieve food security, it is necessary to increase crop radiation use efficiency (RUE) and yield through the enhancement of canopy photosynthesis to increase the availability of assimilates for the grain, but its study in the field is constrained by low throughput and the lack of integrative measurements at canopy level. In this study, partial least squares regression (PLSR) was used with high-throughput phenotyping (HTP) data in spring wheat to build predictive models of photosynthetic, biophysical, and biochemical traits for the top, middle, and bottom layers of wheat canopies. The combined layer model predictions performed better than individual layer predictions with a significance as follows for photosynthesis R2 = 0.48, RMSE = 5.24 μmol m–2 s–1 and stomatal conductance: R2 = 0.36, RMSE = 0.14 mol m–2 s–1. The predictions of these traits from PLSR models upscaled to canopy level compared to field observations were statistically significant at initiation of booting (R2 = 0.3, p < 0.05; R2 = 0.29, p < 0.05) and at 7 days after anthesis (R2 = 0.15, p < 0.05; R2 = 0.65, p < 0.001). Using HTP allowed us to increase phenotyping capacity 30-fold compared to conventional phenotyping methods. This approach can be adapted to screen breeding progeny and genetic resources for RUE and to improve our understanding of wheat physiology by adding different layers of the canopy to physiological modeling.

Resumo Fundamentos A cardiomiopatia hipertrófica (CMH) pode causar obstrução da via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo (VSVE) e ser responsável pelo surgimento de sintomas limitantes, como cansaço físico. Quando tais sintomas são refratários ao tratamento farmacológico, os tratamentos alternativos intervencionistas podem ser úteis, como a ablação septal por meio da infusão de álcool na artéria coronária ou por meio da miectomia cirúrgica. Recentemente, o uso de cateter de radiofrequência (RF) para ablação do septo endocárdico guiado por mapeamento eletroanatômico mostrou-se eficaz apesar da elevada incidência de bloqueio atrioventricular total. Uma alternativa seria a aplicação de radiofrequência no ponto de início do gradiente septal guiada pelo ecocardiograma transesofágico (ETE). O ecocardiograma é um método de imagem com elevada acurácia para determinação da anatomia septal. Objetivo Avaliar o efeito em longo prazo da ablação septal para alívio do gradiente ventrículo-arterial, utilizando o ETE para auxiliar no posicionamento do cateter na área de maior obstrução septal. Avaliar também os efeitos da ablação na classe funcional e parâmetros ecocardiográficos. Métodos Doze pacientes sintomáticos com obstrução da VSVE, refratários à terapia farmacológica, foram submetidos à ablação endocárdica septal com cateteres com ponta de 8 mm, cujo posicionamento foi orientado na região de maior obstrução com auxílio do ETE. Foram realizadas aplicações de radiofrequência (RF) termocontrolada e escalonadas sobre a área alvo. Após cada aplicação, o gradiente era reavaliado e nova aplicação era realizada de acordo com critério clínico. Foram avaliados os efeitos das aplicações de RF tanto para o gradiente em repouso como para o provocado por meio da manobra de Valsalva, e considerado o gradiente. As diferenças foram significativas quando o valor de p foi menor ou igual a 0,05. Resultados Observou-se que a redução da média dos gradientes máximos obtidos foi de 96,8±34,7 mmHg para 62,7±25,4 mmHg ao final de três meses do procedimento (p=0,0036). Após um ano, a média dos gradientes máximos obtidos foi de 36,1±23,8 mmHg (p=0,0001). O procedimento foi bem tolerado e não houve registro de bloqueio atrioventricular total e nem complicações graves. Conclusão A ablação septal guiada pelo ETE foi eficaz e segura, com resultados mantidos durante o período de seguimento clínico. É uma opção razoável para o tratamento intervencionista da obstrução da VSVE em CMH.

Drawing on educational census data and a review of news articles and higher education policies in Brazil, this article examines the impact of COVID-19 on the access and retention of the low-income Brazilian population in higher education. Guided by the question, “What is the impact of COVID-19 on the most vulnerable population in Brazil in terms of access to, and retention in higher education?”, the paper is structured in two sections: the first offers a short historical overview of Brazilian higher education; the second examines the impact of the pandemic on student retention in higher education, looking at factors such as social isolation, job and income precarity, use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), internet access, and technological resources. I argue that distance education offered by private higher education institutions benefits the privileged students and that the effects of the pandemic are detrimental to the socially disadvantaged students since those who are in public universities do not always have access to technology, and those who study in private universities feel the impact of not being able to pay tuition fees, besides the loss of several jobs in different sectors. In conclusion, I recommend policy initiatives to improve access to higher education.

Two di-ureasils incorporating oxyethylene segments with average molecular weights Y = 600 and 900 g mol−1, prepared by the sol-gel method, and doped with the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl) and lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4) salt were prepared. The as-obtained films are translucent, flexible, and hydrophobic, and have a low level of nanoscale surface roughness. The ionic conductivity values exhibited by an optimized sample are 8.10 × 10−5 and 2.8 × 10−4 S cm−1 at room temperature and 55 °C, respectively. The main goal of the work was to employ the electrolytes in prototype electrochromic devices (ECDs) with the [glass/a-IZO/a-WO3/d-U(Y)LiBF4-[Bmim]Cl/c-NiO/a-IZO/glass], noted as ECD1 for Y = 600 and ECD2 for Y = 900, where a-WO3 and c-NiO stand for amorphous tungsten oxide and crystalline nickel oxide, respectively. At 555 nm the ECD1 device exhibited the highest coloration efficiency for coloring (CEin = −420.621 cm2·C−1), the highest optical density value (∆(OD) = 0.13) and good cycling stability. In this article, the results of a preliminary evaluation of hybrid electrolytes, produced by a sol-gel process, as multi-functional components in prototype electrochromic devices are reported.

El objetivo es analizar las variables que llevaron al ascenso de la (extrema) derecha en Brasil, especialmente a partir de las “jornadas de junio de 2013”, culminando con la elección fraudulenta de Jair Bolsonaro a la presidencia de la República en 2018. Las variables analizadas son: a) la “Operación Lava Jato”, por tratarse del sector ilegal/ilegítimo del Poder Judicial que destituyo a la presidenta Dilma Rousseff de la presidencia de la República y encarcelo al ex-presidente Lula sin pruebas; b) los grandes medios de comunicación y los sectores de las redes sociales, por el papel ideológico que tuvieron: “aparatos privados de hegemonía”; y c) e principalmente el gran capital internacional y nacional y sus think thanks, debido a la financiación a la desestabilización política que coordinaron; entre otras variables. Finalmente, se demuestra como ese proceso moviliza valores conservadores y neoliberales, aproximándose al fascismo, proceso que viene sucediendo, de formas distintas, en otros países, caso de España.

The application of spectral reflectance indices (SRIs) as proxies to screen for yield potential (YP) and heat stress (HS) is emerging in crop breeding programs. Thus, a comparison of SRIs and their associations with grain yield (GY) under YP and HS conditions is important. In this study, we assessed the usefulness of 27 SRIs for indirect selection for agronomic traits by evaluating an elite spring wheat association mapping initiative (WAMI) population comprising 287 elite lines under YP and HS conditions. Genetic and phenotypic analysis identified 11 and 9 SRIs in different developmental stages as efficient indirect selection indices for yield in YP and HS conditions, respectively. We identified enhanced vegetation index (EVI) as the common SRI associated with GY under YP at booting, heading and late heading stages, whereas photochemical reflectance index (PRI) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were the common SRIs under booting and heading stages in HS. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) using 18704 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from Illumina iSelect 90K identified 280 and 43 marker-trait associations for efficient SRIs at different developmental stages under YP and HS, respectively. Common genomic regions for multiple SRIs were identified in 14 regions in 9 chromosomes: 1B (60–62 cM), 3A (15, 85–90, 101– 105 cM), 3B (132–134 cM), 4A (47–51 cM), 4B (71– 75 cM), 5A (43–49, 56–60, 89–93 cM), 5B (124–125 cM), 6A (80–85 cM), and 6B (57–59, 71 cM). Among them, SNPs in chromosome 5A (89–93 cM) and 6A (80–85 cM) were co-located for yield and yield related traits. Overall, this study highlights the utility of SRIs as proxies for GY under YP and HS. High heritability estimates and identification of marker-trait associations indicate that SRIs are useful tools for understanding the genetic basis of agronomic and physiological traits.

E-Learning is a new learning approach that involves the use of electronic technologies to access education outside of a conventional classroom (Alonso Rincon,). The objective of E-Learning systems is to increase the students’ learning skills by providing a customized experience to each system user (Rodrigues, 2013). However, to accomplish this, it is necessary to monitor the continuous changes in the environment, mainly the students’ knowledge and skill acquisition. A multi-agent system architecture and a clustering algorithm are proposed for this purpose (as presented in (Rodrigues, 2014) This paper is an extension to the work of (Al-Tarabily, 2018) because it not only monitors changes in the student environment but also in the project environment, increasing the system’s adaptability and accuracy.

Este artículo presenta diferentes estrategias de modelado digital del proceso constructivo de un elemento arquitectónico en un entorno HBIM, analizando los Niveles de Conocimiento –LOK– que permiten cada una de ellas. Partiendo de la captura digital fotogramétrica de uno de los muros de la fachada de las dependencias capitulares de la catedral de Sevilla, se ha generado un modelo conceptual inicial orientado a la definición genérica del bien y a su encuadre dentro del conjunto catedralicio. Posteriormente, con objeto de experimentar la potencialidad de aplicación de estas herramientas al análisis arqueológico y arquitectónico, se han transportado sus resultados a este entorno HBIM, alcanzando la caracterización tridimensional de cada una de sus unidades constructivas básicas de la fachada a diversos niveles, desde unidades estratigráficas formadas por regiones hasta las unidades materiales de cada sillar. Por lo tanto, la lectura estratigráfica no se limita al análisis de una superficie de un paramento aislado, sino que se aborda desde su realidad tridimensional general, la catedral. El alto nivel de conocimiento alcanzado en este modelo más desarrollado ha permitido utilizarlo como base para el registro y gestión de la información patrimonial, permitiendo visualizaciones temáticas gráficas y alfanuméricas.

Se expone una experiencia de aplicación de modelos digitales HBIM a la intervención arqueológica y arquitectónica sobre la capilla de los Tocino de la iglesia de San Juan de los Caballeros de Jerez de la Frontera. El objeto de esta es verificar las posibilidades de una herramienta dinámica capaz de incorporar y gestionar datos y permitir visualizaciones complejas de la secuencia estratigráfica obtenida de los trabajos previos y paralelos a la intervención. De esta forma, la propia obra se entiende como una fase más, que queda asociada a las anteriores, lo que permite explicar y justificar las propias acciones de intervención. Entre las principales conclusiones, cabría destacar la formación de un modelo único que aglutina la totalidad de la información generada, abierto a la incorporación de nueva información y capaz de generar imágenes que facilitan la comprensión espacial del objeto.

Plant height (PH) is an essential trait in the screening of most crops. While in crops such as wheat, medium stature helps reduce lodging, tall plants are preferred to increase total above-ground biomass. PH is an easy trait to measure manually, although it can be labor-intense depending on the number of plots. There is an increasing demand for alternative approaches to estimate PH in a higher throughput mode. Crop surface models (CSMs) derived from dense point clouds generated via aerial imagery could be used to estimate PH. This study evaluates PH estimation at different phenological stages using plot-level information from aerial imaging-derived 3D CSM in wheat inbred lines during two consecutive years. Multi-temporal and high spatial resolution images were collected by fixed-wing (PlatFW) and multi-rotor (PlatMR) unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platforms over two wheat populations (50 and 150 lines). The PH was measured and compared at four growth stages (GS) using ground-truth measurements (PHground) and UAV-based estimates (PHaerial). The CSMs generated from the aerial imagery were validated using ground control points (GCPs) as fixed reference targets at different heights. The results show that PH estimations using PlatFW were consistent with those obtained from PlatMR, showing some slight differences due to image processing settings. The GCPs heights derived from CSM showed a high correlation and low error compared to their actual heights (R2 ≥ 0.90, RMSE ≤ 4 cm). The coefficient of determination (R2) between PHground and PHaerial at different GS ranged from 0.35 to 0.88, and the root mean square error (RMSE) from 0.39 to 4.02 cm for both platforms. In general, similar and higher heritability was obtained using PHaerial across different GS and years and ranged according to the variability, and environmental error of the PHground observed (0.06–0.97). Finally, we also observed high Spearman rank correlations (0.47–0.91) and R2 (0.63–0.95) of PHaerial adjusted and predicted values against PHground values. This study provides an example of the use of UAV-based high-resolution RGB imagery to obtain time-series estimates of PH, scalable to tens-of-thousands of plots, and thus suitable to be applied in plant wheat breeding trials.

The Global Wheat Head Detection (GWHD) dataset was created in 2020 and has assembled 193,634 labelled wheat heads from 4700 RGB images acquired from various acquisition platforms and 7 countries/institutions. With an associated competition hosted in Kaggle, GWHD_2020 has successfully attracted attention from both the computer vision and agricultural science communities. From this first experience, a few avenues for improvements have been identified regarding data size, head diversity, and label reliability. To address these issues, the 2020 dataset has been reexamined, relabeled, and complemented by adding 1722 images from 5 additional countries, allowing for 81,553 additional wheat heads. We now release in 2021 a new version of the Global Wheat Head Detection dataset, which is bigger, more diverse, and less noisy than the GWHD_2020 version.

Esta publicación tiene como objetivo presentar un análisis bibliométrico, descriptivo y retrospectivo de la producción científica registrada en la base de datos Elsevier Scopus, durante el periodo comprendido entre el año 2012 y febrero 2020, en torno a publicaciones cuyas palabras claves involucran los conceptos HBIM, management y model. El trabajo se desarrolló como parte del proyecto de investigación “Herramientas de gestión y conservación programada en intervenciones de bienes inmuebles patrimoniales en Costa Rica”[1]. Los resultados de este análisis fueron un insumo importante a la actividad de búsqueda de información sobre las fases de ejecución y cierre de los proyectos de intervención de bienes inmuebles patrimoniales a nivel nacional e internacional. En total se analizaron 77 publicaciones realizadas por 227 autores distintos de 86 instituciones en 18 países. Se identificaron los principales autores, el momento en que publicaron, así como las principales afiliaciones y los países donde se ha realizado mayor producción científica con respecto a los conceptos indicados. A pesar de que la tendencia de la producción científica se relaciona mayoritariamente con el diseño arquitectónico, se determinó que el modelo 3D es el concepto que permite asociar el campo científico del manejo de información con el de la gestión del patrimonio.