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The interest of the fusion community in Pd–Ag membranes has grown in the last decades due to the high value of hydrogen permeability and the possibility of continuous operation, making it a promising technology when a gaseous stream of hydrogen isotopes must be recovered and separated from other impurities. This is the case of the Tritium Conditioning System (TCS) of the European fusion power plant demonstrator, called DEMO. This paper presents an experimental and numerical activity aimed at (i) assessing the Pd–Ag permeator performance under TCS-relevant conditions, (ii) validating a numerical tool for scale-up purposes, and (iii) carrying out a preliminary design of a TCS based on Pd–Ag membranes. Experiments were performed by feeding the membrane with a He–H2 gas mixture in a specific feed flow rate ranging from 85.4 to 427.2 mol h−1 m−2. A satisfactory agreement between experiments and simulations was obtained over a wide range of compositions, showing a root mean squared relative error of 2.3%. The experiments also recognized the Pd–Ag permeator as a promising technology for the DEMO TCS under the identified conditions. The scale-up procedure ended with a preliminary sizing of the system, relying on multi-tube permeators with an overall number ranging between 150 and 80 membranes in lengths of 500 and 1000 mm each.

This paper aimed to consider those features that may suggest a link between thyroid hormones pharmacology and athletes' health based on current consumption trends in a population of athletes.Methods used were observation, description, and synthesis, mainly. Among the documents reviewed were books, scientific articles, and review articles peer-reviewed. The review covered sources published in the period 1961 to 2021. Only references with a traceable origin were accepted (DOI numbering, ISSN, and ISBN, as well as peer-reviewed journals). The data on the consumption of thyroid hormones derivatives were extracted from the Doping Control Forms of athlete samples received at Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI of Rome from 2017 to 2021.An overview of the biosynthesis, pharmacology, and metabolism of thyroid hormones, including thyronamines and thyronacetic acids, was presented. Likewise, a summary is presented on the relationship between thyroid hormones and ethnic and gender differences, their physiology in sport, and the reasons why their use could be considered attractive for athletes.Today, thyroid hormones are not listed as a prohibited substance by the World Anti-Doping Agency. However, several requests to include levothyroxine on the prohibited list are documented. The observation that the number of athletes taking thyroid hormones is growing, particularly in sports such as cycling, triathlons, and skating, should prompt an update on this topic.

Background A number of ultrasound risk stratification systems (RSSs) of thyroid nodule, often labeled as TIRADS (Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System), have been proposed. As a consequence, an increasing number of studies have been published on this topic. This systematic review was undertaken to answer specific questions in this field: how many articles and what type of studies have been published, which TIRADSs/RSSs have preferably been discussed, and what is the geographic distribution of the publications. Methods The study was conducted according to PRISMA. A specific search algorithm was used. Defined selection criteria were applied. Results 502 studies were finally included. The number of publications about TIRADSs/RSSs has increased over the time, being the Horvath TIRADS the most evaluated one. The first author of the article was from China in one fourth of cases. Conclusions The number of scientific articles focused on TIRADSs/RSSs is high and it has been importantly increased over the time.

SommarioL’attività fisica rappresenta uno strumento essenziale per la prevenzione e la tutela della salute individuale. Ciononostante, solo una minoranza degli adulti raggiunge i livelli raccomandati di esercizio fisico. Nell’ambito della sessuologia medica, intervenire sulla sedentarietà può migliorare la salute sessuale e riproduttiva; tuttavia, è necessario che l’attività fisica sia adeguata, onde evitare lo sviluppo di quadri patologici come la triade dell’atleta o l’ipogonadismo indotto da esercizio fisico. Inoltre, l’eventuale uso di “sostanze atte a migliorare l’apparenza e la performance” ha trasceso i confini dello sport agonistico, trovando largo utilizzo fra gli atleti amatoriali al fine di massimizzare la resa dell’esercizio, sebbene siano noti gli effetti avversi sulla salute sessuale e riproduttiva in entrambi i sessi.

Background: Percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) is used for the treatment of benign cystic thyroid nodules. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to obtain strong evidence of its long-term efficacy and safety. Methods: PubMed, CENTRAL, Scopus and Web of Science databases were searched until November 2020 for studies reporting data on volume reduction rate (VRR), compressive symptoms and cosmetic concerns. Associated complications were assessed. A random-effects model was designed to pool the data. Results: Out of 385 papers, nine studies evaluating 1667 nodules were finally included. Overall, VRR at 6, 12, 24, 36, 60 and 120 months was 77%, 81%, 72%, 68%, 74% and 69%, respectively. Significant reductions in the compressive symptoms and cosmetic concerns were observed. No permanent complications were observed. Conclusions: The present meta-analysis showed that PEI could significantly reduce the volume of benign cystic thyroid nodules. This reduction was already effective at 6 months post-treatment, and the effect was stable over time.

Introduction In subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), advanced fibrosis (AF) carries the highest risk of adverse liver-related events. To reduce the number of unnecessary biopsies, several noninvasive tools (NITs) for the risk stratification of fibrosis have been developed. We conducted this meta-analysis to assess the performance of the fibrosis-4 index (FIB-4) and NAFLD fibrosis scores (NFS), the 2 most common NITs, for the appropriate selection of subjects with AF for biopsy. Methods Four databases were searched until December 2020 (CRD42021224766). Original articles reporting data on the performance of FIB-4 and NFS, interpreted according to standard cutoffs in subjects with biopsy-proven NAFLD, were included. Separate data extractions were performed according to the lower cutoff, the higher cutoff, and the dual threshold approach. The numbers of subjects classified as true-negative, true-positive, false-negative, and false-positive were extracted. Summary operating points were estimated using a random-effects model. Results Eighteen studies evaluating 12,604 subjects were included. Participants were adult outpatients with biopsy-proven NAFLD or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Overall, a weak-to-moderate performance was found for both scores. The head-to-head comparison showed FIB-4 to be associated with a higher performance in ruling in and NFS in ruling out AF in the single threshold approach, whereas, with the dual threshold approach, a lower prevalence of indeterminate findings was found for FIB-4. Discussion This meta-analysis suggested that currently available NITs have a limited performance in identifying AF among subjects with NAFLD. Further studies are needed to optimize existing thresholds or develop new NITs.

Thyroid imaging reporting and data systems (TIRADS) are used to stratify the malignancy risk of thyroid nodule by ultrasound (US) examination. We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the pooled cancer prevalence and the relative prevalence of papillary, medullary, follicular thyroid cancer (PTC, MTC, and FTC) and other malignancies among nodules included in studies evaluating their performance. Four databases were searched until February 2020. Original articles with at least 1000 nodules, evaluating the performance of at least one TIRADS among AACE/ACE/AME, ACR-TIRADS, ATA, EU-TIRADS, or K-TIRADS, and reporting data on the histological diagnosis of malignant lesions were included. The number of malignant nodules, PTC, FTC, MTC and other malignancies in each study was extracted. For statistical pooling of data, a random-effects model was used. Nine studies were included, evaluating 19,494 thyroid nodules. The overall prevalence of malignancy was 34% (95%CI 21 to 49). Among 6162 histologically proven malignancies, the prevalence of PTC, FTC, MTC and other malignancies was 95%, 2%, 1%, and 1%, respectively. A high heterogeneity was found for all the outcomes. A limited number of studies generally conducted using a retrospective design was found, with possible selection bias. Acknowledging this limitation, TIRADSs should be regarded as accurate tools to diagnose PTC only. Proposed patterns and/or cut-offs should be revised and other strategies considered to improve their performance in the assessment of FTC, MTC and other malignancies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s11154-020-09592-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Introduction Twitter is a social network based on “tweets,” short messages of up to 280 characters. Social media has been investigated in health care research to ascertain positive or negative feelings associated with several conditions but never in sexual medicine. Aim To assess perceptions related to erectile dysfunction (ED) and premature ejaculation (PE) among Twitter users. Methods Data collection was performed on a daily basis between May 24–October 9, 2018 (138 days) via an automated script. Data collection was then performed after data cleaning. The statistical software R and the rtweet packages were used in both phases. Results We collected 11,000 unique tweets for PE and 30,546 unique tweets for ED. After data cleaning, we analyzed 7,020 tweets on PE and 22,648 tweets on ED by analyzing the most recurring words and the clusters describing word associations. The most popular words for ED were “Treatment,” “Health,” and “Viagra,” whereas “Sex,” “Sexual,” and “Cure” were the top 3 for PE. Word clusters suggest the presence of some recurring themes, such as medical terms being grouped together. Additionally, tweets reflect the general feelings triggered by specific events, such as pieces of news pertaining to sexual dysfunctions. Clinical Implications Tweets on sexual dysfunctions are posted every day, with more tweets on ED than on PE. Treatment is among the chief topics discussed for both conditions, although health concerns differ between PE and DE tweets. Strength and Limitations This is the first analysis conducted on Tweets in the field of andrology and sexual medicine. A significant number of tweets were collected and analyzed. However, quantitative assessment of the sentiment was not feasible. Conclusion Sexual dysfunctions are openly discussed on social media, and Twitter analysis could help understand the needs and interests of the general population on these themes.

Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is recommended for the treatment of most cases of male hypogonadism. Transdermal testosterone (T) gels are commonly used in clinical practice; however, there is little evidence concerning how to monitor dosage to bring and maintain serum T levels in the normal physiologic range.We examined 30 hypogonadal patients undergoing treatment with 40 mg/day transdermal 2% testosterone gel. After a week from treatment onset, all patients underwent a total of four measurements to assess serum total T, bioavailable T and free T at + 2 h (samples A and A') and + 23 h (samples B and B').No significant difference was found concerning total, free and bioavailable T between the two samples taken at the same time points (A vs A' and B vs B'). A repeated-measures mixed effects regression model showed significantly lower serum levels of total, free and bioavailable T at + 23 h compared to + 2 h (total T, β = - 3.050 ± 0.704, p 0.001; free T, β = - 85.187 ± 22.746, p 0.001; bioavailable T, β = - 1.519 ± 0.497, p = 0.003) without a significant between-sample variability. Serum T 3.5 ng/ml at + 2 h was reached in 21/30 patients (70%), but only 11 (36.7%) still had adequate serum T at + 23 h.Assessment of TRT with transdermal gels at its peak and at its minimum could be useful in providing a finely tailored treatment for hypogonadal men, both preventing supra-physiological levels and maintaining adequate concentrations through the day.

The integration of intermittent renewable energy sources (RES) requires a substantial amount of electrical energy storage and significant increase of the grid capabilities. To keep these upgrades within reasonable limits, strategies maintaining a moderate but flexible thermoelectric power have been investigated. Based on the experimental loads for Italy in 2013, the implications of increasing the contribution of scalable RES, particularly wind and photovoltaic, are investigated in detail. The optimal value of the storage depends on its round-trip efficiency (1.3 TWh for hydroelectric storage and 6 TWh for power to gas). For RES producing 100% of the annual demand, the use of the optimal storage and of about 10 GW of thermoelectric power allows a substantial de-carbonization (more than 90%) of the electricity production still maintaining a capacity factor of the thermoelectric generators above 40%. Avoiding thermoelectric generation is possible but it requires overproduction by RES, between 120 and 200% of the annual electricity demand, depending on the storage technology and the mix between wind and photovoltaic generation. The calculations have been performed for realistic values of the storage round-trip efficiency and for various combinations of photovoltaic and wind powers. The capital costs required are also estimated at current costs of present day technologies.

Aging is a natural phenomenon, affecting human behavior and functions alike. While there is no way to “turn back time,” it is generally acknowledged that there are several factors which can ease the transition through a “healthy” aging. The endocrine milieu is perhaps one of the clearest representations of how much organic factors are involved in the development of comorbidities of aging, especially in women. Menopause, and to a lesser extent its male counterpart, late-onset hypogonadism (LOH), are universally recognized to have detrimental effects on sexual, as well as general health. Hormone replacement therapy is often suggested in order to reduce the often-debilitating symptoms of aging; however, such treatments are not to be suggested indiscriminately, and adequate evaluation and follow-up are mandatory. LOH and menopause are however just the tip of the iceberg, as most of the endocrine axes are somehow affected by age: the inevitable effects of age reach most organs, including the thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary glands. Even when the endocrine production does not decline, receptor sensitivity could be decreased, therefore resulting in impaired endocrine function despite normal serum hormone levels. Aging and hormones are therefore closely intertwined: endocrine factors affect aging, and aging alters the hormonal status. Whether treatment of aging-related endocrine alterations would result in improved health is a matter largely open to debate, as current literature does not allow to provide clear, undeniable evidence of such benefits.

The construction of a Divertor Tokamak Test (DTT) facility is fully included in the European effort towards the realization of fusion energy with the aim of studying possible alternative solutions, with respect to the ITER research program, to tackle the problem of power exhaust. This means that the machine must be compatible with different possibilities for the divertor cassette design and the plasma scenario. The design of first “reference” divertor is largely based on the ITER-like divertor, but in the future other solutions are going to be tested, including liquid metal divertors. To provide a justification basis for the design of the reference cassette and guidelines for the future experimentations it is fundamental to define the requirements of this power exhaust system, in particular the heat flux compatibility and the interfaces with the surrounding interacting systems of the tokamak (the water cooling pipes, the divertor magnetic coils, the divertor diagnostics, etc.). This work shows how the divertor system can be included in a wider Requirement Management procedure that has been defined for DTT highlighting the relevant interface parameters. Additionally, a data analysis tool has been developed to provide an interactive visualization of requirements traceability to directly show the impact of changes in the divertor on the design and operations of the machine and viceversa. In this way, during future studies on alternative design divertors or plasma scenarios, the limiting constraints on both sides can be easily individuated and traced to their motivation, and possibly discussed.

Sentiment analysis (SA) is a technique aimed at extracting opinions and sentiments through the analysis of text, often used in healthcare research to understand patients&rsquo, needs and interests. Data from social networks, such as Twitter, can provide useful insights on sexual behavior. We aimed to assess the perception of Valentine&rsquo, s Day by performing SA on tweets we collected between 28 January and 13 February 2019. Analysis was done using ad hoc software. A total of 883,615 unique tweets containing the word &ldquo, valentine&rdquo, in their text were collected. Geo-localization was available for 48,918 tweets, most the tweets came from the US (36,889, 75.41%), the UK (2605, 5.33%) and Canada (1661, 3.4%). The number of tweets increased approaching February 14. &ldquo, Love&rdquo, was the most recurring word, appearing in 111,981 tweets, followed by &ldquo, gift&rdquo, (55,136), &ldquo, special&rdquo, (34,518) and &ldquo, happy&rdquo, (33,913). Overall, 7318 tweets mentioned &ldquo, sex&rdquo, among these tweets, the most recurring words were &ldquo, sexy&rdquo, (2317 tweets), &ldquo, love&rdquo, (1394) and &ldquo, (679), words pertaining to intimacy and sexual activity, such as &ldquo, lingerie&rdquo, &ldquo, porn&rdquo, and &ldquo, date&rdquo, were less common. In conclusion, tweets about Valentine&rsquo, s Day mostly focus on the emotions, or on the material aspect of the celebration, and the sexual aspect of Valentine&rsquo, s Day is rarely mentioned.

We present the case of a 31-year-old woman who underwent a right surrenectomy for cortical adenoma secreting cortisol responsible of Cushing’s syndrome. After surgery, she was first treated with cortisone acetate 37.5 mg/die and then with hydrocortisone 20 mg/die. Fludrocortisone was administered at the dosage of 0.05 mg/die. Patient complained of severe asthenia and drowsiness and decided to stop therapy. Reduction and subsequent withdrawal from this therapy lasted four months and it took advantage of intramuscular tetracosactide injection. One-year follow-up showed normal values of both basal and stimulated serum cortisol level; the patient was in good physical condition and did not complain any more with asthenia.

Alpha channelling is a possible mechanism to transfer the energy of the fusion generated alpha particles directly to the thermal ion population through a wave propagating in the plasma. The interaction of ion Bernstein waves with a population of alpha particles is investigated to determine the conditions that maximize the absorption of the wave by the thermal ions and minimize the absorption by the thermal electrons under reactor relevant conditions. The ray trajectories equations are analytically and numerically solved beyond the mode conversion layer and the optimal conditions for alpha channelling are determined.

Tritium management is one of the most critical aspects in DEMO design. Knowledge of tritium permeation is a priority both in terms of safety and plant performance, as it may represent a radiological risk for the employed personnel and a significance loss of plasma fuel. Generally, high pressures and temperatures promotes the permeation phenomenon, which is mainly driven by partial pressure of tritium in gas phase and depends on system geometry, operative conditions and permeability of involved materials. This contribution presents a preliminary model for the calculation of partial pressures and tritium permeation flow rates inside the cooling system and the steam generator of a WCLL (Water Cooled Lead-Lithium) system. A parametric analysis was made to test the variation of key design parameters and preliminary results are shown.

This paper presents an overview of the main technological challenges of magnetic confinement fusion. Many of the challenges are being addressed in the context of the ITER construction and exploitation. Specifically, the demonstration of high-fusion gain regimes of operation will also provide a test of the technological solutions presently foreseen for the management of high heat and particle loads and the integration of the main technologies of a fusion power plant. In preparation of DEMO, reliable solutions for the breeding blanket and neutron resistant materials have to be developed.

Il bilancio ormonale e importante per il mantenimento di una buona funzionalita muscolare scheletrica. Non solo gli ormoni sessuali, androgeni ed estrogeni, ma anche la vitamina D e fondamentale per preservare massa e funzione muscolare e prevenire la sarcopenia, che colpisce entrambi i sessi. La rassegna riassume l’importanza dell’omeostasi ormonale nel mantenimento dello stato di salute muscolare, riflessa, a sua volta, nello stato di salute generale maschile e femminile.

Accurate measurement of the nuclear environment within a test tritium breeding-blanket module of a fusion reactor is crucial to determine tritium production rates which are relevant to self-suffici ...

In the last years, it has become apparent that detecting disruptions with sufficient anticipation time is an essential but not exclusive task of predictors. It is also important that the prediction is accompanied by appropriate qualifications of its reliability and it is formulated in mathematical terms appropriate for the task at hand (mitigation, avoidance, classification etc.). In this paper, a wide series of rule-based predictors, of the Classification and Regression Trees (CART) family, have been compared to assess their relative merits. An original refinement of the training, called noise-based ensembles, has allowed not only to obtain significantly better performance but also to increase the interpretability of the results. The final predictors can indeed be represented by a tree or a series of specific and clear rules. Such performance has been proved by analysing large databases of shots on JET with both the carbon wall and the ITER Like Wall. In terms of performance, the developed tools are therefore very competitive with other machine learning techniques, with the specificity of formulating the final models in terms of trees and simple rules.

Numerical scan at constant shows that core and scrape-off layer (SOL) radiations do not depend on the plasma current (I-p). Whereas the SOL radiation increases with seeding, the core radiation, how ...

In preparation for the upcoming deuterium-tritium campaign at the JET tokamak, the ex-vessel fission chamber neutron diagnostics and the neutron activation system will be calibrated in absolute terms at 14 MeV neutron energy, to a required accuracy of less than 10%. Two nominally identical DT neutron generators were chosen as the calibration sources, both of which were fully calibrated and characterized at the UK's National Physical Laboratory. The neutron activation method was adopted as a complementary method for the purpose of determining the absolute value of the neutron yield from the neutron generators and to provide a means of cross check for the active detection methods being employed. The work being presented here shows the derivation of the neutron emission rate from the neutron generators based upon experimental activation foil measurements. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.

The technical studies for the realization of the Divertor Tokamak Test (DTT) facility are ongoing and with the progress of the design an increasing level of integration between the various systems and subsystems is required. In particular, it is difficult to define the structure of the diagnostics collection, because they have to meet very different needs to contribute to the machine operations. Known methodologies of functional analysis can assist in this task. The diagnostics functions can be divided in three high-level categories, possibly overlapping: normal operations control, physics research and machine/personnel safety protection. These functions can be mapped to the measured quantities involved, which must be formalized in terms of performance specifications. Finally, these requirements must be associated, in the framework of DTT Requirements Management and traceability, to the diagnostic systems which actually perform these functions, with a primary, secondary or backup role. This latter categorization depends on the operating states foreseen for the machine, taking into account possible degraded (or advanced) states associated to the most significant accidental conditions and which diagnostics can be affected by them. The traceability of these requirements to primary project functional requirements (each having a required availability) and the assignment of a different role in the measurements for the diagnostics gives the possibility to compute a preliminary estimation of the availability of the individual systems with the help of logical diagrams like Fault Trees. The application of this methodology throughout the design of DTT helps to choose an optimal set of diagnostics that meet the functions and constraints of the machine.

The Divertor Plasma Facing Components (PFCs) of a fusion reactor play a key role in the removal of plasma power exhaust and impurity particles, being exposed to very intense thermal load and high neutron irradiation, which can severely compromise their functioning capability. Therefore, the choice of the plasma facing materials (PFMs) is a fundamental aspect in the design of these components. Tungsten is presently the main candidate being characterised by several advantages from a thermo-physical point of view, but also some drawbacks (e.g. significant activation under neutron irradiation). Neutronics assessment plays a key role in the design of these critical components and in the choice of the most suitable PFMs. Detailed nuclear analyses have been performed by implementing, for the first time, heterogeneous models of the actual ITER-Like PFCs geometry [ 1 , 2 ], aimed to assess the impact of neutronics and activation issues on design, lifetime, operations and safety of the PFCs of DEMO divertor and to provide outcomes useful in the PFCs selection concept, under study within the EUROfusion WPDIV-2 project. In particular way, the effects of two different blankets (WCLL and HCPB) on W activation and the impact of three different W compositions and chromium, have been compared. Three-dimensional neutronic analyses have been performed with the MCNP5 Monte Carlo [ 3 ] using the reference JEFF 3.3 nuclear data libraries [ 4 ] to calculate neutron spectra in PFCs subcomponents. Activation analysis has been performed with FISPACT II inventory codes [ 5 ] to assess the specific activity, decay heat and contact dose at the end of DEMO-1 operations. The calculations have been carried-out on ENEA HPC CRESCO6 cluster (Ponti et al., 2014).

Activities under the EURO fusion work package JET3 programme have been established to enable the technological exploitation of the planned JET experiments over the next few years, which culminates in a D-T experimental campaign, DTE-2. In the areas of nuclear technology and nuclear safety the programme offers a unique opportunity to provide experimental data that is relevant to ITER. The key purpose of the collected data will be to support bench marking and validation activities relating to neutronics and activation codes, and associated nuclear data, that are used to predict the nuclear behavior of ITER component and materials, during and after operations. This paper details the status and key issues of the ongoing ACT sub-project under work package JET3, which aims to take advantage of the large 14 MeV neutron fluence expected during JET DTE-2 to irradiate samples of real ITER materials used in the manufacturing of the main in-vessel tokamak components. The materials considered, with specified minor elemental impurity levels, include: Nb3Sn, SS316L steels from a range of manufacturers, SS304B, Alloy 660, W, CuCrZr, OF-Cu, XM-19, Al bronze, NbTi and EUROFER. The activities include provision for measurement of nuclide activities for each material and comparison against the predicted quantities through calculation with the FISPACT-II inventory code. Included here are key pre-analysis results for the selected ITER irradiation samples, and corresponding optimization of dosimetry foils (Ti, Mn, Co, Ni, Y, Fe, Co, Sc, Ta) that will be irradiated at selected positions inside JET irradiation stations in order to determine the neutron spectrum. Preliminary experimental activation results through recent JET D–D operations are discussed.

The present work presents a numerical study of the neutral gas dynamics in the JET sub-divertor. A complex model of the sub-divertor geometry is implemented and successful comparisons between corresponding numerical and experimental data have been performed. The experimental data represent the neutral gas pressure obtained by a sub-divertor pressure gauge. The recently developed Divertor Gas Simulator (DIVGAS) which is based on the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method is applied. DIVGAS is able to predict the behaviour of the flow including macroscopic quantities of practical interest as for instance the pressure, temperature and bulk velocity. The non-linear feedback of the sub-divertor gas flow on the divertor plasma vicinity is not taken into account. For all presented plasma cases, the deduced flow pattern is non-isothermal and covers the free molecular up to the transition flow regime. Furthermore, for low intermediate and high divertor density simulations, recirculation effects occur through gaps between the vertical target tiles, which seem to be two order of magnitude less compared with the recycling ion flux onto the divertor walls.

For simulation of plasma-facing component erosion in fusion experiments, an analytical expression for the ion velocity just before the surface impact including the local electric field and an optional surface biasing effect is suggested. Energy and angular impact distributions and the resulting effective sputtering yields were produced for several experimental scenarios at JET ILW mostly involving PFCs exposed to an oblique magnetic field. The analytic solution has been applied as an improvement to earlier ERO modelling of localized, Be outer limiter, RF-enhanced erosion, modulated by toggling of a remote, however magnetically connected ICRH antenna. The effective W sputtering yields due to D and Be ion impact in Type-I and Type-III ELMs and inter-ELM conditions were also estimated using the analytical approach and benchmarked by spectroscopy. The intra-ELM W sputtering flux increases almost 10 times in comparison to the inter-ELM flux. (C) 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license. For complete list of authors see http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nme.2017.03.031

Beryllium film deposition was studied with cavity samples in remote areas of the inner and outer JET divertor and below divertor tile 5 during the 2011-2012 campaign with the ITER-like wall. Predominantly beryllium films were formed inside the cavities with some additional carbon, the ratio Be/C was > 2. These deposited layers had high D/(Be+C) ratios of about 0.3. The formation of these films is mainly due to sticking of beryllium-containing particles with low sticking coefficients < 0.5. The observed surface loss probabilities depend on the position in the divertor. The particles responsible for film deposition originated from the location of in the divertor strike points. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. For complete list of authors see http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nme.2016.12.005

Large experimental facilities always require the development or personalization of many non-conventional systems which will constitute a relevant part of the machine. For this reason in these cases an approach based on Systems Engineering is very useful to support the design choices given the complexity of the project and the many interconnections between different systems and subsystems.The case in analysis is the Divertor Tokamak Test (DTT), a nuclear fusion facility based in ENEA C.R. Frascati, Italy. The goal of this work is to present the development of an agile tool aimed at ensuring the consistency of design choices with project requirements, propagating them through systems, subsystems and components with the associated technical specifications. Additionally, a methodology for requirements verification in the construction phase is discussed.In the presentation of the methodology implemented, the practical application to three different situations within the DTT project development is discussed.