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Francesco Zanatta,1 Ekaterina Nissanova,1 Natalia Świątoniowska-Lonc,2 Antonia Pierobon,1 Giovanna Callegari,3 Francesca Olmetti,4 Guido Felicetti,5 Piotr Karniej,2 Jacek Polański,6 Anna Giardini,7 Beata Jankowska-Polańska2 1Psychology Unit of Montescano Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Montescano (PV), Italy; 2Department of Clinical Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland; 3Respiratory Rehabilitation Unit of Montescano Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Montescano (PV), Italy; 4Cardiological Rehabilitation Unit of Montescano Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Montescano (PV), Italy; 5Neuromotor Rehabilitation Unit of Montescano Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Montescano (PV), Italy; 6Department of Internal Diseases, Occupational Medicine, Hypertension and Clinical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland; 7Information Technology Department, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, ItalyCorrespondence: Antonia PierobonIstituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Via S. Maugeri, 4, Pavia 27100, ItalyTel +39 385 247255Fax +39 385 61386Email antonia.pierobon@icsmaugeri.itPurpose: Non-adherence to clinical prescriptions is widely recognized as the most common cause of uncontrolled hypertension, contributing to develop acute and chronic cardiovascular diseases. Specifically, patients’ unintentional non-adherence is related to psychosocial factors as beliefs about medications, perceived physician’s communication effectiveness and medication-specific social support. The aim of this study was to observe the impact of these factors on self-efficacy in relation to pharmacological and non-pharmacological self-reported adherence among older chronic patients with hypertension.Patients and Methods: This research had a cross-sectional, observational and multicentre study design. Italian inpatients under rehabilitation, and Polish inpatients/outpatients were recruited. Following a cognitive screening, socio-demographic and clinical characteristics were obtained. Data on clinical and behavioral adherence (i.e., pharmacological adherence, adherence to refill medicines, intentional non-adherence) and psychosocial factors related to treatment adherence (i.e., beliefs about medicines, physician’s communication skills, medication-specific social support, psychological antecedents and self-efficacy) were collected with self-report questionnaires.Results: A total of 458 patients were recruited. Fischer’s LSD post hoc test revealed significant differences between Italian and Polish samples in all measures (p< 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis showed low self-reported intentional non-adherence (β = − .02, p=0.031), high self-reported adherence to refill medications (β=− .05, p=0.017), high levels of perceived physician’s communication effectiveness (β=0.11, p< 0.001), positive beliefs about medications (β=0.13, p< 0.001), and high perceived medication-specific social support (β=0.05, p< 0.001) to predict significantly high patients’ self-efficacy in relation to pharmacological and non-pharmacological self-reported adherence.Conclusion: The observed psychosocial and behavioral factors revealed to positively impact on self-efficacy in relation to treatment adherence among older chronic patients dealing with hypertension. In a prevention framework, future studies and clinical practice may consider these factors in order to improve assessment and intervention on adherence in this population.Keywords: self-reported adherence, hypertension, chronicity, self-efficacy, older patients, psychosocial

The impact of incident sudden cardiac death (SCD) on the predictive accuracy of prognostic risk scores for patients with chronic heart failure (HF) has rarely been examined. We assessed the relationship between estimated probability of death and modes of death in this population, as well as the predictors of death and survival in prognostic outliers.The MAGGIC 3-year probability of death was estimated in 6,859 participants of the GISSI-HF trial (mean age 67±11 years, 78% men, 91% with ejection fraction40%, mean follow-up 3.5±1.3 years, observed mortality 28.4%). The incidence of SCD progressively decreased with increased probability of death, and occurred in 52.5% of patients estimated at low-risk (N = 61 with probability14%) vs. in 23.5% of the high-risk ones (N = 375 with probability56%, P.0001). On the contrary, death from worsening HF was significantly more frequent in the latter group (19.7% vs. 46.1%, P.0001). The overall predictive accuracy of the MAGGIC model improved after excluding deaths from SCD (AUC from 0.731 to 0.760, P = .0034). Among patients estimated at low-risk (N = 61 dead, 743 alive), independent predictors of death were older age, longer history of HF, higher serum uric acid and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The only predictor of survival in patients estimated at high-risk (N = 210 alive, 375 dead) was higher systolic blood pressure.The MAGGIC risk score demonstrated its scarce ability to capture SCD, particularly in chronic HF patients estimated at low risk of death. Newer and better prognostic tools in the evolving horizon of HF are needed.

Objective The severity of central sleep apnoea (CSA), a common comorbidity in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) and reduced ejection fraction, markedly decreases from the supine to the lateral sleeping position, with no difference between the left and right positions. The mechanisms responsible for this beneficial effect have not yet been elucidated. Methods We tested the hypothesis that CSA attenuation in the left lateral position is due, at least in part, to an improvement in cardiac haemodynamics. Sixteen CHF patients (male, aged 60 ± 7 years, New York Heart Association class 2.6 ± 0.5, left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] 30% ± 5%) with moderate-to-severe CSA underwent two consecutive tissue Doppler echocardiography examinations in random order, one in the left lateral position (90°) and the other in the supine position (0°). The following parameters were obtained: left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) and LVEF, left atrial volume (LAV) and right atrial volume (RAV), mitral regurgitation (MR), cardiac output (CO), transmitral protodiastolic (E) wave deceleration time (DT), E/e′ ratio, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), and right ventricular−atrial gradient (RVAG). Results The LAV, MR, E/e′, RAV, and RVAG significantly increased, whereas the LVEF and TAPSE significantly decreased in the left lateral position. All changes, however, were of negligible clinical significance. No significant changes were observed in CO, DT, and LVEDV. Conclusions This study shows that the reduction of CSA severity from the supine to the left lateral position in patients with CHF is not due to an improvement in cardiac haemodynamics. Other, noncardiac factors are likely to represent the main cause.

The assessment of chemoreflex sensitivity in heart failure patients is gaining increasing interest since recent studies demonstrated that augmented chemosensitivity is an independent predictor of mortality and represents an important pathogenic factor in the development of Cheyne-Stokes respiration. The single-breath CO2 test is a well-established method to quantify peripheral hypercapnic chemoreflex sensitivity. As the original criteria for the computation of the chemoreflex sensitivity in healthy subjects need to be modified in heart failure patients to take into account impaired cardiac function, the effects of such modifications on measurement reliability deserve investigation. Hence, we devised this study to assess the reliability of the single-breath CO2 test in heart failure patients. In 27 clinically stable, mild-to-moderate heart failure patients (age (mean±SD): 64±10 years, left ventricular ejection fraction: 34±7%, NYHA class: 2.7±0.4), the test was administered on two consecutive days in the same conditions. Reliability was assessed by the standard error of measurement (SEM) and by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The mean value of the chemoreflex sensitivity on the two days was: 0.25 ± 0.12 and 0.24 ± 0.12 l min(-1) mmHg(-1) (p = 0.45), respectively. The SEM was 0.05 l min(-1) mmHg(-1), indicating large intra-subject variability. Consequently, in order to be 95% confident that a real change has occurred between two measurements taken on the same individual (test-retest), the observed difference must be higher than ±0.15 l min(-1) mmHg(-1), which is about 60% of the mean value across our population. The ICC was 0.71, indicating thatintra-subject variability, although high, is a limited (29%) portion of inter-subject variability. Intra-subject variability should be carefully taken into account when using the single-breath CO2 test in assessing changes in individual patients. The observed ICC indicates that this test may provide useful information for diagnostic/classification purposes.

The 6-minute walking test (6mWT) is used to prescribe physical activity in cardiac surgery patients. The clinical value of a pre-discharge 6mWT and its association with outcome is not well defined.We retrospectively analyzed data from 313 patients (age 66 ± 11 years, 23% females, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) 52 ± 11%, Hb 10.5 ± 1.3 g/dl, serum albumin 3.9 ± 0.4 mg/dl) who were admitted to our rehabilitation institute following cardiac surgery. A 6mWT was performed at entry and at discharge and expressed as % of theoretical predicted values calculated on the basis of individual age, height, weight and sex. The endpoint was represented by all-cause mortality. The predictive value of 6mWT was tested in univariate and multivariate analysis.A pre-discharge 6mWT was completed by 284 out of 313 patients. Two patients died in hospital. During a median of 23 months, mortality was 9% (26/284) and 44% (12/27) (p0.0001) in patients who did or did not perform the pre-discharge 6mWT. The distance covered at the pre-discharge 6mWT as a continuous variable of % predicted values was a significant predictor of subsequent mortality (Hazard Ratio (HR) 0.97 (95% CI 0.96-0.99), p = 0.0019). After adjustment for all preselected covariates, the pre-discharge 6mWT (HR 0.97 (95% CI 0.95-0.99), p = 0.0038) and LVEF (HR 0.93 (95% CI 0.90-0.96), p0.0001) remained significantly associated with the outcome.In recent cardiac surgery patients, the pre-discharge 6mWT is not only a valid measurement of the impact of cardiac rehabilitation but also provides outcome information offering the possibility to identify patients who may need more intensive follow-up.

Nutritional status (NS) is not routinely assessed in HF. We sought to evaluate whether NS may be additive to a comprehensive pre-discharge evaluation based on a clinical score that includes BMI (MAGGIC) and on an index of functional capacity (six minute walking test, 6mWT) in HF patients.The CONUT (Controlling Nutritional Status) score (including serum albumin level, total cholesterol and lymphocyte count) was computed in 466 consecutive patients (mean age 61 ± 11 years, NYHA class 2.6 ± 0.6, LVEF 34 ± 11%, BMI 27.2 ± 4.5) who had pre-discharge MAGGIC and 6MWT. The endpoint was all-cause mortality. Mild or moderate undernourishment was present in 54% of patients with no differences across BMI strata. The 12-month event rate was 7.7%. Deceased patients had a more compromised NS (CONUT 2.8 ± 1.5 vs 1.7 ± 1.3, p 0.0001), and a more advanced HF (MAGGIC 28.2 ± 6.0 vs 22.0 ± 6.6, p 0.0001; 6MWT 311.1 ± 102.2 vs. 408.9 ± 95.9 m, p 0.0001). The 12-month mortality rate varied from 4% for well-nourished to 11% for undernourished patients (p = 0.008). At univariate analysis, the CONUT was predictive for all-cause mortality with a Hazard Ratio of 1.701 [95% CI 1.363-2.122], p 0.0001. Multivariable analysis showed that the CONUT significantly added to the combination of MAGGIC and 6MWT and improved predictive discrimination and risk classification (c-index 0.82 [95% CI 0.75-0.88], integrated discrimination improvement 0.028 [95% CI 0.015-0.081]).In HF patients assessment of NS, significantly improves prediction of 12-month mortality on top of the information provided by clinical evaluation and functional capacity and should be incorporated in the overall assessment of HF patients.

In Cardiovascular Rehabilitation the increasing inpatients complexity suggests the necessity to develop screening methods which allow to identify those patients that require a psychological intervention. Material and methods: A Psycho-Cardiological Schedule (PCS) was developed with the aim of detecting the critical situation indicators or the presence of psychological, social and cognitive problems. The PCS, compiled by a nurse or cardiologist in collaboration with a psychologist, allows to assess the need for a deeper psychological examination, clinical and/or with tests. Aim of the present study is to identify the convergence levels among the observational and anamnestic data of the PCS collected by a nurse and the clinical and/or test data of the psychological deeper assessment. Results: Among the 87 patients recruited in January- February 2010, 28 (aged 53.5±12.6, M=20, F=8) fulfilled the criteria for a deeper psychological examination: age

Elevated heart rate (HR) has been indicated as risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Experimental data support a role of HR in the progression and severity of atherosclerotic lesions. Sinus tachycardia is common in heart transplant patients due to the lack of autonomic control. This study assessed the role of HR in the development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) in heart transplant recipients.Data from 244 allograft recipients were analyzed. Known factors affecting CAV and mean HR obtained from 24-hour recordings at 1 year (dichotomized at ≥90 beats/min) were tested in univariate and multivariable Cox analysis.During a median of 96 months, 60 patients (25%) experienced CAV. Surprisingly, HR90 but not ≥90 beats/min was significantly associated with an increased CAV development. Univariate analysis showed several predictors were associated with the end point; however, at multivariable analysis, only donor's age, chronic renal failure, and left ventricular end-diastolic wall thickness were significant predictors of CAV, with hazard ratios of 1.02 (95% confidence interval, 1.00-1.04), 1.90 (1.13-3.21), and 1.11 (1.00-1.22), respectively. A highly statistically significant difference in donor's age was found among patients with mean heart rate ≥90 or90 beats/min (30 ± 13 vs 40 ± 14 years, p0.0001).In the denervated heart, sinus tachycardia is not a risk factor for coronary atherosclerosis. HR in heart transplant recipients reflects "intrinsic heart rate" and is a simple epiphenomenon of the donor's age.

Background and purpose Nocturnal cardiac arrhythmias occur in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), reportedly as a consequence of the autonomic effects of recurrent apnea with subsequent oxygen desaturation. We have investigated whether different patterns of OSA are associated with specific arrhythmia during sleep. Patients and methods Electrocardiographic (ECG) data recorded during polysomnography (PSG) were analysed in 257 consecutive OSA patients to determine the prevalence of cardiac rhythm disturbances, and to relate these to breathing pattern (normal, apnea/hypopnea, recovering ventilation, snoring) and oxygen saturation. Results Arrhythmias were found in 18.5% of patients. Patients with nocturnal bradyarrhythmia (BA) had higher values of ventilatory disturbance (apnea–hypopnea index [AHI] 58.8±36.8 vs 37.2±30.3, p =0.02), mean desaturation amplitude (8.9±4 vs 5.9±3.4%, p =0.03), and a lower SaO 2 nadir (69% vs 77%, p = 0.003) than those without arrhythmia. The prevalence of BA in patients with AHI⩾ 30/h was significantly higher than that observed in those with AHI χ 2 =5.61, p =0.01). In contrast, patients with tachyarrhythmia (TA) had no significant differences in AHI, mean desaturation amplitude or SaO 2 nadir than those without arrhythmia. No associations were found between arrhythmia and the presence of comorbidity or concomitant medical therapy, except for an association between tachyarrhythmia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (odds ratio 2.53; 95% confidence intervals 1.1–5.8, p =0.03). Conclusions We conclude that while BA during sleep is associated with OSA severity, concomitant COPD or β 2 -treatment may play a role in the development of TA during sleep.