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1. The Taiji microresonator as an unidirectional spiking neuron

Author

Biasi, Stefano, Foradori, Alessandro, Franchi, Riccardo, Lugnan, Alessio, Bienstman, Peter, and Pavesi, Lorenzo

Subjects
Physics - Optics
Abstract

While biological neurons ensure unidirectional signalling, scalable integrated photonic neurons, such as silicon microresonators, respond the same way regardless of excitation direction due to the Lorentz reciprocity principle. Here, we show that a non-linear Taiji microresonator is a proper optical analogous of a biological neuron showing both a spiking response as well as a direction dependence response., Comment: 4 pages and 2 figures

Published
2024

3. An array of microresonators as a Photonic Extreme Learning Machine

Author

Biasi, Stefano, Franchi, Riccardo, Cerini, Lorenzo, and Pavesi, Lorenzo

Subjects
Computer Science - Emerging Technologies, Physics - Optics
Abstract

Machine learning technologies have found fertile ground in optics due to its promising features based on speed and parallelism. Feed-forward neural networks are one of the most widely used machine learning algorithms due to their simplicity and universal approximation capability. However, the typical training procedure, where all weights are optimized, can be time and energy consuming. An alternative approach is the Extreme Learning Machine, a feed-forward neural network in which only the output weights are trained, while the internal connections are random. Here we present an experimental implementation of a photonic extreme learning machine (PELM) in an integrated silicon chip. The PELM is based on the processing of the image of the scattered light by an array of 18 gratings coupled to microresonators. Light propagation in the microresonator array is a linear process while light detection by the video camera is a nonlinear process. Training is done offline by analyzing the recorded scattered light image with a linear classifier. We provide a proof-of-concept demonstration of the PELM by solving both binary and analog tasks, and show how the performance depends on the number of microresonators used in the readout procedure., Comment: 12 pages and 6 figures

Published
2023
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4. The infinity-loop microresonator: A new integrated photonic structure working on an exceptional surface

Author

Franchi, Riccardo, Biasi, Stefano, Piciocchi, Diego, and Pavesi, Lorenzo

Subjects
Physics - Optics
Abstract

Exceptional points, where eigenvalues and eigenvectors coalesce, impact the behavior of different photonics components that show, e.g., enhanced sensing, coherent perfect absorption, unidirectional lasing, and chirality. However, only a few passive geometries have been developed that work on these points. Here, we introduce a novel non-Hermitian structure based on a microresonator shaped as the infinity symbol twice coupled to a bus waveguide: the infinity-loop microresonator. Unlike other structures working on an exceptional surface, the infinity-loop microresonator can achieve either high- or low-contrast unidirectional reflection with a negligible or identical reflection for counterpropagating light. It allows an easy walking through the Riemann sheet by simply controlling the phase of the light propagating in the bus waveguide, which makes it a tunable component to build more complex topological structures. Furthermore, the infinity-loop microresonator allows sensors that show the features of both an exceptional point device and a diabolic point device simultaneously., Comment: 14 pages, 12 figures

Published
2023
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6. Interferometric cavity ring-down technique for ultra-high Q-factor microresonators

Author

Biasi, Stefano, Franchi, Riccardo, and Pavesi, Lorenzo

Subjects
Physics - Optics
Abstract

Microresonators (MRs) are key components in integrated optics. As a result, the estimation of their energy storage capacity as measured by the quality factor (Q) is crucial. However, in MR with high/ultra-high Q, the surface-wall roughness dominates the intrinsic Q and generates a coupling between counter-propagating modes. This splits the usual sharp single resonance and makes difficult the use of classical methods to assess Q. Here, we theoretically show that an interferometric excitation can be exploited in a Cavity Ring-Down (CRD) method to measure the ultimate Q of a MR. In fact, under suitable conditions, the resonant doublet merges into a single Lorentzian and the time dynamics of the MR assumes the usual behavior of a single-mode resonator unaffected by backscattering. This allows obtaining a typical exponential decay in the charging and discharging time of the MR, and thus, estimating its ultimate Q by measuring the photon lifetime., Comment: 5 pages and 2 figures

Published
2022
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7. An interferometric method to estimate the eigenvalues of a Non-Hermitian two-level optical system

Author

Biasi, Stefano, Franchi, Riccardo, Mione, Filippo, and Pavesi, Lorenzo

Subjects
Physics - Optics
Abstract

Non-Hermitian physics has found a fertile ground in optics. Recently, the study of mode degeneracies, i.e. exceptional points, has led to the discovery of intriguing and counterintuitive phenomena. Degeneracies are typically modeled through the coupled mode theory to determine the behaviour of eigenstates and eigenvalues. However, the complex nature of the eigenvalues makes hard their direct characterization from the response spectrum. Here, we demonstrate that a coherent interferometric excitation allows estimating both the real and imaginary parts of the eigenvalues. We studied the clockwise and counter-clockwise modes in an optical microresonators both in the case of Hermitian and non-Hermitian intermodal coupling. We show the conditions by which a resonant doublet, due to the dissipative coupling of counter-propagating modes caused by surface roughness backscattering, merges to a single Lorentzian. This permits to estimate the optimal quality factor of the microresonator in the absence of modal coupling caused by backscattering. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a taiji microresonator working at an exceptional point shows a degeneracy splitting only in one propagation direction and not in the other. This follows from the strongly non-Hermitian intermodal coupling caused by the inner S-shaped waveguide., Comment: 13 pages and 8 figures

Published
2021
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8. Influence of the bus waveguide on the linear and nonlinear response of a taiji microresonator

Author

Franchi, Riccardo, Biasi, Stefano, Heras, Alberto Muñoz de las, Ghulinyan, Mher, Carusotto, Iacopo, and Pavesi, Lorenzo

Subjects
Physics - Optics
Abstract

We study the linear and nonlinear response of a unidirectional reflector where a nonlinear breaking of the Lorentz reciprocity is observed. The device under test consists of a racetrack microresonator, with an embedded S-shaped waveguide, coupled to an external bus waveguide (BW). This geometry of the microresonator, known as "taiji" microresonator (TJMR), allows to selectively couple counter-propagating modes depending on the propagation direction of the incident light and, at the nonlinear level, leads to an effective breaking of Lorentz reciprocity. Here, we show that a full description of the device needs to consider also the role of the BW, which introduces (i) Fabry-Perot oscillations (FPOs) due to reflections at its facets, and (ii) asymmetric losses, which depend on the actual position of the TJMR. At sufficiently low powers the asymmetric loss does not affect the unidirectional behavior, but the FP interference fringes can cancel the effect of the S-shaped waveguide. However, at high input power, both the asymmetric loss and the FPOs contribute to the redistribution of the energy between the clockwise and counterclockwise modes within the TJMR. This strongly modifies the nonlinear response, giving rise to counter-intuitive features where, due to the FP effect and the asymmetric losses, the BW properties can determine the violation of the Lorentz reciprocity and, in particular, the difference between the transmittance in the two directions of excitation. The experimental results are explained by using an analytical model based on the transfer matrix approach, a numerical finite-element model and exploiting intuitive interference diagrams., Comment: 12 pages, 10 figures

Published
2021
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15. The taiji and infinity-loop microresonators: examples of non-hermitian photonic systems

Author

Franchi, Riccardo

Subjects
Riemann sheets, taiji microresonator, integrated photonics, Settore FIS/01 - Fisica Sperimentale, non-Hermitian microresonator, integrated photonics, exceptional point, diabolic point, interferometric excitation, taiji microresonator, infinity-loop microresonator, Riemann sheets, microresonators, time response, nonlinear phononics, sensing, backscattering, two-level system, infinity-loop microresonator, backscattering, non-Hermitian microresonator, microresonators, time response, diabolic point, interferometric excitation, exceptional point, two-level system, sensing, nonlinear phononics
Published
2023

16. Multidimensional Oncological Frailty Scale (MOFS): A New Quick-To-Use Tool for Detecting Frailty and Stratifying Risk in Older Patients with Cancer—Development and Validation Pilot Study

Author

Franchi, Riccardo, primary, Okoye, Chukwuma, additional, Antognoli, Rachele, additional, Pompilii, Igino Maria, additional, Taverni, Irene, additional, Landi, Tommaso, additional, Ghilli, Matteo, additional, Roncella, Manuela, additional, Calsolaro, Valeria, additional, and Monzani, Fabio, additional

Published
2023
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17. The Free Triiodothyronine/Free Thyroxine Ratio Is Associated with Frailty in Older Adults: A Longitudinal Multisetting Study

Author

Okoye, Chukwuma, primary, Arosio, Beatrice, additional, Carino, Silvia, additional, Putrino, Luana, additional, Franchi, Riccardo, additional, Rogani, Sara, additional, Cesari, Matteo, additional, Mari, Daniela, additional, Vitale, Giovanni, additional, Malara, Alba, additional, Calsolaro, Valeria, additional, and Monzani, Fabio, additional

Published
2023
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18. Multidimensional Oncological Frailty Scale (MOFS) : A New Quick-To-Use Tool for Detecting Frailty and Stratifying Risk in Older Patients with Cancer-Development and Validation Pilot Study

Author

Franchi, Riccardo, Okoye, Chukwuma, Antognoli, Rachele, Pompilii, Igino Maria, Taverni, Irene, Landi, Tommaso, Ghilli, Matteo, Roncella, Manuela, Calsolaro, Valeria, Monzani, Fabio, Franchi, Riccardo, Okoye, Chukwuma, Antognoli, Rachele, Pompilii, Igino Maria, Taverni, Irene, Landi, Tommaso, Ghilli, Matteo, Roncella, Manuela, Calsolaro, Valeria, and Monzani, Fabio

Abstract

Background: Frailty detection with comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) is of pivotal importance in older patients with cancer to avoid over- or under-treatment and to detect those at increased risk for poor outcomes. Several tools have been developed to capture the complexity of frailty, but only a few were explicitly conceived for older adults with cancer. The study aimed at developing and validating a multidimensional, easy-to-use diagnostic tool for early-risk stratification in patients with cancer, called the Multidimensional Oncological Frailty Scale (MOFS). Methods: In this single-center prospective study, we consecutively enrolled 163 older women (age ≥ 75 years) with breast cancer, screened with a G8 score ≤ 14 during the outpatient preoperative evaluation at our breast centre, as the development cohort. Seventy patients with different types of cancer admitted to our OncoGeriatric Clinic served as the validation cohort. Using stepwise linear regression analysis, we evaluated the relationship between Multidimensional Prognostic Index (MPI) and CGA items, and, finally, realized a screening tool based on the combination of the significant variables. Results: The mean age of the study population was 80.4 ± 5.8 years, while the mean age of the validation cohort was 78.6 ± 6.6 years [42 women (60%)]. A composite model of the Clinical Frailty Scale, G8, and hand grip strength test showed a strong correlation with MPI (R= −0.712, p < 0.001). The MOFS accuracy in the prediction of mortality was optimal in both the development and the validation cohorts (AUC 0.82 and 0.87; p < 0.001 and 0.003, respectively). Conclusion: MOFS represents a new, accurate, quick-to-use frailty screening tool for stratifying the risk of mortality in geriatric cancer patients.

Published
2023
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19. Determinants of 1-Year Adverse Event Requiring Re-Hospitalization in COVID-19 Oldest Old Survivors

Author

Okoye, Chukwuma, Franchi, Riccardo, Calabrese, Alessia Maria, Morelli, Virginia, Peta, Umberto, Mazzarone, Tessa, Pompilii, Igino Maria, Coppini, Giulia, Rogani, Sara, Calsolaro, Valeria, Monzani, Fabio, Okoye, Chukwuma, Franchi, Riccardo, Calabrese, Alessia Maria, Morelli, Virginia, Peta, Umberto, Mazzarone, Tessa, Pompilii, Igino Maria, Coppini, Giulia, Rogani, Sara, Calsolaro, Valeria, and Monzani, Fabio

Abstract

The incidence of “Long COVID” syndrome appears to be increasing, particularly in the geriatric population. At present, there are few data regarding the relationship between long COVID and the risk of re-hospitalization in the oldest old survivors. Patients older than 80 years consecutively hospitalized for COVID-19 in our tertiary care hospital were enrolled and followed after discharge in a 12-month ambulatory program. A comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA), including functional capabilities and physical and cognitive performances, was performed at 6-month follow-up. Frailty degree was assessed using a 30-item frailty index. The re-hospitalization rate was assessed at 12-month follow-up through a computerized archive and phone interviews. Out of 100 patients discharged after hospitalization for COVID-19 (mean [SD] age 85 [4.0] years), 24 reported serious adverse events requiring re-hospitalization within 12 months. The most frequent causes of re-hospitalization were acute heart failure (HF), pneumonia and bone fracture (15.3% each). By multivariate logistic analysis, after adjustment for potential confounders, history of chronic HF [aOR: 3.00 (CI 95%: 1.10–8.16), p = 0.031] or chronic renal failure [aOR: 3.83 (CI 95%: 1.09–13.43), p = 0.036], the burden of comorbidity [(CIRSc) aOR: 1.95 (CI 95%: 1.28–2.97), p = 0.002] and frailty [aOR: 7.77 (CI 95%: 2.13–28.27), p = 0.002] resulted as independent predictors of re-hospitalization. One-fourth of the oldest old patients previously hospitalized for COVID-19 suffered from adverse events requiring re-hospitalization, two-thirds of them within three months after discharge. Frailty, the burden of comorbidity, history of chronic HF or chronic renal failure, but not COVID-19 disease severity, independently predicted re-hospitalization.

Published
2023
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20. The Free Triiodothyronine/Free Thyroxine Ratio Is Associated with Frailty in Older Adults: A Longitudinal Multisetting Study

Author

Okoye, C, Arosio, B, Carino, S, Putrino, L, Franchi, R, Rogani, S, Cesari, M, Mari, D, Vitale, G, Malara, A, Calsolaro, V, Monzani, F, Okoye, Chukwuma, Arosio, Beatrice, Carino, Silvia, Putrino, Luana, Franchi, Riccardo, Rogani, Sara, Cesari, Matteo, Mari, Daniela, Vitale, Giovanni, Malara, Alba, Calsolaro, Valeria, Monzani, Fabio, Okoye, C, Arosio, B, Carino, S, Putrino, L, Franchi, R, Rogani, S, Cesari, M, Mari, D, Vitale, G, Malara, A, Calsolaro, V, Monzani, F, Okoye, Chukwuma, Arosio, Beatrice, Carino, Silvia, Putrino, Luana, Franchi, Riccardo, Rogani, Sara, Cesari, Matteo, Mari, Daniela, Vitale, Giovanni, Malara, Alba, Calsolaro, Valeria, and Monzani, Fabio

Abstract

Background: Various models have been proposed to predict frailty, including those based on clinical criteria and phenotypes. However, a simple biomarker associated with frailty has been not yet identified. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between free triiodothyronine (fT3)/free thyroxine (fT4) ratio value and the degree of frailty among three different cohorts of older individuals: (1) acutely ill hospitalized patients, (2) nursing-home (NH) residents, and (3) home-dwelling centenarians.Methods: We performed a secondary analysis of de-identified patient-level data from two prospective observational studies on acutely hospitalized older patients (Geriatric Acute Unit [GAU]), and home-dwelling centenarians (CENT), and a retrospective-prospective observational study on older NH residents. Demographic characteristics, along with a 30-items Frailty Index (FI) and serum thyrotropin, fT3 and fT4 measurements were obtained.Results: Six hundred fifteen individuals (aged 86.4 +/- 8.9 years; 55.1% females) were included in the study, including 298 (48.5%) GAU, 250 (40.6%) NH, and 67 (10.9%) CENT. A significant inverse relationship between fT3/fT4 ratio and FI values was observed (rho(s) = -0.17 [confidence interval; CI: -0.092 to 0.252], p < 0.001), and this was confirmed by logistic multivariate analysis (beta = -0.44, odds ratio [OR]: 0.64 [CI: 0.47-0.87], p < 0.001) (after adjustment for age, sex, and cohorts). Moreover, a progressively decreased mortality risk was associated with rising fT3/fT4 ratio (OR 0.60 [CI: 0.44-0.80] beta = -0.51, p < 0.001].Conclusions: The fT3/fT4 ratio value was inversely correlated with frailty degree and mortality risk in a large cohort of older individuals, including centenarians, regardless of their sex and clinical condition. fT3/fT4 ratio value could represent an easily measured independent biochemical marker of frailty degree in older people.

Published
2023

24. Utility of lung ultrasound in selecting older patients with hyperinflammatory phase in COVID-19 pneumonia. A monocentric, cross-sectional pilot study

Author

Franchi, Riccardo, primary, Okoye, Chukwuma, additional, Morelli, Virginia, additional, Guarino, Daniela, additional, Mazzarone, Tessa, additional, Coppini, Giulia, additional, Peta, Umberto, additional, Rogani, Sara, additional, Fabbri, Alessandra, additional, Polini, Antonio, additional, and Monzani, Fabio, additional

Published
2022
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30. A Randomized, Open-Label Study to Assess Efficacy of Weekly Assumption of Cholecalciferol versus Calcifediol in Older Patients with Hypovitaminosis D

Author

Okoye, Chukwuma, primary, Calsolaro, Valeria, additional, Niccolai, Filippo, additional, Calabrese, Alessia Maria, additional, Franchi, Riccardo, additional, Rogani, Sara, additional, Coppini, Giulia, additional, Morelli, Virginia, additional, Caraccio, Nadia, additional, and Monzani, Fabio, additional

Published
2022
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31. A Randomized, Open-Label Study to Assess Efficacy of Weekly Assumption of Cholecalciferol Versus Calcifediol in Older Patients With Hypovitaminosis D

Author

Okoye, Chukwuma, primary, Calsolaro, Valeria, additional, Niccolai, Filippo, additional, Calabrese, Alessia Maria, additional, Franchi, Riccardo, additional, Rogani, Sara, additional, Coppini, Giulia, additional, Morelli, Virginia, additional, Caraccio, Nadia, additional, and Monzani, Fabio, additional

Published
2021
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39. Plasma redox and inflammatory patterns during major depressive episodes: a cross-sectional investigation in elderly patients with mood disorders

Author

Carpita, Barbara, primary, Betti, Laura, additional, Palego, Lionella, additional, Bartolommei, Natalia, additional, Chico, Lucia, additional, Pasquali, Livia, additional, Siciliano, Gabriele, additional, Monzani, Fabio, additional, Franchi, Riccardo, additional, Rogani, Sara, additional, Mucci, Federico, additional, Elefante, Camilla, additional, Lattanzi, Lorenzo, additional, Marazziti, Donatella, additional, Giannaccini, Gino, additional, and Dell’Osso, Liliana, additional

Published
2020
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40. Presbifagia Esofagea

Author

DE BORTOLI, Nicola, Nacci, Andrea, Franchi, Riccardo, Rogani, Sara, Sgherri, Giulia, Monzani, Fabio, Marchi, Santino, and Fattori, Bruno

Published
2019

42. Plasma redox and inflammatory patterns during major depressive episodes: a cross-sectional investigation in elderly patients with mood disorders

Author

Carpita, Barbara, Betti, Laura, Palego, Lionella, Bartolommei, Natalia, Chico, Lucia, Pasquali, Livia, Siciliano, Gabriele, Monzani, Fabio, Franchi, Riccardo, Rogani, Sara, Mucci, Federico, Elefante, Camilla, Lattanzi, Lorenzo, Marazziti, Donatella, Giannaccini, Gino, and Dell’Osso, Liliana

Abstract

AbstractBackgroundWhile both depression and aging have been associated with oxidative stress and impaired immune response, little is known about redox patterns in elderly depressed subjects. This study investigates the relationship between redox/inflammatory patterns and depression in a sample of elderly adults.MethodsThe plasma levels of the advanced products of protein oxidation (AOPP), catalase (CAT), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), glutathione transferase (GST), interleukin 6 (IL-6), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total thiols (TT), and uric acid (UA) were evaluated in 30 patients with mood disorders with a current depressive episode (depressed patients, DP) as well as in 30 healthy controls (HC) aged 65 years and over. Subjects were assessed with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAM-A), the Geriatric Depression Rating Scale (GDS), the Scale for Suicide Ideation (SSI), the Reason for Living Inventory (RFL), the Activities of Daily Living (ADL), and the Instrumental Activity of Daily Living (IADL).ResultsDP showed higher levels than HC of AOPP and IL-6, while displaying lower levels of FRAP, TT, and CAT. In the DP group, specific correlations were found among biochemical parameters. SOD, FRAP, UA, and TT levels were also significantly related to psychometric scale scores.ConclusionSpecific alterations of redox systems are detectable among elderly DP.

Published
2021
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44. 669 PPI Responsive vs. PPI Non-Responsive Functional Heartburn: the Difference Lies in the Impedance Baseline

Author

de Bortoli, Nicola, primary, Martinucci, Irene, additional, Savarino, Edoardo, additional, Tutuian, Radu, additional, Frazzoni, Marzio, additional, Russo, Salvatore, additional, Bertani, Lorenzo, additional, Franchi, Riccardo, additional, Furnari, Manuele, additional, Bellini, Massimo, additional, Savarino, Vincenzo, additional, and March, Santino, additional

Published
2014
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45. Tu1088 Distal and Proximal Esophageal Impedance Basal Values in Patients With Non-Erosive Reflux Disease and Functional Heartburn

Author

De Bortoli, Nicola, primary, Martinucci, Irene, additional, Savarino, Edoardo, additional, Tutuian, Radu, additional, Franchi, Riccardo, additional, Bertani, Lorenzo, additional, Russo, Salvatore, additional, Furnari, Manuele, additional, Bellini, Massimo, additional, Savarino, Vincenzo, additional, and Marchi, Santino, additional

Published
2014
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46. Sa1351 Voluntary and Controlled Weight Loss Can Reduce Symptoms and Allow a Lowering of Proton Pump Inhibitor Dosage in Patients With Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. A Case-Control Study

Author

de Bortoli, Nicola, primary, Guidi, Giada, additional, Savarino, Edoardo, additional, Bertani, Lorenzo, additional, Franchi, Riccardo, additional, Martinucci, Irene, additional, Macchia, Lorenzo, additional, Ceccarelli, Linda, additional, Russo, Salvatore, additional, Furnari, Manuele, additional, Bellini, Massimo, additional, Savarino, Vincenzo, additional, and March, Santino, additional

Published
2014
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48. 657 Use of a Non-Invasive Pepsin Diagnostic Test to Detect GERD: Correlation With MII-pH Evaluation in a Series of Suspected NERD Patients. A Pilot Study

Author

de Bortoli, Nicola, primary, Savarino, Edoardo, additional, Furnari, Manuele, additional, Martinucci, Irene, additional, Zentilin, Patrizia, additional, Bertani, Lorenzo, additional, Franchi, Riccardo, additional, Bellini, Massimo, additional, Savarino, Vincenzo, additional, and Marchi, Santino, additional

Published
2013
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49. Tu1808 The Evaluation of the Efficacy of Weight Loss in Controlling Symptoms in Patients With Gastroesophageal Symptoms

Author

de Bortoli, Nicola, primary, Guidi, Giada, additional, Savarino, Edoardo, additional, Furnari, Manuele, additional, Bertani, Lorenzo, additional, Franchi, Riccardo, additional, Russo, Salvatore, additional, Martinucci, Irene, additional, Gambaccini, Dario, additional, Urbano, Maria T., additional, Bellini, Massimo, additional, and Marchi, Santino, additional

Published
2013
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50. Tu1783 Esophageal Impedance Basal Values in Patients With Pathophysiological Characteristcs of Functional Heartburn

Author

de Bortoli, Nicola, primary, Martinucci, Irene, additional, Savarino, Edoardo, additional, Furnari, Manuele, additional, Franchi, Riccardo, additional, Bertani, Lorenzo, additional, Russo, Salvatore, additional, Bellini, Massimo, additional, Urbano, Maria T., additional, Savarino, Vincenzo, additional, and Marchi, Santino, additional

Published
2013
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