Search

La catastrophe du pont Morandi à Gênes a constitué l’occasion pour faire un bilan de la gestion des autoroutes en Italie. Alors qu’originellement, celles-ci étaient gérées par des entités publiques, la très grande majorité d’entre elles font l’objet d’une concession. Progressivement, ont vu le jour une mise en concurrence pour l’attribution des concessions et une régulation ex ante des tarifs.

Le dédoublement constitutionnel de l’Union se traduit, d’une part, par l’implication des États pour assurer une bonne exécution des dépenses et la défense des intérêts financiers de l’Union et, d’autre part, par un équilibre dans l’exercice du contrôle budgétaire de la Commission par le Parlement et le Conseil appuyé par les rapports de la Cour des comptes.

Background Stage III N2 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a very heterogeneous disease associated with a poor prognosis. A number of therapeutic options are available for patients with Stage III N2 NSCLC, including surgery [with neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy (CTx)/neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT)] or CRT potentially followed by adjuvant immunotherapy. We have no clear evidence demonstrating a significant survival benefit for either of these approaches, the selection between treatments is not always straightforward and can come down to physician and patient preference. The very heterogeneous definition of resectability of N2 disease makes the decision-making process even more complex. Methods We evaluated the treatment strategies for preoperatively diagnosed stage III cN2 NSCLC among Swiss thoracic surgeons and radiation oncologists. Treatment strategies were converted into decision trees and analysed for consensus and discrepancies. We analysed factors relevant to decision-making within these recommendations. Results For resectable "non-bulky" mediastinal lymph node involvement, there was a trend towards surgery. Numerous participants recommend a surgical approach outside existing guidelines as long as the disease was resectable, even in multilevel N2. With increasing extent of mediastinal nodal disease, multimodal treatment based on radiotherapy was more common. Conclusions Both, surgery- or radiotherapy-based treatment regimens are feasible options in the management of Stage III N2 NSCLC. The different opinions reflected in the results of this manuscript reinforce the importance of a multidisciplinary setting and the importance of shared decision-making with the patient.

Objectives: To identify and validate baseline magnetic resonance imaging (b-MRI) radiomic features (RFs) as predictors of disease outcomes in effectively cured head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients. Materials and methods: Training set (TS) and validation set (VS) were retrieved from preexisting datasets (HETeCo and BD2Decide trials, respectively). Only patients with both pre- and post-contrast enhancement T1 and T2-weighted b-MRI and at least 2years of follow-up (FUP) were selected. The combination of the best extracted RFs was used to classify low risk (LR) vs. high risk (HR) of disease recurrence. Sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) of the radiomic model were computed on both TS and VS. Overall survival (OS) and 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) Kaplan–Meier (KM) curves were compared for LR vs. HR. The radiomic-based risk class was used in a multivariate Cox model, including well-established clinical prognostic factors (TNM, sub-site, human papillomavirus [HPV]). Results: In total, 57 patients of TS and 137 of VS were included. Three RFs were selected for the signature. Sensitivity of recurrence risk classifier was 0.82 and 0.77, specificity 0.78 and 0.81, AUC 0.83 and 0.78 for TS and VS, respectively. VS KM curves for LR vs. HR groups significantly differed both for 5-year DFS (p

Https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html. Accessed: 8 Sep 2020 Filippi AR, Russi E, Magrini SM et al (2020) Covid-19 outbreak in northern Italy: first practical indications for radiotherapy departments. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.03.007 Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar https://www.corona-data.ch/. Accessed: 8 Sep 2020 Baumann M, Krause M, Overgaard J et al (2016) Radiation oncology in the era of precision medicine. Nat Rev Cancer 16:234–249 CAS Article Google Scholar Meattini I, Franco P, Belgioia L et al (2020) Radiation therapy during the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic in Italy: a view of the nation’s young oncologists. ESMO Open. https://doi.org/10.1136/esmoopen-2020-000779 Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Guckenberger M, Belka C, Bezjak A et al (2020) Practice recommendations for lung cancer radiotherapy during the covid-19 pandemic: An ESTRO-ASTRO consensus statement. Radiother Oncol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2020.04.001 Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Slotman BJ, Ricardi U, Lievens Y (2020) Radiotherapy in a time of crisis, ESTRO Presidents’ statement Google Scholar Sack C, Sack H, Willich N, Popp W (2020) Evaluation of the time required for overhead tasks performed by physicians, medical physicists, and technicians in radiation oncology institutions The DEGRO-QUIRO study. Strahlenther Onkol 191:113–124 Article Google Scholar Achard V, Tsoutsou P, Zilli T (2020) Radiotherapy in the time of the Coronavirus pandemic: when less is better. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.03.008 Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Thomson D, Palma D, Guckenberger M et al (2020) Practice recommendations for risk-adapted head and neck cancer radiotherapy during the covid-19 pandemic: An ASTRO-ESTRO consensus statement. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.04.016 Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Download references Radiation Oncology Clinic, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Bellinzona-Lugano, Via Gallino, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland Dr. Letizia Deantonio MD, Davide Bosetti MD, Simona Cima MD, Francesco Martucci MD, Giulia Borgonovo MD, Gianluca Di Bella MD, Gianfranco Angelo Pesce MD, Mariacarla Valli MD & Antonella Richetti MD You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar Correspondence to Dr. Letizia Deantonio MD. L. Deantonio, D. Bosetti, S. Cima, F. Martucci, G. Borgonovo, G. Di Bella, G.A. Pesce, M. Valli and A. Richetti declare that they have no known competing interests. Reprints and Permissions Deantonio, L., Bosetti, D., Cima, S. et al. #Stayathome: Smart working for radiation oncologists during the corona pandemic. Strahlenther Onkol (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00066-020-01683-z Download citation Received: 28 May 2020 Accepted: 24 August 2020 Published: 18 September 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00066-020-01683-z

‘Another Legal Monster?’ That was the question asked by the Law Department of the European University Institute on 16 February 2012 in a debate about the Treaty on Stability, Coordination and Governance in the Economic and Monetary Union (TSCG), also known as the Fiscal Compact Treaty. On 2 March 2012, twenty-five Member States of the European Union minus the United Kingdom and the Czech Republic signed the TSCG. A month before, on 2 February 2012, the euro area Member States signed the Treaty Establishing the European Stability Mechanism (ESM Treaty), another legal monster. In both cases, the monstrosity lies in the fact that Member States have preferred to conclude an international treaty, rather than to use the European Union (EU) institutional system. Why did the European Commission not propose a legislative act to establish a financial assistance mechanism in the Eurozone and strengthen the fiscal discipline in the EU? Does this mean the end of community method and a victory for the intergovernmental method? As Herman Van Rompuy commented about the crisis; ‘often the choice is not between the community method and the intergovernmental method, but between a co-ordinated European position and nothing at all’. In 2010, Angela Merkel defended her vision of a new ‘Union Method’ in a speech held at the College of Europe. This approach can be defined by the following description: ‘co-ordinated action in a spirit of solidarity–each of us in the area for which we are responsible but all working towards the same goal’. Each of us means the European institutions and Member States. The new ‘Euro-international’ treaties (or inter se treaties) raise a number of questions regarding their compatibility with EU law, implications for the Union legal system, institutional balance, national sovereignty and democratic accountability. These questions are all the more important because international treaties raise a number of questions on their compatibility with EU law, implications for the Union legal system and institutional balance.

Objective: To evaluate the performance of low dose cone beam CT (CBCT) acquisition protocols for image-guided radiotherapy of prostate cancer. Methods: CBCT images of patients undergoing prostate cancer radiotherapy were acquired with the settings currently used in our department and two low dose settings at 50% and 63% lower exposure. Four experienced radiation oncologists and two radiation therapy technologists graded the images on five image quality characteristics. The scores were analysed through Visual Grading Regression, using the acquisition settings and the patient size as covariates. Results: The low dose acquisition settings have no impact on the image quality for patients with body profile length at hip level below 100 cm. Conclusions: A reduction of about 60% of the dose is feasible for patients with size below 100 cm. The visibility of low contrast features can be compromised if using the low dose acquisition settings for patients with hip size above 100 cm. Advances in knowledge: Low dose CBCT acquisition protocols for the pelvis, based on subjective evaluation of patient images.

To evaluate acute and late skin/subcutaneous toxicities and radiation-induced lung fibrosis (RILF) in patients treated with adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) for synchronous bilateral breast cancers (SBBC), after conservative surgery. Twenty-five patients were treated with volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT/RapidArc®) on both breasts, and checked clinically for detecting RT toxicities during and after treatment. A high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) was performed, for detecting RILF during follow-up. We registered acute Grade-1 skin toxicity in 18 patients (72%), while six patients (24%) experienced Grade-2 toxicity. No breath symptoms were reported during and after RT. Late Grade-1 subcutaneous toxicity and late Grade-2 skin toxicity were registered in four patients (16%) and one patient (4%), respectively, at a mean follow-up of 36 months. Grade-1 RILF was detected in six patients (30%). The median volume of fibrosis area was 6.5 cc (range 1.3–21.5 cc). The partial volumes receiving a specified dose (V20, V30, V40, and V50) in patients who developed lung fibrosis were significantly bigger than who did not (p

Objective: To analyze the impact of adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) on ipsilateral breast recurrence (IBR) and overall survival (OS) in patients older than 69 years with early-stage breast cancer. Methods: From January 2007 to June 2015, we analyzed retrospectively 137 women with estrogen receptor–positive T1–2 invasive breast cancer, with negative axillary lymph nodes, dividing them into 2 subgroups: 70 to 79 years and older than 79 years. Results: After a median follow-up of 43.2 months, the 3-year IBR-free survival in patients treated with surgery plus RT was 98.8% and 92.1% in patients treated with surgery alone, with a significant difference ( p = .01). Radiotherapy did not impact overall survival ( p = .10). A higher percentage of patients aged between 70 and 79 years received RT after conservative surgery if compared with the older subgroup ( p < .01). Conclusions: In elderly women, adjuvant RT reduced the IBR, but did not improve OS.

La securite juridique et la confiance legitime ont ete consacrees par la Cour de justice en tant que principes generaux du droit de l’Union. Elles s’imposent ainsi tant aux institutions, organes et organismes de l’Union qu’aux autorites et juridictions nationales lorsque celles-ci mettent en œuvre le droit de l’Union. Ces principes sont inherents a un systeme juridique organise selon le modele de l’Union de droit, se traduisant par des exigences a respecter dans l’ediction et l’application du droit de l’Union. Ils s’averent egalement modeles par les caracteristiques specifiques de l’ordre juridique integre de l’Union.

Most developed countries accepted the chronological age of 70 years as the definition of "elderly" and there is a general consensus in clinical practice to consider this age as the threshold in risk assessment. This has a strong impact in the choice of treatment of these lung cancer patients. Indeed, more than 50% of these patients are over 70 and nearly 30% are over 75 years old. Because of the increasing number of elderly patients that are generally fitter than in the past, the treatment options should rather be based on individual fitness, taking into account risks and benefits of the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. This means considering biological rather than chronological age to make decisions. For these reasons, we developed a simplified short comprehensive geriatric assessment (sCGA), including a standardised evaluation of activity of daily living, depression, cognitive status, comorbidities and geriatric syndromes. This allowed us the classification of these patients into 3 categories: frail, vulnerable and fit. Through the emblematic case of a fit elderly man affected by NSLCC, we present the multidisciplinary assessment and discussions to identify the best treatment options for this patient.

e17548 Background: the Neutrophil-to-Lymphocytes ratio (NLR) and the Platelet-to-Lymphocytes ratio (PLR) represent potential prognostic markers in different tumor types. The purpose of our study was to investigate the prognostic role of the pretreatment inflammatory markers NLR and PLR in patients with locally advanced squamous cell oropharyngeal cancer (OPSCC) treated with curative concomitant chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Methods: between 2004 and 2016, all patients with OPSCC diagnosed at the University Hospital of Varese and the Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland were reviewed retrospectively. CRT consisted of Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) to a dose of 66-70 Gy concomitant to 3 doses of 3-weekly cisplatin. Pre-treatment NLR and PLR were registered from blood samples obtained within 14 days before treatment. 3-year disease free survival (DFS) was analyzed. Results: ninety-two patients were identified. Median follow-up was 39 months. Median NLR was 3 and median PLR was 153. The 3 year DFS was 82.9%. Univariate analysis showed that HPV status and PLR were statistically significant factors in determining 3-year DFS (p 0.01 and 0.04 respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that only HPV status was a statistically significant factor for 3-year DFS (p 0.009). High NLR and high PLR were correlated with lower DFS: patients with NLR > 4 had a 3-years DFS of 50% versus 75%in the group with NLR ≤ 4(p = 0.04) and patients with PLR > 150 had a 3-years DFS of 65% versus 82% in the group with PLR ≤ 150 (p = 0.04). Conclusions: in our case series, NLR and PLR were significantly associated with clinical outcome. Additional data are necessary to investigate the prognostic value of inflammatory markers and to identify the ideal cut-off of both markers.

Le Traite de Lisbonne se presente comme « le traite des parlements ». Cependant, pour repondre a la crise financiere et a la crise des dettes souveraines, les reformes de l’Union economique et monetaire accentuent le phenomene de relegation du Parlement europeen et des parlements nationaux dans le processus decisionnel. En contrepartie, les parlements obtiennent des pouvoirs renforces en matiere de reddition des comptes. Le renforcement du principe democratique dans l’UEM exige une implication accrue des parlements. Cela suppose notamment d’eviter le recours aux accords intergouvernementaux, d’organiser un comite zone euro au sein du Parlement europeen et de tenir une Convention socio-economique tous les ans pour definir les grandes orientations des politiques de l’UEM.

According to Article 10 TEU, the functioning of the Union and of the EMU shall be founded on representative democracy. The democratic principle is all the more necessary since economic governance is characterised by its institutional complexity. It calls for a more empowerment of the European Parliament in the EMU. In the European multilevel democratic system, the national Parliaments shall be involved in the economic governance. However, the involvement of the European Parliament and national Parliaments remains limited. Furthermore, the financial and sovereign debt crises triggered substantial reforms of the EMU that have diminished the role of the Parliaments in the European and national decision-making processes. In contrast, due the so-called “monetary” and “economic” dialogues, there is a promotion of Parliaments in accountability process of the EMU. Finally, an important issue arises with the mutation of parliamentary role: the competition between European Parliament and national Parliaments requires an inter-parliamentary cooperation. Provide legitimacy for the EMU has thus brought changes to the parliamentary role in a multilevel constitutional system.

e18065Background: Previous studies suggested that cisplatin and cetuximab administered concurrently to radiotherapy (RT) improve only marginally the outcome of patients older than 65 years. Methods...

Les traites regissant l’Union europeenne sont petris de theories economiques. Celles-ci se donnent a avoir tant dans le droit du marche interieur que dans celui de l’Union economique et monetaire. A la lettre economique issue de la redaction des dispositions du traite succede l’esprit politique des politiques mises en œuvre. De filiation ordoliberale, les regles de concurrence font l’objet d’une emancipation dans la politique menee par les autorites de concurrence qui s’inspirent de theories neo-liberales. Reflet d’un constitutionnalisme economique, les regles de l’Union economique monetaire s’imposent a l’autorite politique pour produire la stabilite monetaire et la discipline budgetaire requises par le marche. Avec la crise, elles ont ete assouplies pour liberer les choix politiques.

Les autorites de regulation italiennes se caracterisent par une relative heterogeneite, attisee par une approche sectorielle. Neanmoins, elles presentent ceci de commun qu’elles appartiennent a la categorie generale des autorites administratives independantes. Des garanties d’independance leur sont ainsi reconnues tant sur le plan institutionnel que fonctionnel. Communes a toutes les autorites, ces garanties se declinent selon le secteur regule.

Actes du colloque annuel de la CEDECE pour l'année 2013; International audience

International audience

Without wanting to deny the severity of the pandemic crisis that has engulfed the Union and the world, it cannot, however, be denied that only such a widespread shock could have paved the way for a reconsideration of the European budget. Moreover, this happened precisely when the Council of the Union was going to approve the Multiannual Financial Framework 2021-2027. The huge investment plan called Next-generation EU was, moreover, adopted as a package deal also with a new Own Resources Decision. These new acts are likely to have a significant impact on the European economic constitution, i.e. over the interpretation of the economic goals and policies as listed in Articles 2 and 3 of the TEU.

International audience

International audience

International audience; Cette étude compare l’Initiative Citoyenne Européenne à d’autres types d’initiatives populaires existant au niveau national en Europe ou au niveau fédéré aux Etats-Unis. N'ayant rien à voir avec les initiatives populaires directes et très peu à voir avec les initiatives populaires indirectes que certains droits nationaux connaissent, l'ICE peut être classée dans une catégorie sans précédent et peu enthousiasmante, à savoir « la plus faible des versions faibles d’initiative populaire indirecte ». Si l’on renonce aux chimères d’une démocratie directe intransposable dans le système juridique de l’Union, on peut reconnaître toutefois que l’ICE est un instrument d’influence, de politisation de certains enjeux et de contestation qui mérite d’exister dans le dispositif démocratique propre à la Fédération plurinationale qu’est l’Union. Les leçons du droit comparé peuvent alors servir de sources d’inspiration, modestes, mais légitimes, pour améliorer la réglementation en vigueur des ICE. Certaines se retrouvent dans le nouveau règlement qui a émergé des derniers trilogues entre la Commission, le Conseil et le Parlement européen. On peut espérer que les autres retiendront l’attention lors d’un prochain round. Jointes aux améliorations induites par les justes remontrances de la Cour de justice adressées à la Commission, elles renforceraient l’apport de l’ICE au très lent, mais progressif développement d’un embryon de société civile européenne.

International audience; Cette étude compare l’Initiative Citoyenne Européenne à d’autres types d’initiatives populaires existant au niveau national en Europe ou au niveau fédéré aux Etats-Unis. N'ayant rien à voir avec les initiatives populaires directes et très peu à voir avec les initiatives populaires indirectes que certains droits nationaux connaissent, l'ICE peut être classée dans une catégorie sans précédent et peu enthousiasmante, à savoir « la plus faible des versions faibles d’initiative populaire indirecte ». Si l’on renonce aux chimères d’une démocratie directe intransposable dans le système juridique de l’Union, on peut reconnaître toutefois que l’ICE est un instrument d’influence, de politisation de certains enjeux et de contestation qui mérite d’exister dans le dispositif démocratique propre à la Fédération plurinationale qu’est l’Union. Les leçons du droit comparé peuvent alors servir de sources d’inspiration, modestes, mais légitimes, pour améliorer la réglementation en vigueur des ICE. Certaines se retrouvent dans le nouveau règlement qui a émergé des derniers trilogues entre la Commission, le Conseil et le Parlement européen. On peut espérer que les autres retiendront l’attention lors d’un prochain round. Jointes aux améliorations induites par les justes remontrances de la Cour de justice adressées à la Commission, elles renforceraient l’apport de l’ICE au très lent, mais progressif développement d’un embryon de société civile européenne.

International audience; Les contributions étudient la lutte contre la fraude au sein de l'Union européenne notamment dans le domaine pénal. Elles présentent notamment les missions de l'Office de lutte anti-fraude, la fraude aux intérêts financiers ou encore au sein de la zone euro et de l'Union économique et monétaire.

Analyse de l'Union bancaire en comparaison avec les systèmes nord-américains.

International audience; This articles deals with the evolution of the governance of the European central bank since the creation of the Single supervisory mechanism.

With regard to the first chapter, this thesis aims at analysing the impact of the Freedom of Establishment and of the Free Movement of Services on those economic activities which are offered in areas belonging to the public domain. Thus, after examining the relevant case-law of the ECJ in the field of services, in the second chapter what has been analysed is the impact of the general principles and of Art. 16 of the Charter on the services provided in areas belonging to the public domain. In the third chapter, a deep analysis of the Services Directive has been conducted: after addressing its genesis, which was quite problematic, both its objectives and its rationale have been analysed. What has emerged is a fragmentation of the internal market of services, especially with regard to the activities that are examined in this research. One of the most problematic issues related to that Directive is its implementation. Again, what has emerged is a fragmentation of the market of services. Thus, what has been addressed is the impact of the Directive on the services provided in areas belonging to the public domain. In the fourth chapter, the impact of the Public Contracts Directives has been examined. Legally speaking, public procurement contracts and concessions are different, even if the rationale beyond Art. 12 of the Services Directive together with the general principle of competition require the services at issue to be awarded through a selection procedure. Indeed, even before the adoption of what is now the Concessions Directive, the principles applicable to concessions have always been the same as those applicable to public procurement contracts. What emerges is that the public procurement contracts and concessions are strongly interconnected. The potential impact of the Concessions Directive has been addressed as well. In the fifth and in the sixth chapter a comparison between the Italian status quo with regard to those services provided in areas belonging to the public domain and the situation in Portugal, Croatia, France and Spain has been drawn. In the seventh and in the eighth chapter all the implications regarding potential violations of the State Aid rules have been addressed.; Tout d'abord, en ce qui concerne le premier chapitre, cette thèse vise à vérifier l'impact des normes des Traités, comme, par exemple, la liberté d'établissement et la libre prestation de services, par rapport aux activités économiques qui sont offerts sur les espaces domaniales. Ensuite, après avoir examiné la jurisprudence de la Cour de justice en matière de services, en ce qui concerne le deuxième chapitre, nous avons examiné aussi l'impact des principes généraux du droit européen et de l'art. 16 de la Charte des Droits Fondamentaux sur les services offerts sur le domaine public. En ce qui concerne le troisième chapitre, nous avons adressé un examen approfondi de la Directive « Services » : après avoir analysé sa genèse, plutôt problématique et difficile, nous en avons décrit les objectifs et la ratio. Le résultat qui a émergé est une fragmentation du marché commun de services, en particulier pour ce qui concerne les services qu’on prend en examen dans cette recherche. L'une des phases les plus critiques par rapport à la Directive « Services », c'est sa transposition. Ce qui semble clair, c'est une fragmentation générale qui entrave l’achèvement et le bon fonctionnement du marché commun. Une fois qu'on a examiné le rôle de la directive « Bolkestein », on a montré la nécessité d'évaluer l'impact de cette norme sur les services offerts sur le domaine public. Dans le quatrième chapitre, on a décidé d'examiner le rôle des directives sur les contrats publics. D'un point de vue juridique, les contrats publics et les concessions sont deux choses distinctes, même si la logique sous-jacente à l’article 12 de la Directive « Services » et le principe de concurrence établissent que les espaces (et, indirectement, par conséquence, les services qui sont intéressés) concernés doivent être attribués dans le cadre d'une procédure de sélection publique. Il convient de rappeler que, avant la présentation d'une proposition de directive de la Commission Européenne pour réglementer les concessions, les principes applicables à ces dernières ont été (et sont encore aujourd’hui) empruntés à la discipline des contrats publics. Nous avons décidé de mettre en évidence comment l'état actuel des contrats publics et les concessions sont interconnectés. On montre aussi que les directives sur les marchés publics jouent un rôle important dans la régulation des types de concessions examinées dans le présent document. On a décidé d'examiner l'impact potentiel de la Directive « concessions ». Dans le cinquième et le sixième chapitre, nous avons examiné et comparé les différents systèmes des États membres de l’Union Européenne. En particulier, nous avons vu comment les concessions des plages sont réglementées en Italie, où, par exemple, il y a un problème juridique qui est loin d’être adressé, en France, en Croatie, en Portugal, et, finalement, en Espagne. Dans le septième et le huitième chapitre, nous avons choisi de parler du risque éventuel de violation des normes en matière d'aides d’État.

The thesis highlights the development of a coherent and instrumental european infrastructure policy. First, the thesis shows the process of vertical (communitarization) and horizontal (complementarity and specialty vis-à-vis other EU policies) autonomisation of Trans-European Networks (TENs) policy. Secondly, the thesis points out the role played by the processes of « networkation » and « agencification » of national regulators in promoting interconnection and access to networks. Finally, the thesis emphasises the growing relevance of EU financial support to the establishment of TENs, and a competing tendency towards the reconciliation of national expansionary fiscal policy with EU law constraints. The thesis concludes by noting that Member States will continue to play a decisive role in TENs policy, not only by improving the actual degree of its implementation, but also allowing, in a forthcoming Treaty revision, to overcome the TENs intergovernmental legacy., La thèse a parcouru les étapes de l’affirmation progressive d’une véritable politique infrastructurelle européenne cohérente, en examinant trois volets : juridique, institutionnel et financier. Tout d’abord, la thèse a souligné le processus d’autonomisation horizontale (rapport de complémentarité et spécialité vis-à-vis d’autres politiques de l’UE) et verticale («communautarisation ») de la politique de réseaux transeuropéens. En deuxième lieu, l’analyse a mis en évidence le rôle des différents processus d’institutionnalisation et « d’intégration organique » des régulateurs nationaux entrepris par le législateur européen dans la centralisation et la communautarisation de la politique des réseaux. Enfin, la thèse a relevé l’affirmation du caractère central de l’aide financière de l’UE à la création de réseaux, accompagnée par une dérogation partielle des limites imposées par le droit européen aux politiques budgétaires expansionnistes des États membres., Le reti transeuropee sono uno dei vettori della competitività, dell’integrazione e dello sviluppo sostenibile dell’Unione. La tesi mette in luce la progressiva affermazione di una coerente politica infrastrutturale europea a carattere strumentale, esaminando tale evoluzione sotto tre profili: normativo, istituzionale e finanziario. In primo luogo, sotto il profilo normativo, la tesi evidenzia, da un lato, la progressiva emancipazione delle istituzioni dell’Unione dall’influenza degli Stati membri nell’esercizio delle proprie competenze in materia di reti transeuropee e, dall’altro, lo sviluppo di relazioni di complementarietà e specialità tra la politica di reti e altre politiche dell’Unione (capitoli 1 e 2). L’elaborato sottolinea, in secondo luogo, sotto il profilo istituzionale, il ruolo del processo di «integrazione organica» dei regolatori nazionali e del processo di «agenzificazione» nel perseguimento degli obiettivi di interconnessione e accesso alle reti nazionali. La tesi osserva, infine, sotto il profilo finanziario, l’accresciuta importanza del sostegno finanziario dell’UE alla costituzione delle reti, che si è accompagnata al parziale superamento dei limiti derivanti dal diritto dell’UE alla politiche di spesa pubblica infrastrutturale degli Stati membri. Da un lato rispetto al diritto della concorrenza e, in particolare, al divieto di aiuti di stato, grazie al rapporto funzionale tra reti e prestazione di servizi di interesse economico generale, e dall’altro lato riguardo ai vincoli di bilancio, attraverso un’interpretazione evolutiva della cd. investment clause del Patto di stabilità e crescita. La tesi, in conclusione, rileva gli sviluppi decisivi della politica di reti europea, ma sottolinea il ruolo che gli Stati membri sono destinati a continuare ad esercitare nel suo sviluppo. Da questi ultimi, infatti, dipende la concreta attuazione di tale politica, ma anche il definitivo superamento, in occasione di una prossima revisione dei Trattati, dei retaggi intergovernativi che continuano a caratterizzare il diritto primario in materia.

International audience; Une analyse des conséquences des crises financières, monétaires et budgétaires sur le fonctionnement de l'Union européenne. L'ouvrage étudie notamment les mesures qui vont dans le sens d'une plus grande intégration entre les Etats.

International audience; La crise financière, et ses développements subséquents, ont montré les enjeux et les limites de la régulation financière. La finance doit être régulée afin qu’elle ne conduise pas l’économie au bord de la crise systémique. Cependant, la finance – et notamment ses instruments – sont particulièrement évolutifs. Pour pouvoir continuer à jouer son rôle, la régulation doit être réformée. Le prisme fédéral permet de comprendre les enjeux de la régulation financière. L’étude de l’intégration financière avant la crise montre l’émergence d’un nouveau type de fédéralisme, le fédéralisme de marché. Au sein de l’Union, le fédéralisme de marché se caractérise par une coordination au niveau européen, une régulation au niveau national et une confiance dans le marché. Ce dernier est la source indirecte des instruments normatifs et l’interlocuteur privilégié des régulateurs. La crise financière souligne l’échec d’une telle construction. La tendance expansionniste du marché, et la complicité des États, viennent détruire la souveraineté. Parallèlement, le marché a montré son incapacité à prendre, dans son ensemble, des décisions rationnelles. Les réformes opérées depuis 2008 ont mis en évidence les difficultés à modifier le fédéralisme de marché. Les États restent attachés à leurs prérogatives de régulation, empêchant une évolution d’ampleur. Ainsi, le Système européen de surveillance financière (mis en place en 2010) ne confie que peu de prérogatives à l’échelon européen. L’Union bancaire, actuellement en discussion, a vocation à lui succéder mais sans le remplacer ; démontrant les limites de la technique utilisée. Au final, il est nécessaire de changer de paradigme et de construire l’intégration financière sur un autre paradigme que celui donnant au marché une place centrale.