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The increasing number of people living with human immunodeficiency virus, HIV, (PLWH) have an elevated incidence of risk for noncommunicable comorbidities, the aetiology of which remains incompletely understood. While sleep disturbances are often reported in PLWH, it is unknown to what extent they relate to changes in the circadian and/or sleep homeostatic processes. We studied the relationship between sleep characteristics, circadian phase, and HIV status in older adults from the HAALSI (Health and Ageing in Africa: a Longitudinal Study of an INDEPTH Community in South Africa) subsample of the Agincourt Health and Demographic Surveillance System in South Africa (n = 187, 36 human immunodeficiency virus positive [HIV+], age: 66.7 ± 11.5 years, range 45-93 years), where HIV prevalence is high and (in contrast to the global north) does not associate significantly with potentially confounding behavioural differences. In participants with valid actigraphy data (n = 172), regression analyses adjusted for age and sex indicated that HIV+ participants had slightly later sleep onset (β = .16, p = .039), earlier sleep offset times (β = -.16, p = .049) and shorter total sleep times (β = -.20, p = .009) compared to the HIV negative (HIV-) participants. In a subset of participants (n = 51, 11 HIV+), we observed a later dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) in HIV+ (21:16 ± 01:47) than in HIV- (20:06 ± 00:58) participants (p = .006). This substantial difference remained when adjusted for age and sex (β = 1.21; p = .006). In 36 participants (6 HIV+) with DLMO and actigraphy data, median phase angle of entrainment was -6 min in the HIV+ group and +1 h 25 min in the HIV- group. DLMO time correlated with sleep offset (ρ = 0.47, p = .005) but not sleep onset (ρ = -0.086, p = .623). Collectively, our data suggest that the sleep phase occurred earlier than what would be biologically optimal among the HIV+ participants. This is the first report of a mistimed circadian phase in PLWH, which has important potential implications for their health and well-being, especially given the well-established relationships between circadian asynchrony and sleep deprivation with poorer health outcomes.

Objectives Prior studies have examined sleep during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, but have few compared sleep measured both during and prior to COVID. We examined the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on subjective sleep quality in general and separately by gender and age (

Studying communities at different stages of urbanisation and industrialisation can teach us how timing and intensity of light affect the circadian clock under real-life conditions. We have previously described a strong tendency towards morningness in the Baependi Heart Study, located in a small rural town in Brazil. Here, we tested the hypothesis that this morningness tendency is associated with early circadian phase based on objective measurements (as determined by dim light melatonin onset, DLMO, and activity) and light exposure. We also analysed how well the previously collected chronotype questionnaire data were able to predict these DLMO values. The average DLMO observed in 73 participants (40 female) was 20:03 ± 01:21, SD, with an earlier average onset in men (19:38 ± 01:16) than in women (20:24 ± 01:21; P ≤ .01). However, men presented larger phase angle between DLMO and sleep onset time as measured by actigraphy (4.11 hours vs 3.16 hours; P ≤ .01). Correlational analysis indicated associations between light exposure, activity rhythms and DLMO, such that early DLMO was observed in participants with higher exposure to light, higher activity and earlier light exposure. The strongest significant predictor of DLMO was morningness-eveningness questionnaire (MEQ) (beta=-0.35, P ≤ .05), followed by age (beta = -0.47, P ≤ .01). Sex, light exposure and variables derived from the Munich chronotype questionnaire were not significant predictors. Our observations demonstrate that both early sleep patterns and earlier circadian phase have been retained in this small rural town in spite of availability of electrification, in contrast to metropolitan postindustrial areas.

Introduction Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, Brazil adopted measures to minimize the spread of the virus, including quarantine orders where people only left home for essential business. This practice could negatively impact sleep by reducing exposure to daylight and physical activity. We examined subjective sleep quality in Baependi, a small rural town in Brazil during the COVID-19 quarantine order. Methods This sample is from the Baependi Heart Study, a family-based cohort of adults. Participants (n=800, 71% women, mean age 51.6±15.6 years) completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) early in the COVID pandemic (April-May, 2020). They were also asked about their compliance to the quarantine order (yes/no). We compared sleep between quarantined (QT) and not-quarantined individuals (NQT). Longitudinal data was obtained from a subsample of 417 individuals who also completed a pre-COVID PSQI between January, 2010 and September, 2014. Results Individuals compliant with the quarantine had worse sleep quality than non-quarantined individuals [QT PSQI= 6.1 (±3.9), NQT PSQI= 5.0 (±3.5), p Conclusion Individuals who quarantined during COVID-19 had worse sleep quality than individuals who did not quarantine. Longitudinal comparison demonstrated that participants who quarantined had worse sleep quality during COVID compared to before to the pandemic. Support (if any) NIH 1R01HL141881

Introduction Determining the psychobiological profile of a team sport is important for defining the work to be performed in each phase, as well as in preparation for future competitions. The aim of this study was to draw a profile of mood states, depression, sleep quality, sleepiness and anxiety, of a Paralympic athletics team over a seven-month period. Materials and methods An assessment was made of 19 athletes from the Brazilian athletics team at the end of season, beginning of season, and pre-competition. The assessments were performed using following questionnaires: profile of mood states, Beck Depression Inventory, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The results were expressed as the mean and standard deviation, and the significance level was set at p Results Most of the athletes exhibited a median level of trait-state anxiety at the end and at the beginning of the season. There was difference between: pre-competition and the end of season in the vigor domain, which was increased in the pre-competition; pre-competition and the beginning of the season in the total duration of sleep, with an increase in the pre-competition; the beginning and the end of the season, in sleep latency, with a decrease at the beginning of the season. Conclusions The period during the sport season can alter psychobiological variables, such as low vigor, daytime sleepiness, with greater sleep latency at the end of the season, and poor sleep quality at the beginning of the season. On the other hand, there is good sleep quality and high vigor in the pre-competition stage, which favors a better sport performance.

Introduction Circadian rhythmicity is tightly regulated by clock genes. Polymorphic variations of the human PER3 gene have been shown to influence diurnal preference, sleep homeostasis and the development of mood disorders. However, it is unclear whether polymorphisms in this gene are associated with sleep duration and depression symptoms in real-life scenarios. We have investigated the relationship between sleep duration and mood traits among PER3 genotype groups in a Brazilian family-based cohort. Methods Baependi is a small rural town in Brazil that provides an opportunity to study the influence of sleep circadian patterns in a highly admixed rural population. We studied 1,100 subjects (mean age±SD 47.6±15.3, 42% male) and evaluated the effects of the coding-region variable number tandem repeat polymorphism in PER3 (rs57875989) on mood (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) and self-reported sleep habits (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), controlling for age and sex, using a general linear model. Results Our genotyping data showed that 33.5% of the subjects were homozygous for the shorter PER3 allele (4/4), 55.3% of participants were heterozygous (4/5) and 11.2% of subjects were homozygous for the longer allele (5/5). A main effect of PER3 genotype, sex and age was observed (p≤0.01) on depression symptoms, as well as a significant interaction between sex and sleep duration ≤7 or >7 hours. The results revealed an increase in depression symptoms in the PER3(4/4) genotype compared to PER3(4/5). It was observed also an increase in depression symptoms according to the increase of age. The depression traits were also increased in women that have reported reduced sleep duration, despite controlling for age. Discussion We observed associations between PER3 genotype, sleep duration and depression symptoms, suggesting that PER3 gene may be behaviourally relevant for mental health, especially for women under chronic sleep loss conditions. CNPq – PVE; Academy of Medical Sciences/Newton International Fellowship

Introduction Insomnia significantly impacts lifetime morbidity and thus has substantial socioeconomic costs. In developed, high-income countries insomnia prevalence is increasing. However, little is known about insomnia in less urbanised, lower-income populations. Baependi is a Brazilian rural town, which has been shown to maintain sleep cycles synchronised to natural daylight, in spite of electrification. We aimed to investigate the components of insomnia in the family-based Baependi Heart Study cohort, using the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) questionnaire. Methods and materials Descriptive analysis was performed on data collected from the Baependi population (n=1,202) using R software. Heritability analysis was calculated using polygenic mixed modelling. Genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) was subsequently performed on the Baependi data, in order to interrogate for associations with polymorphisms previously related with insomnia symptoms (n= 811). Results Descriptive regression analysis categorised 7.6% of the participants as suffering from ‘clinical insomnia’ based on their ISI scores, with an average total score of 6.5±5.0 (SD). Heritability of ISI score, based on the best-fit model adjusted for sex, age, education, and depression, was 19%. GWAS yielded four associations of genome-wide significance with single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) rs869481, rs62037617 and rs3747579, which are located in the CORO7 gene, and rs3789038, located on the neighbouring HMOX2 gene on chromosome 16. Conclusion This is one of the first studies of ISI score distribution in a general population. The heritability value observed is consistent with previously published literature, which have used different measures of insomnia symptoms. In addition, this is the first reported GWAS analysis for ISI score, identifying the first significant genome-wide genetic associations of ISI score. Thus, this study confirms the reliability and suitability of ISI as a measure for genetic studies in population. Acknowledgements This study was supported by the Santander Universities Researcher Mobility Award and CNPq (PVE 400791/2014-5).

Background It is well-established that sleep regulates immune functions. Immunological functions are dependent on circadian rhythms and regular sleep as both have an impact on the magnitude of immune responses following antigenic challenge (eg, in vaccination). Here we investigated whether nocturnal shift work can influence post-vaccination response. Methods Thirty-four healthy workers (23 females) working either nocturnal or diurnal shifts (17 in each group) received the meningococcal C meningitis vaccine. Sleep was recorded polysomnographically (PSG) and with actigraphy. Humoral and cellular responses were assessed after vaccination. Results Night workers showed decreased N3 stage and REM sleep duration, increased inflammatory mediators (TNF-α and IL-6 levels), and a weak specific humoral response to vaccination associated with reduced CD4 T lymphocytes, reduced plasmacytoid dendritic cells, reduced prolactin levels, increased TReg and increased IL-10 levels. In addition, the decrease in total sleep time and circadian rhythm alterations were associated with a reduced humoral response post-vaccination. Conclusions Our findings provide novel evidence concerning immune alterations of shift work on workers' health based on real-life circumstances. In association with circadian components, sufficient sleep time and rhythm synchronization were important for the development of the Ag-specific immune response, suggesting that the humoral response to vaccination may be impaired in individuals with chronic sleep restriction and circadian misalignment.

Introduction Sleep generally regulates immune functions in a supportive manner and can affect parameters that are directly involved in the rejection process. Study objectives The first objective was to assess whether sleep deprivation (SD) or sleep restriction (SR) affects the allograft rejection process in mice. The second objective was to investigate whether the rejection process itself modulates the sleep pattern of allografted mice. Design Adult BALB/c and C57BL/6J male mice were used as the donors and recipients, respectively, except for the syngeneic group (ISOTX), which received skin from mice of the same strain (C57BL/6J). The recipients were randomly assigned to either one of two control groups – TX (allogenic) or ISOTX (syngeneic) – which underwent stereotaxic surgery to enable sleep recording prior to the allograft but were not sleep deprived; one of two paradoxical sleep deprived groups – SDTX and TXSD – which underwent 72 h of continuous SD either before or after the allograft respectively, and one of two sleep restricted groups – SRTX and TXSR – which underwent 21 h of SD and 3 h of sleep for 15 days either before or after the allograft respectively. Interventions The skin allograft was inspected daily to determine the survival time, expected as 8.0 ± 0.4 days in this transplant model under no treatment. The sleep pattern was controlled throughout the rejection process in the SD and SR groups. Draining lymph nodes, spleen, blood and skin grafts were harvested on the 5th day after transplantation for evaluation of the immune parameters related to allograft rejection. Measurements and results In the control groups, we observed a reduction in paradoxical sleep throughout the entire allograft rejection process. Acute and chronic experimental sleep loss in the SD and SR groups produced marked alterations in the immune response. Both SD and SR prolonged allograft survival compared to the non-sleep-deprived group. There were reductions in the following parameters involved in the allograft rejection under sleep loss: CD4 + and CD8 + T cell subpopulations in the peripheral lymph organs and spleen, circulating sIL-2R levels, graft-infiltrating CD4 + T cells and skin allograft global gene expression. Conclusions We provide, as far as we are aware, the first evidence in vivo that the immune response can alter the normal sleep pattern, and that sleep loss can conversely affect the immune response related to graft rejection.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the psychobiological aspects of the Paralympic athletes athletics mode, before the London Paralympic Games 2012. We evaluated 40 athletes without 31 men and 9 women who were selected by the Brazilian Paralympic Committee to be part of the Brazilian delegation. For the evaluation of psychobiological aspects used questionnaires: Trait Anxiety Inventory-State, POMS, the Beck Depression questionnaire Pittsburgh Epworth Scale to assess, respectively, anxiety, mood, depression, sleep and sleepiness. For trait anxiety and state anxiety, athletes exhibited a mean level of anxiety in relation to the profile of mood states and higher intensity values than any other dimensions. The lower total sleep time was in athletes with bad sleep, sleep deficiency was lower in athletes with poor sleep and total sleep time was lower for those who had efficiency < 85%. All psychobiological variables evaluated in pre-competition period were normal for the athletes of the Brazilian Paralympic athletics team that took part in the London 2012 Paralympic Games. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os aspectos psicobiológicos de atletas da modalidade de atletismo Paralímpico, antes dos Jogos Paralímpicos de Londres de 2012. Foram avaliados 40 atletas, sem 31 homens e 9 mulheres que foram convocados pelo Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro para fazer parte da Delegação Brasileira. Para a avaliação dos aspectos psicobiológicos nós utilizamos os questionários: Inventário de Ansiedade Traço-Estado, POMS, Inventário de Depressão de Beck, questionário de Pittsburgh Escala de Epworth para avaliar, respectivamente, a ansiedade, o humor, a depressão, o sono e a sonolência. Para ansiedade-traço e ansiedade-estado os atletas apresentaram nível médio de ansiedade, em relação ao perfil dos estados de humor, a dimensão vigor apresentou valores mais altos do que as outras dimensões. O tempo total de sono foi menor em atletas com o sono ruim, a eficiência de sono foi menor em atletas com sono ruim e o tempo total de sono foi menor para quem teve eficiência < 85%. Todas as variáveis psicobiológicas avaliadas no período pré-competitivo estavam dentro da normalidade para os atletas da equipe Paralímpica Brasileira de atletismo que participaram dos Jogos Paralímpicos de Londres 2012. El objetivo fue evaluar los aspectos psicobiológicos de los atletas de atletismo Paralímpico en el período que precedió los Juegos Paralímpicos de Londres de 2012. Se evaluaron 40 atletas. Los cuestionarios evaluaran la ansiedad, humor, depresión, sueño y la somnolencia. Para ansiedad-trazo y ansiedad-estado los atletas presentó nivel medio y no presentó propensión a la depresión. Los estados de humor la dimension vigor mostró un valor más alto. Para calidad de sueño los atletas presentó buen sueño, presentó somnolencia excesiva diurna y tuvo insatisfacción con el propio sueño. El tiempo total de sueño fue menor en atletas con un mal sueño, la eficiencia de sueño fue menor en atletas con un mal sueño y el tiempo total de sueño fue menor para quien tuvo eficiencia < 85%. Las variables psicobiológicas evaluados en el período previo a los Juegos Paralímpicos de Londres de 2012 eran normales para los atletas de la selección brasileña.

Experimental and cross-sectional study. To assess the immediate effect of exercise on heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake (VO2), pulmonary ventilation (PV), oxygen pulse (OP), glucose and lipids of wheelchair basketball players with spinal cord injury (SCI). Center of Studies in Psychobiology and Exercise—Sao Paulo, Brazil. In all, nine wheelchair basketball players with SCI and nine able-bodied controls (C) performed three exercise sessions at different intensities: ventilatory threshold 1 (VT1), 15% below VT1 and 15% above VT1 with a duration of ~24–34 min. HR, VO2, PV, OP, glucose and lipids were analyzed. VO2, PV and OP were significantly lower in the players with SCI compared to C during the same intensity exercise sessions. However, the individuals with SCIs demonstrated increases in HR, PV and OP at similar rates to C. Triglycerides of the SCI group were elevated 30 min after the exercise session at VT1 compared to values before the exercise session (P=0.017); this elevation was not observed in group C. For the exercise sessions 15% above VT1, only glucose (P=0.040) and low-density lipoprotein (P=0.012) 30 min after the exercise were elevated in the SCI group compared to group C. We conclude that the SCI group demonstrated increases in HR, PV and OP but not VO2 with increased intensity of exercise at similar rates as in group C.

Objective. The objective of this study was to correlate metabolic and hormonal parameters before and after 8, 16, and 24 weeks (wk) of moderate aerobic training in individuals with chronic primary insomnia. Method. Four male and sixteen female volunteers (adults, sedentary, and healthy) performed exercise training for 24 weeks. Blood and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was obtained at baseline, 8, 16, and 24 wk of training. Results. PSQI scores decreased after 8, 16, and 24 wk of training regarding baseline values. Indeed, total sleep time (TST) increased after 16 and 24 wk of exercise training regarding baseline values. The correlations were analyzed using the delta (Δ) values (Δ1=8 wk less baseline; Δ2=16 wk less baseline; Δ3=24 wk less baseline). We have observed a negative correlation for Δ1 between TST and cortisol, a positive correlation for Δ3 between TST and growth hormone, a negative correlation for Δ1 between TST and VLDL, a negative correlation for Δ1 between TST and triacylglycerols, and a negative correlation for Δ1 and Δ2 between TST and thyroid-stimulating hormone. Conclusion. The exercise training improved the sleep quality of patients with chronic primary insomnia.

Objectives: Sleep deprivation is a growing public health hazard, yet it is still under-recognized. Sleep disorders and disruption of sleep patterns may compromise the immune function and adversely affect host resistance to infectious diseases. This is a particular risk in cancer patients, who report a high frequency of sleep disturbances. The present study investigated the effects of sleep deprivation on the development of Ehrlich ascitic tumors (EAT) in female BALB/c mice. Our study also evaluated whether EAT would induce alterations in sleep pattern. Spleen lymphocyte cell populations and mortality were also quantified. Methods: Female BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally inoculated with EAT cells. Immediately after the inoculation procedure, animals were sleep deprived for 72 h. Ten or 15 days after inoculation, the number of tumoral cells was quantified and the lymphocytic cell population in the spleen was characterized by flow cytometry. In addition, the effect of sleep deprivation on EAT-induced mortality was quantified and the influence of EAT on sleep patterns was determined. Results: Sleep deprivation did not potentiate EAT growth, but it significantly increased mortality. Additionally, both EAT and sleep deprivation decreased frequencies of splenic CD4+, CD8+ and CD19+ cells. With respect to sleep patterns, EAT significantly enhanced paradoxical sleep time. Conclusions: Although sleep deprivation did not potentiate EAT growth, it decreased the survival of female tumor-bearing mice.

Background Although different studies associated sleep deprivation (SD) with systemic inflammatory changes, the effect of sleep duration on the pathology of allergic chronic diseases is poorly understood. Objective We sought to evaluate the influence of SD on allergen-induced pulmonary inflammation. Methods Ovalbumin (OVA)–sensitized C57BL/6 mice were exposed to a first set of intranasal OVA challenge under SD or healthy sleep (HS) conditions, followed by a second OVA challenge, 1 week apart. Some groups were subjected to corticosteroid treatment with dexamethasone. Results OVA-sensitized mice with SD had more severe airway inflammation than the allergic group with HS. Analysis of lung parenchyma revealed that the inflammation in allergic mice with SD was marked by an influx of neutrophils (mainly) and eosinophils and secretion of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-17 in contrast to the eosinophilic inflammation and IL-4 production observed in allergic mice with HS. The same cytokine profile was observed in ex vivo culture of cervical lymph node cells and splenocytes, indicating that in allergic mice SD favors immune responses toward a proinflammatory T H 17 profile. This idea is supported by the fact that disruption of IL-17 signaling (IL-17 receptor A −/− ) prevented airway neutrophilia in allergic mice with SD. Furthermore, allergic mice with SD became refractory to corticosteroid treatment in contrast to the allergic group with HS. Conclusion Collectively, our data show that sleep quality participates in the progression of allergen-induced eosinophilic lung inflammation to corticosteroid-refractory neutrophilic manifestation.

Background There is a significant interest in the contribution of the circadian timing system to individual differences in a wider range of behaviour. This is in part because sleep complaints and disturbances of the circadian timing system are common in psychiatric disorders. Based on diurnal preference, people can be divided into chronotypes with demonstrated differences in sleep-wake patterns and a variety of circadian rhythms, behavioral rhythms, and diurnal variation in mood. Specifically, greater eveningness has been related to greater depression. The human PER3 gene contains a variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) which is associated with diurnal preference: the longer allele (five tandem repeats) has been reported to associate with greater morningness, and the shorter allele (four tandem repeats) with greater eveningness. We have investigated the PER3 polymorphism and its relationship to sleep, circadian and depression characteristics in a Brazilian family-based cohort. Methods Baependi is a small rural town in Brazil that provides a window of opportunity to study the influence of sleep circadian patterns in a highly admixed rural population with a conservative lifestyle. Here, we studied 786 subjects (mean age±SD 46.5±16.2, 42% female). Blood samples were collected from all participants. The Per3 length polymorphism was genotyped using PCR followed by gel electrophoresis. We tested for associations between the PER3 polymorphism and sleep characteristics, daytime sleepiness, and chronotype using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale and Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire, respectively. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory [BDI-II]). Results Our genotyping data showed that 36% of the subjects were homozygous for the shorter allele (4/4), 51% of the participants were heterozygous (4/5) and 12% of the subjects were homozygous for the longer allele (5/5). Allele frequency was 0.62 for the 4-repeat and a 0.38 for the 5-repeat. The percentages of the chronotypes Morning type (M-type), Neither type (N-type) and Evening type (E-type) were 5%, 46% and 7%, respectively. We observed an increase of the depression symptoms in evening types [F(2, 1014)=4.8, p=0.007]. On the other hand, no such associations were observed the PER3 genotype. There were no significant differences in the MEQ score [F(2, 317)=0.46, p=0.63], daytime sleepiness [(F(2, 317)=0.23, p=0.79)], sleep efficiency [(F(2, 317)=2.59, p=0.07)] and sleep characteristics [(F(2, 317)=1.92, p=0.14)] between the PER3 genotypes. Discussion We observed an association between eveningness and depression. Identifying factors contributing to individual differences in sleep and to describe how these factors are associated with physiological and psychological profiles may aid our understanding of the role of sleep and the circadian system in mental health. On the other hand, we were not able to replicate the association between the PER3 VNTR polymorphism and chronotype, which has been confirmed independently in multiple populations worldwide (including in Brazil). Neither did we observe any association with depression. CNPq – PVE 400791/2014-5.

Table-top lasers of moderate energies (0.1- 0.5 J) are promising, cost-effective laser-driven sources of MeV-energy protons and ions accelerators, but many applications of laser-accelerated ion beams will not only require a low cost, compact system but also require operation at high repetition rates (>10 Hz). This paper focus the effort to characterize and optimize proton acceleration processes using 3 TW/55 fs, table-top Ti:Sapphire (Ti:Sa) laser capable to operate at 10 Hz, with this intention the maximum proton energy obtained, in a single shot, was evaluated by irradiating a variety of flat targets, from thin film to sub-micrometric film membranes designed for our purposes in a high density target array. The presented work is a previous stage and this study has the intention to be the prelude of the technological challenge, both in laser technology as well target design capable of operating at high repetition rates.

Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo Associação Fundo de Incentivo a Pesquisa Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)/(CEPID) Centro Multidisciplinar em Sonolência e Acidentes (CEMSA) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Introduction The reversal of the natural cycle of wakefulness and sleep may cause damage to the health of workers. However, there are few studies evaluating sleep, fatigue and quality of life of night shift workers considering the influence of small children on these variables. Aims Evaluate the sleep time, fatigue and quality of life of night shift workers and verify the relationship between these variables with the presence or absence of children in different age groups. Methods Were evaluated 78 mens shiftworkers, with or without children. Group 1, workers without children (G1-NC), group 2, workers with children pre-school age (G2-PS) and group 3, workers with children school age (G3-S). The sleep time (ST), sleep efficiency (SE), sleep latency (SL) and maximum time awake (MTA) were recorded by actigraphy. The risk of being fatigued at work was estimated by risk index for fatigue (RIF). Results The G1-NC showed a longer ST on working days and when evaluated only the first nights shift, after day off (p

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Technological advances, constant pressure, increased qualified demand, and other daily activities present in modern society result in increasingly stressful living conditions for the population. In the short term, the release of stress-related hormones can play a key role in the survival of an organism. However, it is well known that chronic exposure to cortisol can lead to many adverse effects. Several findings show immunological changes in response to chronic exposure to cortisol, in particular in skin integrity, which may interfere with the healing process. Morphine is an immunosuppressive drug, and when it is used chronically, it can lead to an increased incidence of infections and a delay in the healing process. The importance of opiates as analgesics in the medical setting is indisputable. However, there are a limited number of studies in this field. These investigations can provide further understanding of the mechanisms involved in the healing process in morphine-dependent individuals under chronic stress, which is a common condition in modern society. Furthermore, medical prescriptions of opiates are common among terminal patients, who frequently develop decubitus ulcers and bacterial infections. This review is aimed to provide a concise analysis of effects of morphine and stress on the healing process.

We investigated the impact of two nights of total sleep deprivation (SD) or four nights of rapid eye movement (REM) SD on immunological parameters in healthy men. Thirty-two volunteers were randomly assigned to three protocols (control, total SD or REM SD). Both SD protocols were followed by three nights of sleep recovery. The control and REM SD groups had regular nights of sleep monitored by polysomnography. Circulating white blood cells (WBCs), T- (CD4/CD8) and B-lymphocytes, Ig classes, complement and cytokine levels were assessed daily. Two nights of total SD increased the numbers of leukocytes and neutrophils compared with baseline levels, and these levels returned to baseline after 24 h of sleep recovery. The CD4+ T-cells increased during the total SD period (one and two nights) and IgA levels decreased during the entire period of REM SD. These levels did not return to baseline after three nights of sleep recovery. Levels of monocytes, eosinophils, basophils and cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and IFN-γ) remained unchanged by both protocols of SD. Our findings suggest that both protocols affected the human immune profile, although in different parameters, and that CD4+ T-cells and IgA levels were not re-established after sleep recovery.

It has been demonstrated that sleep deprivation is associated with altered expression of genes related to metabolic processes, response to stress and inflammation, circadian sleep/wake cycles, regulation of cell proliferation and various signaling pathways. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these changes remain poorly understood. Thus, the present study aims to characterize the function of the mitochondrial electron transport chain in the brain using an animal model of paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD). The question of whether sleep recovery (rebound) can reverse changes found after PSD is also addressed. Adult male inbred C57BL/6J mice were randomly distributed into three groups: home-cage control, PSD and sleep rebound groups. The PSD and rebound groups were subjected to PSD for 72 h. After this sleep deprivation period, the rebound group was returned to its home cage and allowed to sleep in an undisturbed and spontaneous fashion for 24h. The mitochondrial complex I-III, complex II, succinate dehydrogenase and complex II-III activities were then measured by spectrophotometric methods in sub-mitochondrial particles extracted from the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum and hypothalamus. Our results showed a significant decrease in the activity of complex I-III in the PSD and rebound groups as compared to the control group. The complex II and II-III activity were particularly decreased in the hypothalamus of the sleep rebound group. These results are consistent with the involvement of sleep in energy metabolism and corroborate previous experiments demonstrating the importance of the hypothalamus in sleep regulation.

Associação Fundo de Incentivo à Psicofarmacologia (AFIP) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Sleep deprivation is now recognized as an increasingly common condition inherent to modern society, and one that in many ways, is detrimental to certain physiological systems, namely, immune function. Although sleep is now viewed by a significant body of researchers as being essential for the proper working of a host of defense systems, the consequences of a lack of sleep on immune function remains to be fully comprehended. the aim of the current study was to investigate how paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) for 24 and 96 h and sleep restriction (SR) for 21 days by the modified multiple-platform method, and their respective 24-h recovery periods, affect immune activation in rats. To this end, we assessed circulating white blood cell counts, lymphocyte count within immune organs, as well as Ig and complement production. the data revealed that PSD for 96 h increased complement C3 and corticosterone concentration in relation to the control group. in contrast, the spleen weight, total leukocytes, and lymphocytes decreased during SR for 21 days when compared with the control group, although production of a certain class of immunoglobulin, the IgM, did increase. After recovery sleep, lymphocyte count in axillary lymph nodes grew when rats had rebound sleep after PSD for 24 h, neutrophils increased after PSD 96 h and lymphocytes numbers were higher after SR 21 days. Such alterations during sleep deprivation suggest only minor alterations of nonspecific immune parameters during acute PSD, and a significant impairment in cellular response during chronic SR. Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Psychobiol, BR-04024002 São Paulo, Brazil Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Psychobiol, BR-04024002 São Paulo, Brazil FAPESP: 98/14303-3 FAPESP: 04/03979-9 Web of Science