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1. Évaluation de la marchabilité de trois environnements urbains de la région métropolitaine montréalaise à partir de l’outil MAPPA

Author: François Raulin, Sébastien Lord, and Paula Negron-Poblete
Subjects: Montreal, urban, environmental assessment, planification, city, urbanism, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract: The walk became a public health priority in urban planning. In addition, walking need to be included in combination with almost all types of transport. However, walking is not always possible or enjoyable or even feasible within different urban environments. Some areas can be described as not “walkable” like the suburbs, while others correspond to the assumption that the central neighbourhoods are more favourable to pedestrians. By exploring the concept of walkability and using the MAPPA tool, we evaluate in the study three residential neighbourhoods in the greater Montréal. To compare neighbourhoods, we constructed a typology that classifies street segments from their low to more walkability potential. These three urban areas were chosen in terms of various economic phases that succeeded historically in the province of Québec: 1) Old Rosemont - former working class neighbourhood; 2) Duvernay - Laval - postwar suburbs; 3) Bois-Franc - Saint-Laurent District - new urbanism. In a working class neighbourhood built before automobile standards, walkability is high and there are many proximity destinations. In the suburbs, walkability is not as low as what we assumed. Urban form developed around the car offers good walkability, which is essentially local and leisure related. In the New Urbanism neighbourhood, the vast majority of streets offer excellent walkability. The least favourable street segments are those leading to amenities. Although, a good walkability planned on paper is not enough without the planning of mixed and functional diversity.
Published: 2016
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2. ESAs Kometen‐Mission Rosetta – Neu‐Analyse der Daten des COSAC Massenspektrometers

Author: Guillaume Leseigneur, Jan Hendrik Bredehöft, Thomas Gautier, Chaitanya Giri, Harald Krüger, Alexandra J. MacDermott, Uwe J. Meierhenrich, Guillermo M. Muñoz Caro, François Raulin, Andrew Steele, Harald Steininger, Cyril Szopa, Wolfram Thiemann, Stephan Ulamec, and Fred Goesmann
Subjects: General Medicine
Published: 2022
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3. Rücktitelbild: ESAs Kometen‐Mission Rosetta – Neu‐Analyse der Daten des COSAC Massenspektrometers (Angew. Chem. 29/2022)

Author: Guillaume Leseigneur, Jan Hendrik Bredehöft, Thomas Gautier, Chaitanya Giri, Harald Krüger, Alexandra J. MacDermott, Uwe J. Meierhenrich, Guillermo M. Muñoz Caro, François Raulin, Andrew Steele, Harald Steininger, Cyril Szopa, Wolfram Thiemann, Stephan Ulamec, and Fred Goesmann
Subjects: General Medicine
Published: 2022
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4. COSAC's Only Gas Chromatogram Taken on Comet 67P/Churyumov‐Gerasimenko

Author: Guillaume Leseigneur, Jan Hendrik Bredehöft, Thomas Gautier, Chaitanya Giri, Harald Krüger, Alexandra J. MacDermott, Uwe J. Meierhenrich, Guillermo M. Muñoz Caro, François Raulin, Andrew Steele, Cyril Szopa, Wolfram Thiemann, Stephan Ulamec, Fred Goesmann, Institut de Chimie de Nice (ICN), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Universität Bremen, PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Earth-Life Science Institute [Tokyo] (ELSI), Tokyo Institute of Technology [Tokyo] (TITECH), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, University of Houston [Clear Lake], Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid] (CAB), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Carnegie Institution for Science, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Bonn] (DLR), G.L and U.M acknowledge the financial support of the ANR (ANR-15-IDEX-01 and ANR-18-CE29-0004). T.G. acknowledges the financial support from the Programme National de Planétologie (PNP) of CNRS/INSU co-funded by CNES and of the ANR (ANR-20-CE49-0004-01). G.M.M.C. acknowledges the Spanish MICINN under project PID2020-118974GB−C21 (AEI/FEDER, UE) and the Unidad de Excelencia ‘María de Maeztu’ MDM-2017-0737 – Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC)., ANR-18-CE29-0004,AAAs,L'Asymétrie des Acides Aminés(2018), ANR-15-IDEX-0001,UCA JEDI,Idex UCA JEDI(2015), and ANR-20-CE49-0004,TOMTA,Sur la piste de la matière organique dans l'atmosphère de Titan(2020)
Subjects: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, Chromatography, comet, trace analysis, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], gas chromatography, Rosetta, General Chemistry, Philae, COSAC Instrument, mass spectrometry
Abstract: International audience; The Philae lander of the Rosetta space mission made a non-nominal landing on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko on November 12, 2014. Shortly after, using the limited power available from Philae's batteries, the COSAC instrument performed a single 18- minutes gas chromatogram, which has remained unpublished until now due to the lack of identifiable elution. We show that despite the unsuccessful drilling of the comet and deposition of surface material in the SD2 ovens, the measurements from the COSAC instrument were executed nominally. We describe an automated search for extremely small deviations from noise and discuss the possibility of a signal from ethylene glycol at m/z 31. Arguments for and against this detection are listed, but the results remain inconclusive. Still, the successful operations of an analytical chemistry laboratory on a cometary nucleus gives great hope for the future of space exploration.
Published: 2022
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5. Back Cover: ESA's Cometary Mission Rosetta—Re‐Characterization of the COSAC Mass Spectrometry Results (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 29/2022)

Author: Guillaume Leseigneur, Jan Hendrik Bredehöft, Thomas Gautier, Chaitanya Giri, Harald Krüger, Alexandra J. MacDermott, Uwe J. Meierhenrich, Guillermo M. Muñoz Caro, François Raulin, Andrew Steele, Harald Steininger, Cyril Szopa, Wolfram Thiemann, Stephan Ulamec, and Fred Goesmann
Subjects: General Chemistry, Catalysis
Published: 2022
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6. ESA's Cometary Mission Rosetta—Re-Characterization of the COSAC Mass Spectrometry Results

Author: Guillaume Leseigneur, Jan Hendrik Bredehöft, Thomas Gautier, Chaitanya Giri, Harald Krüger, Alexandra J. MacDermott, Uwe J. Meierhenrich, Guillermo M. Muñoz Caro, François Raulin, Andrew Steele, Harald Steininger, Cyril Szopa, Wolfram Thiemann, Stephan Ulamec, Fred Goesmann, Institut de Chimie de Nice (ICN), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Institute for Applied and Physical Chemistry [Bremen] (IAPC), University of Bremen, PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Earth-Life Science Institute [Tokyo] (ELSI), Tokyo Institute of Technology [Tokyo] (TITECH), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, University of Houston [Clear Lake], Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid] (CAB), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Geophysical Laboratory [Carnegie Institution], Carnegie Institution for Science, Orbitale Hochtechnologie Bremen (OHB Systems AG), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Bonn] (DLR), G.L and U.M acknowledge the financial support of the ANR (ANR-15-IDEX-01 and ANR-18-CE29-0004). T.G. acknowledges the financial support from the Programme National de Planétologie (PNP) of CNRS/INSU co-funded by CNES and of the ANR (ANR-20-CE49-0004-01) for the development of the Monte-Carlo inversion method. G.M.M.C. acknowledges the Spanish MICINN under project PID2020-118 974GB-C21 (AEI/FEDER, UE) and the Unidad de Excelencia 'María de Maeztu' MDM-2017-0737—Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC)., ANR-15-IDEX-0001,UCA JEDI,Idex UCA JEDI(2015), and ANR-18-CE29-0004,AAAs,L'Asymétrie des Acides Aminés(2018)
Subjects: Rosetta Mission, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Comet, Rosetta, Comets, Chemical Composition, General Chemistry, Analytical Methods, Philae, Catalysis, Mass Spectrometry
Abstract: International audience; The most pristine material of the Solar System is assumed to be preserved in comets in the form of dust and ice as refractory matter. ESA’s mission Rosetta and its lander Philae had been developed to investigate the nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in situ. Twenty-five minutes after the initial touchdown of Philae on the surface of comet 67P in November 2014, a mass spectrum was recorded by the time-of-flight mass spectrometer COSAC onboard Philae. The new characterization of this mass spectrum through non-negative least squares fitting and Monte Carlo simulations reveals the chemical composition of comet 67P. A suite of 12 organic molecules, 9 of which also found in the original analysis of this data, exhibit high statistical probability to be present in the grains sampled from the cometary nucleus. These volatile molecules are among the most abundant in the comet’s chemical composition and represent an inventory of the first raw materials present in the early Solar System.
Published: 2022
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7. Dossier « L’économie circulaire : modes de gouvernance et développement territorial » – « La méthanisation, oui, mais pas chez moi ! » Une analyse du discours des acteurs dans la presse quotidienne régionale

Author: Philippe Jeanne, François Raulin, and Sébastien Bourdin
Subjects: territoire, analyse de discours, General Social Sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, lcsh:Social Sciences, lcsh:H, méthanisation, développement durable, conflits, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, lcsh:Q, lcsh:Science, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, General Environmental Science
Abstract: La transition énergétique est aujourd’hui considérée par les institutions nationales, européennes et internationales comme incontournable. Cependant, le déploiement des énergies renouvelables telles que la méthanisation peut être source de conflit. À partir d’un corpus d’articles issus de la presse quotidienne régionale, nous avons réalisé une analyse lexicométrique du discours des acteurs de la méthanisation afin de mieux comprendre les oppositions locales et d’identifier les leviers pour faciliter l’acceptation sociale. L’étude analyse les craintes et les principales méfiances liées à la méthanisation. Par conséquent, la territorialisation des projets d’unités de méthanisation nécessite de trouver de nouveaux compromis sociaux en conciliant l’intérêt général (la transition énergétique) et les intérêts singuliers (relatifs aux externalités des énergies vertes déployées).
Published: 2020
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8. Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer (MOMA) Flight Analog Activities in Preparation for ExoMars Surface Operations

Author: William B. Brinckerhoff, Fred Goesmann, François Raulin, Cyril Szopa, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Surface (mathematics), Spectrum analyzer, Materials science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Analytical chemistry, Molecule, Mars Exploration Program, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: The Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer (MOMA) investigation is part of the scientific payload of the ExoMars rover Rosalind Franklin that will arrive at Oxia Planum on Mars in June, 2023. MOMA is a dual-source (laser desorption, LD, and gas chromatography, GC) mass spectrometer (MS) that will analyze the organic chemical composition of collected samples in support of the ExoMars objective to seek the signs of life in the near subsurface (up to two meters depth) of Mars [1]. The dual-source design allows MOMA to provide broadly sensitive detection of organics over a range of molecular weights and volatilities, as well as probe structural patterns of martian molecules such as enantiomeric ratios or chain length biases in aliphatic moieties. A number of important MOMA activities are being carried out in preparation for ExoMars launch in 2022 and science mission beginning in mid-2023. These activities will optimize the readiness of all relevant MOMA hardware (both flight and reference) and of the full team for surface operation. These include development and certification of the MOMA Testbed Model that will serve as a flight reference instrument, analysis of Mars analog samples with MOMA laboratory capabilities, and preparation for data analysis, decision making, and risk management during the rover mission. The Testbed Model is a ground-based duplicate of the Flight Model (FM), serving a dual role as (i) an engineering reference for verification and validation of flight procedures and for diagnosing flight performance (including any off-nominal situations); and (ii) a science reference with direct traceability to the sensitivity, background, and other characteristics of the FM, with the potential to carry out selected analog studies for scientific interpretation of MOMA flight data. The Testbed must always retain full flight fidelity and be available on tactical (sol-to-sol) timeframes (more-or-less continuously) to serve its engineering reference functions. It can thus be used to test modified operational software scripts to be run subsequently on the FM. There is additionally a strong bias to maintaining the Testbed in a state of low chemical background and overall performance, comparable to the FM, to retain its ability to rule-in/out any detections of low-concentration organic compounds on Mars. As such the bar for introduction of complex Mars analog samples into the Testbed must be set very high, and must be managed responsibly over the mission duration. Only those analyses requiring the full fidelity of the FM, under simulated Mars ambient conditions, for interpretation of critical data products would normally be considered for significant scientific use of the Testbed. A variety of sample studies are conducted in MOMA team laboratories, including use of the Engineering Test Unit (ETU) which lacks the Mars thermal-vacuum (Mars ambient pressure) environmental facility of the Testbed but is otherwise a high-fidelity scientific performance reference of MOMA used for analysis of Mars analog materials. Some of the ongoing and planned ETU-based test campaigns include: (i) development of detailed protocols for collection of LD mass spectra, comparing point-by-point and multi-pulse averaging modes [2] and use of isolation and tandem mass spectrometry, or MS/MS, capabilities to inform chemical assignments; (ii) characterization of the dependence on geochemical (e.g. sample matrix) and environmental factors during analysis of organic compounds using derivatization and GCMS, to include a recently-upgraded GC ETU supporting flight-like column and gas processing line temperatures; and (iii) participation in ExoMars collaborative analysis campaigns, using additional shared analogs including designated “mission samples” (matching projected compositions at Oxia Planum), alongside other payload investigations such as the MicrOmega and Raman spectrometers of the Analytical Laboratory Drawer (ALD). In addition to developing and testing flight-like experimental resources, the MOMA team is actively involved in preparations for ExoMars operations across the spectrum of planning and training for telemetry management, science analysis, and decision-making roles and processes. Team members are participating in rover simulation and software tool training hosted by the Rover Operations Control Center (ROCC) managed by ALTEC SpA, Turin, Italy. As a nominal “end-point” analysis of collected samples during each Experiment Cycle and Vertical Survey campaign, MOMA has significant interest in collaborating fully with all rover scientific payload teams to develop target interpretations and prioritizations based on remote, contact, and collected-sample analyses. As such mission simulations merging and synchronizing strategic and tactical processes of increasing fidelity are critical. Within the context and structure of these rover-level interactions and flows, the MOMA team additionally is establishing a set of scenario- and data-based evaluation metrics and decision-making procedures to aid in efficient and robust science operations in line with overall MOMA analytical objectives. One line of science scenario preparation is understanding what aspects of sample characteristics and preliminary mineralogy, as determined by other rover instruments, will be used to set initial MOMA parameters for LDMS or GCMS runs. Such settings are empirically based on laboratory data as well as rover mission data up to that point. Any follow-up analyses by MOMA on the same sample, such as selection of a particular type of chemical derivatization and GC column, would similarly depend on advance understanding based on analog and flight data. The need for decision making preparation applies to non-optimal, unexpected, and/or anomalous situations as well as nominal operations. Given the few-hour turnaround for tactical decisions, to avoid the potential for loss of a sol MOMA is developing policies and procedures to determine the nature of the situation, and work in conjunction with the rover team to assess options, and to convey, through the MOMA PI and operations team, a recommended path forward, based on prior simulations and flight experience. Examples of such cases may include finding that less (or more) energy is available for a given MOMA run than planned, or more concerning, receiving anomalous data products (e.g., noise) or alarmed housekeeping values. The above activities, carried out across the MOMA team, provide critical inputs to the planned Operational Readiness Reviews in mid-2022 and allow the MOMA investigation and the ExoMars mission to meet its higher-level goals. Goesmann F et al. (2017) Astrobiology 17:655-685. https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2016.1551 Siljeström S et al. (2021) Astrobiology. https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2020.2368
Published: 2021
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9. Understanding the problems of biogas production deployment in different regions: territorial governance matters too

Author: Mathilde Colas, François Raulin, Sébastien Bourdin, École de Management de Normandie (EM Normandie), Centre de Recherches et d'Etudes Interdisciplinaires sur le Développement Durable (CREIDD), Institut Charles Delaunay (ICD), Université de Technologie de Troyes (UTT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Technologie de Troyes (UTT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Métis Lab EM Normandie
Subjects: anaerobic digestion, Natural resource economics, Geography, Planning and Development, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Opposition (politics), cooperation, 02 engineering and technology, territorial governance, 010501 environmental sciences, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, conflicts, Territorial governance, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Water Science and Technology, Biogas production, Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes, business.industry, proximity, 021107 urban & regional planning, Renewable energy, 13. Climate action, Software deployment, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Business
Abstract: International audience; Despite the climate emergency, there is still no consensus on renewable energies, which have to confront forms of social opposition that may well affect the success of any project (especially wind energy and biogas). We propose an original analytical framework to go beyond the nimbyist approach, combining the proximity theory and the exit-voice model. This enables us to examine the thinking adopted by biogas production stakeholders and the ensuing associations in order to identify and understand the obstacles to the development of joint biogas production projects. Taking further other theories that highlight the importance of place attachment and place identity, we show that the challenges linked to a project's territorial governance can explain conflicts that may lead the project initiators to abandon a biogas plant's construction. We show that considering the local residents' interests and including them in the participative procedures are not the only factors that count, but also, more generally, coordination between all of the stakeholders. Our paper also highlights the need for an intermediary actor to play the role of facilitator in organising different types of proximity.
Published: 2019
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10. Report of the Joint Workshop on Induced Special Regions

Author: Michael T. Mellon, David Beaty, Michael A. Meyer, Pericles Stabekis, Raina V. Gough, Mitchell D. Schulte, John D. Rummel, Richard C. Quinn, Catharine Conley, Clive R. Neal, Lindsay Hays, François Raulin, Robert Lindberg, Nilton O. Renno, Andrew Spry, Betsy Pugel, Timothy D. Glotch, Ingrid Feustel, Corien Bakermans, Nathan Yee, Karen Junge, Penelope J. Boston, Michael A. Mischna, Douglas Bernard, Alian Wang, and Vincent Chevrier
Subjects: Extraterrestrial Environment, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Planetary protection, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Planets, 01 natural sciences, Astrobiology, Life, Martian surface, 0103 physical sciences, Radioisotope thermoelectric generator, Spacecraft, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Radiation, Ecology, business.industry, Temperature, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Mars Exploration Program, Space Flight, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), Environmental science, Joint (building), business
Abstract: The Joint Workshop on Induced Special Regions convened scientists and planetary protection experts to assess the potential of inducing special regions through lander or rover activity. An Induced Special Region is defined as a place where the presence of the spacecraft could induce water activity and temperature to be sufficiently high and persist for long enough to plausibly harbor life. The questions the workshop participants addressed were: (1) What is a safe stand-off distance, or formula to derive a safe distance, to a purported special region? (2) Questions about RTGs (Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator), other heat sources, and their ability to induce special regions. (3) Is it possible to have an infected area on Mars that does not contaminate the rest of Mars? The workshop participants reached a general consensus addressing the posed questions, in summary: (1) While a spacecraft on the surface of Mars may not be able to explore a special region during the prime mission, the safe stand-off distance would decrease with time because the sterilizing environment, that is the martian surface would progressively clean the exposed surfaces. However, the analysis supporting such an exploration should ensure that the risk to exposing interior portions of the spacecraft (i.e., essentially unsterilized) to the martian surface is minimized. (2) An RTG at the surface of Mars would not create a Special Region but the short-term result depends on kinetics of melting, freezing, deliquescence, and desiccation. While a buried RTG could induce a Special Region, it would not pose a long-term contamination threat to Mars, with the possible exception of a migrating RTG in an icy deposit. (3) Induced Special Regions can allow microbial replication to occur (by definition), but such replication at the surface is unlikely to globally contaminate Mars. An induced subsurface Special Region would be isolated and microbial transport away from subsurface site is highly improbable.
Published: 2019
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11. On the (un)successful deployment of renewable energies: territorial context matters. A conceptual framework and an empirical analysis of biogas projects

Author: Clement Josset, Sébastien Bourdin, François Raulin, École de Management de Normandie (EM Normandie), and Métis Lab EM Normandie
Subjects: Economics and Econometrics, Government, Environmental Engineering, Process (engineering), Biogas, Context (language use), Subsidy, Energy transition, Environmental economics, Investment (macroeconomics), Territorial context, 7. Clean energy, 12. Responsible consumption, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, General Energy, Conceptual framework, 13. Climate action, Anaerobic digestion, 11. Sustainability, Business, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience; Given the goal set by the French government to open 1000 biogas plants by 2020, we believe it is important to investigate the factors linked to the success or failure of anaerobic digestion projects, especially as the inherent challenges mean that there are barely 300 in operation today. We thus developed a conceptual framework to help us to study territorial energy transition projects which we applied to an empirical analysis of the biogas production process. We conducted a quantitative study (logit model with 91 anaerobic digestion projects) and a qualitative study (49 semi-structured interviews and 455 articles from the regional daily press) to identify and understand the processes that anaerobic digestion projects go through for a successful outcome or, conversely, to ultimately fail. Our findings indicate that projects may be abandoned or interrupted due to the presence of a group of objectors who are often wary of such projects and do not trust the project leaders. Lack of anticipation and early dialogue tend to inhibit success. Furthermore, social acceptance appears to be correlated with proximity to the biogas plants but not to the size of the digester. Finally, operating and/or investment subsidies are seen to have a positive and significant effect on a project’s success. In this study, we highlight the need to implement place-based policies rather than one-size-fits-all policies to develop renewable energy in specific regions.
Published: 2020
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12. La methanisation oui, mais pas chez moi ! Une analyse du discours des acteurs

Author: Sebastien Bourdin, François Raulin, Philippe Jeanne, École de Management de Normandie (EM Normandie), Identités et Différenciation de l'Environnement des Espaces et des Sociétés (IDEES), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université Le Havre Normandie (ULH), Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire Homme et Société (IRIHS), Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), and Normandie Université (NU)
Subjects: ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2020

13. Vers l’amélioration de la marchabilité de la ville pour tous. Retour d’expérience sur l’aménagement de l’accessibilité autour d’un centre commercial à Montréal

Author: Tiiu Poldma, Sébastien Lord, Camille Butzbach, Paula Negron-Poblette, and François Raulin
Subjects: Global and Planetary Change, méthodes mixtes, shopping centre, mixed methods, post-occupancy evaluation, Geography, Planning and Development, centre commercial, environnement urbain, elderly, urban environment, évaluation post-occupationnelle, Urban Studies, personne âgée, marchabilité, Political science, Humanities, Urban environment, walkability
Abstract: Cette étude de terrain s’intéresse à l’accessibilité des personnes âgées à un centre commercial montréalais (nommé « Alexis Nihon ») pour lequel des aménagements accessibles ont été réalisés. Le centre commercial constitue un incitatif à la marche et est un lieu de rencontre pour les personnes âgées. Agir sur l’accessibilité à ce type de lieu dans la ville est susceptible de contribuer à leur mobilité et à leur maintien en santé. Cet article développe un cadre d’analyse utilisant l’approche de la « post-occupancy evaluation » (POE). Dans un premier temps, à l’aide de l’audit de marchabilité MAPPA et d’autres grilles d’observations, les parcours urbains de l’extérieur du centre commercial vers ses accès ont été évalués. Dans un second temps, nous avons confronté cette caractérisation avec le regard de personnes âgées fréquentant régulièrement ce centre commercial. Les résultats montrent la performance d’accessibilité urbaine des aménagements, même si plusieurs obstacles peuvent rendre l’expérience de marche des personnes âgées moins agréable, voire dangereuse. De ce fait, nous supposons que l’aménagement urbain aux abords des centres commerciaux doit favoriser la sociabilité du lieu (modes de vie des personnes âgées) et mieux arrimer cette destination avec le reste de la ville (mobilité). This article focuses on seniors’ accessibility to a Montreal shopping centre (Alexis Nihon) for which accessible design has been implemented. The shopping centre is both an incentive to walk and a meeting place for seniors. Acting on accessibility of this type of place in the city is likely to contribute to seniors’ mobility and health. This article develops an analytical framework using the post-occupancy evaluation (POE) approach. Initially, using the MAPPA walkability audit and other observation grids, urban routes toward the shopping centre as well its entrances were characterized. Secondly, we confronted this characterization to the point of view of seniors who regularly visit this shopping centre. The results show the performance of design adaptations around the destination in terms of urban accessibility, although several obstacles may make seniors’ walking experience less pleasant or even unsafe. As a result, we assume that urban development around shopping centres must promote the place sociability (seniors’ lifestyles) and better align this destination with the rest of the city (mobility).
Published: 2020

14. Dimerization of Uracil in a simulated Mars-like UV radiation environment

Author: Sara Mahfouf, Thomas Georgelin, Patrice Coll, François Raulin, Cyril Colas, Hervé Cottin, Fabien Stalport, Jérôme Lasne, Laura Rouquette, Cyril Szopa, Laura Selliez, Naila Chaouche-Mechidal, HAL UVSQ, Équipe, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de biophysique moléculaire (CBM), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface (LRS), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), and Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Extraterrestrial Environment, Ultraviolet Rays, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Mars, [SDU.ASTR.EP] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], 01 natural sciences, UV radiation, Nucleobase, Astrobiology, chemistry.chemical_compound, Martian surface, 0103 physical sciences, Exobiology, Molecule, Surface layer, Uracil, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Chemistry, Mars Exploration Program, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), Monomer, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Organic matter, Interplanetary spaceflight, Dimerization
Abstract: International audience; The search for organic molecules at the surface of Mars is a key objective in astrobiology, given that many organic compounds are possible biosignatures and their presence is of interest with regard to the habitability of Mars. Current environmental conditions at the martian surface are harsh and affect the stability of organic molecules. For this reason, and because current and future Mars rovers collect samples from the upper surface layer, it is important to assess the fate of organic molecules under the conditions at the martian surface. Here, we present an experimental study of the evolution of uracil when exposed to UV radiation, pressure, and temperature conditions representative of the surface of Mars. Uracil was selected because it is a nucleobase that composes RNA, and it has been detected in interplanetary bodies that could be the exogenous source of this molecule by meteoritic delivery to the surface of Mars. Our results show that the experimental quantum efficiency of photodecomposition of uracil is 0.16 ± 0.14 molecule/photon. Although these results suggest that uracil is quickly photodegraded when directly exposed to UV light on Mars, such exposure produces dimers that are more stable over time than the monomer. The identified dimers could be targets of interest for current and future Mars space missions.
Published: 2020
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15. The Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer (MOMA) Instrument: Characterization of Organic Material in Martian Sediments

Author: Andrej Grubisic, Caroline Freissinet, Jorge L. Vago, Fred Goesmann, Arnaud Buch, Xiang Li, Stephanie Getty, Ryan M. Danell, Fabien Stalport, John Robert Brucato, Mitchell D. Schulte, Ricardo Arevalo, Veronica Pinnick, William B. Brinckerhoff, Cyril Szopa, Noël Grand, Uwe J. Meierhenrich, Daniel P. Glavin, Harald Steininger, François Raulin, Walter Goetz, Robert Lindner, Friso H. W. van Amerom, Sandra Siljeström, Helge Mißbach, Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Danell Consulting Inc., RISE Bioscience and Materials/Chemistry and Materials, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux - EA 4038 (LGPM), CentraleSupélec, PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Chimie de Nice (ICN), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA), NASA Headquarters, INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri (OAA), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Mini-Mass Consulting, Inc., Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMPEC - LATMOS, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), and Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA)
Subjects: Martian, Spectrum analyzer, Mass spectrometry, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Special Collection of Papers: ExoMars Rover MissionGuest Editor: Jorge L. Vago, Chemistry, Planetary instrumentation, Mars, Mars Exploration Program, 01 natural sciences, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), [SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Astrobiology, Characterization (materials science), 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Life detection, Martian surface, 0103 physical sciences, Subsurface sediments, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing
Abstract: The Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer (MOMA) instrument onboard the ESA/Roscosmos ExoMars rover (to launch in July, 2020) will analyze volatile and refractory organic compounds in martian surface and subsurface sediments. In this study, we describe the design, current status of development, and analytical capabilities of the instrument. Data acquired on preliminary MOMA flight-like hardware and experimental setups are also presented, illustrating their contribution to the overall science return of the mission. Key Words: Mars—Mass spectrometry—Life detection—Planetary instrumentation. Astrobiology 17, 655–685., Table of Contents 1. Introduction: The Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer (MOMA) Investigation 2. Science Goals 3. Objectives and Requirements 4. Instrument Top-Level Description 5. Instrument Development 5.1. Team organization 5.2. Instrument integration flow 5.3. Instrument verification 5.4. Achieved milestones and deliveries 6. Instrument Subsystems 6.1. Oven and tapping station subsystems 6.1.1. Derivatization 6.1.1.1. MTBSTFA 6.1.1.2. DMF-DMA 6.1.2. Thermochemolysis 6.1.3. Wet chemistry: storage and release of chemical agents 6.2. Gas chromatograph subsystem 6.2.1. Design requirements 6.2.2. Design overview 6.2.2.1. General architecture 6.2.2.2. Injection system 6.2.2.3. Separation of volatiles 6.2.2.4. Detection of volatiles 6.2.2.5. Gas handling system 6.2.2.6. GCMS coupling campaigns 6.3. Laser subsystem 6.3.1. Design requirements 6.3.2. Laser architecture 6.3.3. Verification data 6.4. Mass spectrometer subsystem 6.4.1. Design requirements 6.4.2. Analyzer architecture 6.4.2.1. Linear Ion Trap assembly 6.4.2.2. Detection channels 6.4.2.3. Electron Ionization Source 6.4.2.4. Fast-actuating aperture valve 6.4.2.5. Micropirani pressure sensor 6.4.2.6. Wide-Range Pump 6.4.3. Temperature control 6.4.4. Driving electronics 7. Operation of MOMA on the Surface of Mars 7.1. Expected measurement scenarios 7.2. Sequenced operational modes 7.3. Synergy with other instruments 7.3.1. Data interpretation 7.4. LDMS operations on Mars and test experiments on LDMS prototype system 7.5. Test experiments on GCMS prototype system: a case study 7.5.1. Sample and setup 7.5.2. Methods 7.5.2.1. Stepwise pyrolysis 7.5.2.2. Derivatization/thermochemolysis 7.5.2.3. GCMS parameters 7.5.3. Results and discussion 7.5.3.1. Pyrolysis 7.5.3.2. Derivatization and thermochemolysis 8. Discussion 9. Summary Acknowledgments Author Disclosure Statement References Abbreviations Used
Published: 2017
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16. Special issue: Planetary protection: New aspects of policy and requirements

Author: Niklas Hedman, Athena Coustenis, François Raulin, Gerhard Kminek, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Planetary protection, Extraterrestrial Environment, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, International Cooperation, Public policy, Planets, Public Policy, 01 natural sciences, Planet, 0103 physical sciences, Humans, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Radiation, Ecology, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Congresses as Topic, Space Flight, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), Risk analysis (engineering), [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Environmental science, Space Research, Environmental Pollution, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2019
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17. The COSPAR Panel on Planetary Protection Role, Structure and Activities

Author: S. Tsuneta, J. Green, François Raulin, Alexander G. Hayes, E. Ammannito, L. Lei, M. Zaitsev, Michel Viso, P. Sreekumar, E. Deshevaya, Niklas Hedman, María-Paz Zorzano-Mier, Athena Coustenis, Peter T. Doran, Olivier Grasset, A. Nakamura, Gerhard Kminek, Olga Prieto-Ballesteros, Petra Rettberg, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Space Agency (ESA), and PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Committee on Space Research, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Planetary protection, media_common.quotation_subject, International standard, Aerospace Engineering, Outer space, Context (language use), International law, 16. Peace & justice, 01 natural sciences, Planetary Protection, COSPAR Panel on Planetary Protection, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Law, Political science, 0103 physical sciences, Treaty, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Outer Space Treaty, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common
Abstract: The exploration and use of outer space is the province of all humankind. This principle in Article I of the UN Outer Space Treaty guarantees the freedom to explore outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, without discrimination, and to carry out scientific investigations. This freedom, however, comes with a responsibility described in Article IX of the same Treaty. It states that space activities have to be conducted with due regard to the corresponding interests of all other States Parties to the Treaty. The avoidance of potentially harmful interference with activities of other States Parties is central. The harmful contamination of the Moon and other celestial bodies and the need to ensure safety of the Earth are highlighted in this context. With the entry into force of the Outer Space Treaty in 1967, planetary protection became part of international law. In observance of those treaty obligations, an international standard for planetary protection has been developed by the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) which provides a forum for international consultation and has formulated a Planetary Protection Policy with associated requirements that are put in place after examination of the most updated relevant scientific studies and recommendations made by the COSPAR Panel on Planetary Protection.
Published: 2019
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18. The Photochemistry on Space Station (PSS) Experiment: Organic Matter under Mars-like Surface UV Radiation Conditions in Low Earth Orbit

Author: Olivier Poch, Shanèle Payart, Didier Chaput, Tristan Dequaire, Laura Rouquette, Naila Chaouche-Mechidal, Maguy Jaber, Fabien Stalport, Cyril Szopa, Patrice Coll, François Raulin, Hervé Cottin, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Laboratoire d'Archéologie Moléculaire et Structurale (LAMS), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMPEC - LATMOS, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)
Subjects: Surface (mathematics), Extraterrestrial Environment, Spectrophotometry, Infrared, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Earth, Planet, Photochemistry, Ultraviolet Rays, Mars, Radiation, Space (mathematics), 01 natural sciences, Space exploration, Astrobiology, Low earth orbit, 0103 physical sciences, Organic matter, Organic Chemicals, Spacecraft, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, chemistry.chemical_classification, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Mars Exploration Program, ComputerSystemsOrganization_PROCESSORARCHITECTURES, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), EXPOSE, Kinetics, ComputingMethodologies_PATTERNRECOGNITION, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Environmental science, Half-Life
Abstract: International audience; The search for organic molecules at the surface of Mars is a top priority of the Mars Science Laboratory (NASA) and ExoMars 2020 (ESA) space missions. Their main goal is to search for past and/or present molecular compounds related to a potential prebiotic chemistry and/or a biological activity on the Red Planet. A key step to interpret their data is to characterize the preservation or the evolution of organic matter in the martian environmental conditions. Several laboratory experiments have been developed especially concerning the influence of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. However, the experimental UV sources do not perfectly reproduce the solar UV radiation reaching the surface of Mars. For this reason, the International Space Station (ISS) can be advantageously used to expose the same samples studied in the laboratory to UV radiation representative of martian conditions. Those laboratory simulations can be completed by experiments in low Earth orbit (LEO) outside the ISS. Our study was part of the Photochemistry on the Space Station experiment on board the EXPOSE-R2 facility that was kept outside the ISS from October 2014 to February 2016. Chrysene, adenine, and glycine, pure or deposited on an iron-rich amorphous mineral phase, were exposed to solar UV. The total duration of exposure to UV radiation is estimated to be in the 1250–1420 h range. Each sample was characterized prior to and after the flight by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. These measurements showed that all exposed samples were partially degraded. Their quantum efficiencies of photodecomposition were calculated in the 200–250 nm wavelength range. They range from 10−4 to 10−6 molecules·photon−1 for pure organic samples and from 10−2 to 10−5 molecules·photon−1 for organic samples shielded by the mineral phase. These results highlight that none of the tested organics are stable under LEO solar UV radiation conditions. The presence of an iron-rich mineral phase increases their degradation.
Published: 2019
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19. Titan

Author: Athena Coustenis and François Raulin
Published: 2019
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20. Abiotic Input of Fixed Nitrogen by Bolide Impacts to Gale Crater During the Hesperian: Insights From the Mars Science Laboratory

Author: Patrice Coll, Jennifer C. Stern, Daniel P. Glavin, Christopher P. McKay, Heather B. Franz, Paul R. Mahaffy, Jennifer L. Eigenbrode, P. Douglas Archer, Rafael Navarro-González, Arnaud Buch, Benny Prats, Michel Cabane, María Paz Zorzano-Mier, Charles Malespin, Caroline Freissinet, Ashwin Vasavada, Douglas W. Ming, J. V. Hogancamp, Richard V. Morris, José Antonio Rodríguez-Manfredi, Karina F. Navarro, Amy McAdam, Brad Sutter, F. Javier Martin-Torres, Sushil K. Atreya, François Raulin, Melissa G. Trainer, Pamela G. Conrad, Cyril Szopa, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (México), Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares [Mexico], Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México = National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Jacobs Technology ESCG, NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC), NASA, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux - EA 4038 (LGPM), CentraleSupélec, PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering [Luleå], Luleå University of Technology (LUT), Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid] (CAB), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMPEC - LATMOS, Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), and California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Noachian, chemistry.chemical_element, 01 natural sciences, Nitrogen, Atmosphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, Geophysics, chemistry, Nitrate, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Geochemistry and Petrology, Bolide, Environmental chemistry, Carbon dioxide, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Nitrogen fixation, Hesperian, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Molecular hydrogen (H2) from volcanic emissions is suggested to warm the Martian surface when carbon dioxide (CO2) levels dropped from the Noachian (4100 to 3700 Myr) to the Hesperian (3700 to 3000 Myr). Its presence is expected to shift the conversion of molecular nitrogen (N2) into different forms of fixed nitrogen (N). Here we present experimental data and theoretical calculations that investigate the efficiency of nitrogen fixation by bolide impacts in CO2‐N2 atmospheres with or without H2. Surprisingly, nitric oxide (NO) was produced more efficiently in 20% H2 in spite of being a reducing agent and not likely to increase the rate of nitrogen oxidation. Nevertheless, its presence led to a faster cooling of the shock wave raising the freeze‐out temperature of NO resulting in an enhanced yield. We estimate that the nitrogen fixation rate by bolide impacts varied from 7 × 10−4 to 2 × 10−3 g N·Myr−1·cm−2 and could imply fluvial concentration to explain the nitrogen (1.4 ± 0.7 g N·Myr−1·cm−2) detected as nitrite (NO2 −) and nitrate (NO3 −) by Curiosity at Yellowknife Bay. One possible explanation is that the nitrogen detected in the lacustrine sediments at Gale was deposited entirely on the crater's surface and was subsequently dissolved and transported by superficial and ground waters to the lake during favorable wet climatic conditions. The nitrogen content sharply decreases in younger sediments of the Murray formation suggesting a decline of H2 in the atmosphere and the rise of oxidizing conditions causing a shortage in the supply to putative microbial life., We acknowledge the NASA Mars Science Laboratory Program, Centre National d'Études Spatiales, the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (PAPIIT IN109416, IN111619, and PAPIME PE103216), and the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de México (CONACyT 220626) for their support.
Published: 2019
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21. Experimental phase function and degree of linear polarization of cometary dust analogues

Author: F. La Forgia, Alberto Cellino, Monica Lazzarin, E. Frattin, Gabriele Cremonese, François Raulin, Patrice Coll, Jesús Escobar-Cerezo, F. Moreno, Giampiero Naletto, Ivano Bertini, Olga Muñoz, J. Nava, J. C. Gómez Martín, D. Guirado, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, ITA, ESP, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), and Department of Physics
Subjects: STARDUST, THOLINS, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, T-MATRIX, Scattering, cometary dust analogues, phase function, linear polarization, PARTICULATE SURFACES, phase function, CV3 CHONDRITES, 0103 physical sciences, Phase function, PARTICLES, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Physics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), T matrix, Degree (graph theory), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Linear polarization, MINERALOGY, Astronomy and Astrophysics, cometary dust analogues, REFLECTANCE SPECTRA, 115 Astronomy, Space science, LIGHT-SCATTERING, 3. Good health, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Physics::Space Physics, 81P/WILD-2, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, linear polarization, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: We present experimental phase function and degree of linear polarization curves for seven samples of cometary dust analogues namely: ground pieces of Allende, DaG521, FRO95002, and FRO99040 meteorites, Mg-rich olivine and pyroxene, and a sample of organic tholins. The experimental curves have been obtained at the IAA Cosmic Dust Laboratory at a wavelength of 520 nm covering a phase angle range from 3 ◦ to 175 ◦ . We also provide values of the backscattering enhancement for our cometary analogue samples. The final goal of this work is to compare our experimental curves with observational data of comets and asteroids to better constrain the nature of cometary and asteroidal dust grains. All measured phase functions present the typical behaviour for μm-sized cosmic dust grains. Direct comparison with data provided by the OSIRIS/Rosetta camera for comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko reveals significant differences and supports the idea of a coma dominated by big chunks, larger than one micrometer. The polarization curves are qualitatively similar to ground-based observations of comets and asteroids. The position of the inversion polarization angle seems to be dependent on the composition of the grains. We find opposite dependence of the maximum of the polarization curve for grains sizes in the Rayleigh-resonance and geometric optics domains, respectively. © 2019 The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society., This work has been supported by the Plan Nacional de Astronomia y Astrofisica contract AYA2015-67152-R.
Published: 2019

22. Testing the capabilities of the Mars Organic Molecule Analyser (MOMA) chromatographic columns for the separation of organic compounds on Mars

Author: Melissa Guzman, Fabien Stalport, Arnaud Buch, Desmond Allen Kaplan, François Raulin, Cyril Szopa, Caroline Freissinet, PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux (LGPM), CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), KapScience LLC, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, Martian, Chromatography, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Resolution (mass spectrometry), Analyser, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Mars Exploration Program, 01 natural sciences, Hydrocarbon, chemistry, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Martian surface, 0103 physical sciences, Environmental science, Organic matter, Gas chromatography, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; Mars is our planetary neighbor and is now known to host trace levels of organic matter at its surface. However, little is known of the organic molecular composition or the survival potential for organic biosignatures, such as the enantiomeric excess of amino acids or the carbon chain patterns of lipid hydrocarbons, as a function of depth below the martian surface. The Mars Organic Molecule Analyser (MOMA) is an instrument onboard the Rosalind Franklin rover that is scheduled to be launched to Mars in the summer of 2020 as part of the ExoMars mission. This experiment includes a gas chromatograph instrument dedicated to the in situ analysis of organic molecules and their enantiomers present in martian samples collected by the rover at the surface down to 2 m depth. In order to evaluate the performance of the integrated chromatographic system which was selected for the flight model, experiments were carried out with a laboratory setup that reproduced the flight configuration and mimicked the in situ operating conditions. We show that the column instrument package can separate and detect a wide range of organic and inorganic volatile compounds, from noble gases to hydrocarbon chains with up to 29 carbon atoms (C29). We study the enantiomeric resolution of selected chiral chemical standards and compare our laboratory results to: i. tests performed with the same instrumental setup but using a natural sample spiked with amino acids in order to evaluate the influence of a mineral phase on the analysis, and ii. tests run on a MOMA engineering test unit (ETU) which is representative of the flight model. In each case, tests on the more complex sample and the more flight-like instrument allows a comparison with laboratory results, in order to confirm that laboratory data are reliable for supporting peak identification within flight data. The obtained results demonstrate the ability of the gas chromatographic subsystem to identify a wide range of organic and inorganic volatile compounds, including biomolecular signatures, within the constrained space operating conditions of MOMA. The results form a retention time and mass spectral database for MOMA which will be critical for analysis of the eventual flight data.
Published: 2020
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23. Searching for Traces of Life With the ExoMars Rover

Author: Oleg Korablev, M. Cristina De Sanctis, Jean-Luc Josset, Håkan Svedhem, Elliot Sefton-Nash, Frances Westall, Ralf Jaumann, Jorge L. Vago, Fred Goesmann, Gerhard Kminek, Fernando Rull, I. G. Mitrofanov, Pietro Baglioni, Andrew J. Coates, Daniel Rodionov, Valérie Ciarletti, ExoMars Team, François Raulin, Jean-Pierre Bibring, and William B. Brinckerhoff
Subjects: Martian, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Computer science, Payload, Sample processing, Mars, Mars Exploration Program, 01 natural sciences, Molecular biomarkers, ExoMars, Astrobiology, Search for life, 0103 physical sciences, Rover, Biosignatures, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Biomarkers, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: The second ExoMars mission will be launched in 2020 to target an ancient landing site interpreted to possess a strong potential for preserving the physical and chemical biosignatures of fossil martian microorganisms, if they existed there. The mission will deliver a lander with instruments designed for atmospheric and geophysical investigations and a rover tasked with searching for signs of extinct life. The ExoMars rover will be equipped with a drill to collect material from outcrops and at depth (between 0 and 2 m). This subsurface sampling capability, coupled with novel analytic instruments, will provide the best chance yet to gain access to and characterize molecular biomarkers. Starting with a brief discussion of the ExoMars program, this chapter concentrates on the ExoMars rover. We describe its scientific underpinnings, the rover configuration, its Pasteur payload, its drill, and its sample processing systems and present the reference surface mission. We conclude by addressing desirable scientific attributes of the landing-site region. Large sections of this chapter were published previously in the work by Vago et al. (2017) .
Published: 2018
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24. List of Contributors

Author: Abigail C. Allwood, Raymond E. Arvidson, Pietro Baglioni, David Beaty, Luther W. Beegle, Jeff A. Berger, Rohit Bhartia, Jean-Pierre Bibring, Janice L. Bishop, André Brack, William Brinckerhoff, Adrian J. Brown, Nathalie A. Cabrol, Sherry L. Cady, Jeffrey G. Catalano, Valérie Ciarletti, Andrew J. Coates, Alfonso Davila, M. Cristina De Sanctis, Richard C. Elphic, Kenneth A. Farley, Jack D. Farmer, David T. Flannery, Fred Goesmann, Edmond A. Grin, Virginia G. Gulick, Donat-Peter Häder, David Hamilton, Svein-Erik Hamran, Michael H. Hecht, Nancy W. Hinman, Joel A. Hurowitz, Ralf Jaumann, Jean-Luc Josset, Manuel de la Torre Juarez, Gerhard Kminek, Oleg Korablev, Sylvestre Maurice, Alfred S. McEwen, Christopher McKay, Sarah Milkovich, Igor Mitrofanov, Jeffrey Moersch, Nora Noffke, Cynthia Phillips, Richard Quinn, François Raulin, Daniel Rodionov, Jose A. Rodriguez-Manfredi, Fernando Rull, Elliot Sefton-Nash, John R. Skok, Pablo Sobron, Kathryn M. Stack, David Summers, Roger E. Summons, Håkan Svedhem, Luis Teodoro, Jorge L. Vago, Malcolm R. Walter, Kimberley Warren-Rhodes, Frances Westall, David S. Wettergreen, Roger C. Wiens, Kenneth H. Williford, Diane Winter, and Pierre Zippi
Published: 2018
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25. Low-Temperature Alkaline pH Hydrolysis of Oxygen-Free Titan Tholins: Carbonates' Impact

Author: Arnaud Buch, C. Brassé, François Raulin, Patrice Coll, Laboratoire inter-universitaire des systèmes atmosphèriques ( LISA ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 ( UPEC UP12 ) -Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ), Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux - EA 4038 ( LGPM ), CentraleSupélec, Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes ( Eco&Sols ), Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques ( Montpellier SupAgro ) -Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement ( CIRAD ) -Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier ( Montpellier SupAgro ), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux - EA 4038 (LGPM), and Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Oceans and Seas, Carbonates, chemistry.chemical_element, Alkalies, Titan's surface, 01 natural sciences, Oxygen, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Astrobiology, symbols.namesake, Hydrolysis, Titan tholins, 0103 physical sciences, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, Titan aerosols, Amino Acids, Atmosphere of Titan, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Chemical composition, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Aerosols, Life on Titan, [ SDU.STU.PL ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Planetology, Tholin, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), Cold Temperature, Chemical evolution, Saturn, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, symbols, Titan (rocket family)
Abstract: Titan, the largest moon of Saturn, is one of the key planetary objects in the field of exobiology. Its dense, nitrogen-rich atmosphere is the site of important organic chemistry. This paper focuses on the organic aerosols produced in Titan's atmosphere that play an important role in atmospheric and surface processes and in organic chemistry as it applies to exobiological interests. To produce reliable laboratory analogues of these aerosols, we developed, tested, and optimized a device for the synthesis of clean tholins. The potential chemical evolution of Titan aerosols at Titan's surface has been studied, in particular, the possible interaction between aerosols and putative ammonia-water cryomagma. Modeling of the formation of Saturn's atmosphere has permitted the characterization of a composition of salts in the subsurface ocean and cryolava. From this new and original chemical composition, a laboratory study of several hydrolyses of tholins was carried out. The results obtained show the formation of many organic compounds, among them, species identified only in the presence of salts. In addition, a list of potential precursors of these compounds was established, which could provide a database for research of the chemical composition of tholins and/or aerosols of Titan. Key Words: Titan tholins-Titan aerosols-Hydrolysis-Carbonates-Titan's surface. Astrobiology 17, 8-26.
Published: 2017
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26. Decay of COSAC and Ptolemy mass spectra at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Author: Cyril Szopa, Pascale Ehrenfreund, Harald Krüger, Thomas Gautier, Jan Hendrik Bredehöft, Stephan Ulamec, Chaitanya Giri, François Raulin, Harald Steininger, Ian Wright, Susan McKenna-Lawlor, Barbara Cozzoni, Fred Goesmann, Andrew Morse, Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Earth-Life Science Institute [Tokyo] (ELSI), Tokyo Institute of Technology [Tokyo] (TITECH), School of Physical Sciences [Milton Keynes], The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), Institut für Angewandte und Physikalische Chemie (IAPC), Universität Bremen, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Space Policy Institute [Washington], George Washington University (GW), Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology [GSFC] (CRESST), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires (PIIM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Space Technology Ireland Limited, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), German Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie, CNES, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics [Milton Keynes], The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU)-The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), The George Washington University (GW), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PLANETO - LATMOS, Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Universiteit Leiden, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Comet, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], astrobiology, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Mass spectrometry, Comets individual: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, Ion, Comet nucleus, 0103 physical sciences, space vehicles: instruments, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Physics, astrochemistry, comets: individual: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko - comets: General, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Regolith, Nutzerzentrum für Weltraumexperimente (MUSC), Comets: general, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Mass spectrum, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: The Rosetta lander Philae successfully landed on the nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko on 12 November 2014. Philae is equipped with two gas analyzers: The Cometary Sampling and Composition experiment (COSAC) and the gas chromatograph and mass spectrometer Ptolemy. On 12 to 14 November 2014 both instruments measured the organic composition of the comet nucleus material through seven measurements in sniffing mode during Philae's hopping and at its final landing site Abydos. We compare the temporal evolution of intensities of several ion species identified by both mass spectrometers. For COSAC this is the first analysis of the temporal behaviour of the measured ion species. All ion species showed the highest intensities in the first spectra measured by both instruments about 20 to 30 minutes after Philae's first touchdown at Agilkia, and a decay during the six consecutive measurements at Abydos. Both instruments measured a nearly identical decay of the water peak (m/z 18), and also CO (m/z 28) behaved similarly. In the COSAC measurements the peak at m/z 44 decays much slower than all the other ion species, including the water peak. In particular, the m/z 44 peak decays much slower in the COSAC measurements than in the Ptolemy data. This supports our earlier interpretation that COSAC for the first time analyzed a regolith sample from a cometary nucleus in situ, while Ptolemy measured cometary gas from the ambient coma. The m/z 44 peak measured by COSAC was likely dominated by organic species, whereas the peak measured by Ptolemy was interpreted to be mostly due to $CO_2$. Ion species heavier than m/z 30 tend to decay somewhat slower in the COSAC measurements than in the Ptolemy data, which may be related to differences in the exhaust designs between both instruments., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, Astronomy and Astrophysics in press
Published: 2017
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27. Habitability on Early Mars and the Search for Biosignatures with the ExoMars Rover

Author: Jorge L. Vago, Frances Westall, null Pasteur Instrument Teams, Landing S, Andrew J. Coates, Ralf Jaumann, Oleg Korablev, Valérie Ciarletti, Igor Mitrofanov, Jean-Luc Josset, Maria Cristina De Sanctis, Jean-Pierre Bibring, Fernando Rull, Fred Goesmann, Harald Steininger, Walter Goetz, William Brinckerhoff, Cyril Szopa, François Raulin, Howell G. M. Edwards, Lyle G. Whyte, Alberto G. Fairén, John Bridges, Ernst Hauber, Gian Gabriele Ori, Stephanie Werner, Damien Loizeau, Ruslan O. Kuzmin, Rebecca M. E. Williams, Jessica Flahaut, François Forget, Daniel Rodionov, Håkan Svedhem, Elliot Sefton-Nash, Gerhard Kminek, Leila Lorenzoni, Luc Joudrier, Viktor Mikhailov, Alexander Zashchirinskiy, Sergei Alexashkin, Fabio Calantropio, Andrea Merlo, Pantelis Poulakis, Olivier Witasse, Olivier Bayle, Silvia Bayón, Uwe Meierhenrich, John Carter, Juan Manuel García-Ruiz, Pietro Baglioni, Albert Haldemann, Andrew J. Ball, André Debus, Robert Lindner, Frédéric Haessig, David Monteiro, Roland Trautner, Christoph Voland, Pierre Rebeyre, Duncan Goulty, Frédéric Didot, Stephen Durrant, Eric Zekri, Detlef Koschny, Andrea Toni, Gianfranco Visentin, Martin Zwick, Michel van Winnendael, Martín Azkarate, Christophe Carreau, null the ExoMars Project Team, European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), Centre de biophysique moléculaire (CBM), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Mullard Space Science Laboratory (MSSL), University College of London [London] (UCL), DLR Institut für Planetenforschung, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Berlin] (DLR), Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IKI), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Space Exploration Institute [Neuchâtel] (SPACE - X), Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali - INAF (IAPS), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Universidad de Valladolid [Valladolid] (UVa), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chemical and Forensic Sciences [Bradford], University of Bradford, McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid] (CAB), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Space Research Centre [Leicester], University of Leicester, Freie Universität Berlin, International Research School of Planetary Sciences [Pescara] (IRSPS), Università degli studi 'G. d'Annunzio' Chieti-Pescara [Chieti-Pescara] (Ud'A), Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics [Oslo] (CEED), Department of Geosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement (LGL-TPE), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry (GEOKHI), Planetary Science Institute [Tucson] (PSI), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Central Scientific Research Institute for Machine Building [Korolev] (TsNIIMASH), Russian Federal Space Agency, NPO S. Lavochkin (Khimki), Thales Alenia Space Italia, Institut de Chimie de Nice (ICN), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), European Space Agency (ESA), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement [Lyon] (LGL-TPE), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMPEC - LATMOS, Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chemical and Forensic Sciences, McGill University, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC)-Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), and Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Habitability, Payload, Special Collection of Papers: ExoMars Rover MissionGuest Editor: Jorge L. Vago, Landing sites, Context (language use), Mars Exploration Program, Astrobiology, 01 natural sciences, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), Mars rover, ExoMars, [SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Planetengeologie, Search for life, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, Biosignature, Biosignatures, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Finally, we would like to recognize the help and support of ESA, Roscosmos, the European states and agencies participating in the ExoMars program, and NASA. We really are doing this together for the benefit of all., The second ExoMars mission will be launched in 2020 to target an ancient location interpreted to have strong potential for past habitability and for preserving physical and chemical biosignatures (as well as abiotic/prebiotic organics). The mission will deliver a lander with instruments for atmospheric and geophysical investigations and a rover tasked with searching for signs of extinct life. The ExoMars rover will be equipped with a drill to collect material from outcrops and at depth down to 2 m. This subsurface sampling capability will provide the best chance yet to gain access to chemical biosignatures. Using the powerful Pasteur payload instruments, the ExoMars science team will conduct a holistic search for traces of life and seek corroborating geological context information., European Space Agency, Roscosmos, ExoMars program, National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA)
Published: 2017
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28. Temperatures, winds, and composition in the saturnian system

Author: Gordon L. Bjoraker, John C. Pearl, Daniel Gautier, Tobias Owen, R. K. Achterberg, Nicholas A Teanby, S. B. Calcutt, V. G. Kunde, Athena Coustenis, C. Ferrari, Mark R. Showalter, Antonella Barucci, Neil Bowles, E. H. Wishnow, Patrick G. J. Irwin, B. Wallis, Linda Spilker, Regis Courtin, John R. Spencer, Scott G. Edgington, F. M. Flasar, Conor A. Nixon, M. E. Segura, Peter L. Read, Amy A. Simon-Miller, Thierry Fouchet, S. Pilorz, Bruno Bézard, Paul N. Romani, A. A. Mamoutkine, Paul J. Schinder, Emmanuel Lellouch, Robert E. Samuelson, Barney J. Conrath, Ronald Carlson, Peter J. Gierasch, Mian M. Abbas, John C. Brasunas, François Raulin, R. Prangé, Fredric W. Taylor, Glenn S. Orton, D. E. Jennings, Darrell F. Strobel, A. Marten, Peter A. R. Ade, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Physique des plasmas, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Pôle Planétologie du LESIA, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology (JPL), Department of Space Studies, Southwest Research Institute, Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, QSS Group, NASA Ames Research Center (NASA Ames), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Marshall Space Flight Center, NASA, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Department of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), and Cardiff University
Subjects: Extraterrestrial Environment, Wind, Atmospheric sciences, Atmosphere, Jupiter, Saturn, Radiative transfer, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Spacecraft, Stratosphere, Saturn's hexagon, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Multidisciplinary, Spectrum Analysis, Temperature, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Atmospheric temperature, Regolith, Carbon, Physics::Space Physics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Methane, Geology, Hydrogen
Abstract: International audience; Stratospheric temperatures on Saturn imply a strong decay of the equatorial winds with altitude. If the decrease in winds reported from recent Hubble Space Telescope images is not a temporal change, then the features tracked must have been at least 130 kilometers higher than in earlier studies. Saturn's south polar stratosphere is warmer than predicted from simple radiative models. The C/H ratio on Saturn is seven times solar, twice Jupiter's. Saturn's ring temperatures have radial variations down to the smallest scale resolved (100 kilometers). Diurnal surface temperature variations on Phoebe suggest a more porous regolith than on the jovian satellites.
Published: 2016
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29. MOMA: the challenge to search for organics and biosignatures on Mars

Author: Ryan M. Danell, Daniel P. Glavin, Cyril Szopa, Fred Goesmann, F. H. W. van Amerom, Andrej Grubisic, Ricardo Arevalo, Fabien Stalport, Veronica Pinnick, Xiaojian Li, Harald Steininger, Walter Goetz, Stephanie Getty, William B. Brinckerhoff, Caroline Freissinet, Sandra Siljeström, François Raulin, Uwe J. Meierhenrich, Noël Grand, John Robert Brucato, Arnaud Buch, Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux - EA 4038 (LGPM), CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Danell Consulting Inc., Mini-Mass Consulting, Inc., Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Chimie de Nice (ICN), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri (OAA), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PLANETO - LATMOS, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), and COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)
Subjects: life, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), ExoMars rover, organic, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Mars, MOMA, Mars Exploration Program, perchlorate, 01 natural sciences, Astrobiology, biosignature, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, Biosignature, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Environmental science, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: This paper describes strategies to search for, detect, and identify organic material on the surface and subsurface of Mars. The strategies described include those applied by landed missions in the past and those that will be applied in the future. The value and role of ESA's ExoMars rover and of her key science instrument Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer (MOMA) are critically assessed.
Published: 2016
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30. High-molecular-weight organic matter in the particles of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko

Author: Harald Krüger, Jochen Kissel, H. Henkel, Anais Bardyn, Albrecht Glasmachers, François-Régis Orthous-Daunay, Hervé Cottin, Elmar K. Jessberger, Eberhard Grün, Harry Lehto, François Raulin, Kirsi Lehto, Kurt Varmuza, Sihane Merouane, Nicolas Fray, H. Höfner, Yves Langevin, Luigi Colangeli, Laurent Thirkell, Kathrin Altwegg, Andreas Koch, Johan Silen, Gerhard Haerendel, Léna Le Roy, Jouni Rynö, Christelle Briois, Paola Modica, Oliver Stenzel, Klaus Torkar, Donia Baklouti, Karl-Peter Wanczek, Martin Hilchenbach, Thomas Stephan, John Paquette, R. Thomas, Rita Schulz, Klaus Hornung, Henning Fischer, Cécile Engrand, W. Steiger, Sandra Siljeström, B. Zaprudin, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA), Centre de Sciences Nucléaires et de Sciences de la Matière (CSNSM AS), Université Paris-Saclay-Univ. Paris-Sud-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Climate and Environmental Physics [Bern] (CEP), Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik (MPIK), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Institut für Strömungsmechanik und Aerodynamik (LRT-7), Universität der Bundeswehr München [Neubiberg], Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Finnish Meteorological Institute Observation Services, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Department of Chemistry, Materials and Surfaces [Boras], SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Department of Geophysical Sciences [Chicago], University of Chicago, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Saclay-Univ. Paris-Sud, Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire inter-universitaire des systèmes atmosphèriques ( LISA ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 ( UPEC UP12 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace ( LPC2E ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université d'Orléans ( UO ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ), Center for Space and Habitability ( CSH ), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale ( IAS ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), European Space Research and Technology Centre ( ESTEC ), European Space Agency ( ESA ), Centre de Sciences Nucléaires et de Sciences de la Matière ( CSNSM AS ), Université Paris-Saclay-Univ. Paris-Sud-CNRS/IN2P3, Climate and Environmental Physics [Bern], Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik ( MPIK ), Institut für Strömungsmechanik und Aerodynamik ( LRT-7 ), Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research ( MPS ), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung ( MPS ), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble ( IPAG ), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble ( OSUG ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ) -Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans ( LMV ), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 ( UBP ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] ( UJM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, Institute of Marine Research, Science Faculty, Department Biology, Padualaan 8, Utrecht University [Utrecht], The University of Chicago, Department of the Geophysical Sciences ( THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ), and The Univerity of Chicago, Department of the Geophysical Sciences
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, Multidisciplinary, ta115, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Hydrogen, Comet dust, chemistry.chemical_element, Methods• References• Acknowledgements• Author information• Extended data figures and tables, 01 natural sciences, Astrobiology, Interstellar medium, chemistry, Meteorite, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Carbonaceous chondrite, 0103 physical sciences, Sublimation (phase transition), Organic matter, Formation and evolution of the Solar System, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, [ SDU ] Sciences of the Universe [physics], 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; The presence of solid carbonaceous matter in cometary dust was established by the detection of elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen in particles from comet 1P/Halley1, 2. Such matter is generally thought to have originated in the interstellar medium3, but it might have formed in the solar nebula—the cloud of gas and dust that was left over after the Sun formed4. This solid carbonaceous material cannot be observed from Earth, so it has eluded unambiguous characterization5. Many gaseous organic molecules, however, have been observed6, 7, 8, 9; they come mostly from the sublimation of ices at the surface or in the subsurface of cometary nuclei8. These ices could have been formed from material inherited from the interstellar medium that suffered little processing in the solar nebula10. Here we report the in situ detection of solid organic matter in the dust particles emitted by comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko; the carbon in this organic material is bound in very large macromolecular compounds, analogous to the insoluble organic matter found in the carbonaceous chondrite meteorites11, 12. The organic matter in meteorites might have formed in the interstellar medium and/or the solar nebula, but was almost certainly modified in the meteorites’ parent bodies11. We conclude that the observed cometary carbonaceous solid matter could have the same origin as the meteoritic insoluble organic matter, but suffered less modification before and/or after being incorporated into the comet.
Published: 2016
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31. Interpretation of COSAC mass spectrometer data acquired during Rosetta's Lutetia fly-by 10 July 2010

Author: Fred Goesmann, Reinhard Roll, François Raulin, Jan Hendrik Bredehöft, Wolfram Thiemann, Uwe J. Meierhenrich, Cyril Szopa, Guillermo M. Muñoz Caro, Susan McKenna-Lawlor, Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Space Technology Ireland Limited, Institut für Angewandte und Physikalische Chemie (IAPC), Universität Bremen, Laboratoire de Chimie des Molécules Bioactives et des Arômes (LCMBA), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid] (CAB), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), and IMPEC - LATMOS
Subjects: [PHYS.ASTR.IM]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Context (language use), Astrophysics, Mass spectrometry, 01 natural sciences, Rosetta, 0103 physical sciences, Gas analysis, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, COSAC, Spacecraft, business.industry, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Slight change, Lutetia, Philae, [SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Space and Planetary Science, Asteroid, Mass spectrum, business, Exosphere
Abstract: On 10 July 2010 the Rosetta spacecraft flew-by asteroid Lutetia. At that time all the mass spectrometers in the payload of the Philae Lander capable of gas analysis were in operation. Among these, the COSAC (Cometary Sampling and Composition) experiment is a gas-chromatograph mass spectrometer which was switched on twice during the fly-by, once 3 h prior to Closest Approach for 126 s and 1 h afterwards for 126 s. The instrument performed well and two mass spectra were obtained from which the composition of the gas phase was evaluated. These spectra show no evidence of the presence of an exosphere at Lutetia. The most likely interpretation of the records is that traces of residual gas from Philae and from COSAC itself were recorded, with a slight change in composition between the two measurements. A mean upper pressure limit inside COSAC derived from the two measurements is of the order of 5×10−9 mbar. This is the highest limit quoted by the various onboard instruments but is explicable in the context that COSAC was designed to operate in environments characterized by relatively higher pressure. The COSAC results are in line with those of the other Rosetta instruments that made measurements during the fly-by (see other papers in this issue).
Published: 2012
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32. Penetrators for in situ subsurface investigations of Europa

Author: Adrian P. Jones, W. J. Karl, Jan-Peter Muller, R. A. Gowen, Richard M. Ambrosi, Mark A. Sephton, Axel Hagermann, Frank Sohl, Geraint H. Jones, Mark R. Sims, G. Kargl, G.W. Fraser, Véronique Dehant, Simeon Barber, D. Pullan, Hauke Hussmann, A. G. Mukherjee, Leonid I. Gurvits, Ernesto Palomba, Andrew J. Coates, Michael C. Storrie-Lombardi, O. Karatekin, Olga Prieto-Ballesteros, Alan Smith, François Raulin, Glyn Collinson, N. Wells, L. Richter, Joshua F. Snape, Peter Grindrod, Ralf Jaumann, Andrew David Griffiths, Andrew Dominic Fortes, Julian Chela-Flores, Andy Phipps, Katarina Miljković, J. Sykes, Yang Gao, Philip Church, Katherine H. Joy, J. Fielding, Ian A. Crawford, Patrick Brown, Antonella Macagnano, Gareth S. Collins, William T. Pike, and Simon Sheridan
Subjects: Seismometer, Moons of Jupiter, Atmospheric Science, Penetrators, Habitability, Payload, Aerospace Engineering, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrobiology, Biological materials, Geophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Systems architecture, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Surface element, EJSM, Europa, Heat flow, Geology
Abstract: We present the scientific case for inclusion of penetrators into the Europan surface, and the candidate instruments which could significantly enhance the scientific return of the joint ESA/NASA Europa-Jupiter System Mission (EJSM). Moreover, a surface element would provide an exciting and inspirational mission highlight which would encourage public and political support for the mission. Whilst many of the EJSM science goals can be achieved from the proposed orbital platform, only surface elements can provide key exploration capabilities including direct chemical sampling and associated astrobiological material detection, and sensitive habitability determination. A targeted landing site of upwelled material could provide access to potential biological material originating from deep beneath the ice. Penetrators can also enable more capable geophysical investigations of Europa (and Ganymede) interior body structures, mineralogy, mechanical, magnetic, electrical and thermal properties. They would provide ground truth, not just for the orbital observations of Europa, but could also improve confidence of interpretation of observations of the other Jovian moons. Additionally, penetrators on both Europa and Ganymede, would allow valuable comparison of these worlds, and gather significant information relevant to future landed missions. The advocated low mass penetrators also offer a comparatively low cost method of achieving these important science goals. A payload of two penetrators is proposed to provide redundancy, and improve scientific return, including enhanced networked seismometer performance and diversity of sampled regions. We also describe the associated candidate instruments, penetrator system architecture, and technical challenges for such penetrators, and include their current status and future development plans.
Published: 2011
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33. UVolution, a photochemistry experiment in low earth orbit: Investigation of the photostability of carbonates exposed to martian-like UV radiation conditions

Author: Alain Person, François Raulin, Audrey Noblet, Hervé Cottin, Didier Chaput, Fabien Stalport, Yuan Yong Guan, Frederique Macari, Patrice Coll, Cyril Szopa, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Sciences de la Terre de Paris (iSTeP), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and PLANETO - LATMOS
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Carbonates, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Mars, Radiation, 01 natural sciences, UV radiation, Astrobiology, Atmosphere, Low earth orbit, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Martian, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Mars Exploration Program, Laboratory results, BIOPAN, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Low Earth orbit, Biominerals, Environmental science, Laboratory experiment
Abstract: International audience; The detection and identification of carbonates on Mars are of prime importance to establish the evolution of its atmosphere, correlated to the history of the liquid water, or even to determine the existence of a possible ancient biological activity. To date, no large deposits of carbonates have been found. In fact, their detection is specific to local areas and in very low amounts. The absence of such deposits is commonly attributed to the harsh environmental conditions at the surface of Mars. Additionally, the presence of UV radiation has been proposed to explain their photodecomposition and hence their absence. However, contradictory results from laboratory experiments mimicking Mars' surface UV radiation did not resolve the behaviour of carbonates in such an environment, which is why we exposed, in low Earth orbit and in laboratory experiments, both abiotic and biotic calcium carbonates to UV radiation of wavelength above 200 nm, the same spectral distribution as the one reaching the surface of Mars. For low Earth orbit (LEO) exposure, this was done for the UVolution experiment on board the BIOPAN ESA module, which was set outside a Russian Foton automated capsule, and exposed to space conditions for 12 days in September 2007. The targeted carbonates are biominerals and abiotic samples. Our laboratory results mainly show that the exposed carbonates appear to be stable to UV radiation if directly exposed to it. The LEO experiment results tend to the same conclusion, but the integrated exposition time to Solar UV during the experiment is not sufficient to be conclusive. However, the stability of the biominerals derived from the laboratory experiment could strengthen the interest to explore deeper their potential as life records at Mars. Hence, they should be considered as primary targets for in situ analyses during future missions.
Published: 2010
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34. UVolution: Compared photochemistry of prebiotic organic compounds in low Earth orbit and in the laboratory

Author: Didier Chaput, Nicolas Fray, Patrice Coll, Frederique Macari, Yuan Yong Guan, Hervé Cottin, and François Raulin
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, Solar System, Earth's orbit, Materials science, Photodissociation, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Radiation, Photochemistry, BIOPAN, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Space and Planetary Science, Extraterrestrial life, Organic matter, Carbon suboxide
Abstract: Solar UV radiation is a major source of energy for chemical evolution of organic materials in the Solar System. Therefore studies on the photostability of organic compounds in extraterrestrial environments are of prime importance for the understanding of the extraterrestrial origin of organic materials on Earth. A series of organic samples have been photolysed in Earth orbit during the ESA BIOPAN 6 mission (14–26/09/2007). Their photochemical lifetime has been measured and compared to results recorded in the laboratory using a lamp that simulates the solar radiation in the VUV domain. The half-lives at a distance of 1 AU from the Sun have been measured for glycine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, adenine, guanine, urea, carbon suboxide polymer ((C 3 O 2 ) n ) and HCN polymer. They range from a few days to a lower limit of a few tens of days for the most photoresistant (e.g. adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine). Lifetimes measured in terrestrial orbit are very different from those derived with laboratory experiments. These measurements confirm that it is difficult to simulate the solar spectrum below 200 nm in the laboratory. Results are discussed and highlight the necessity to conduct experiments in orbit, and for longer duration. It also appears that the laboratory measurements made in VUV must be extrapolated very cautiously to the different environments they are supposed to simulate.
Published: 2010
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35. Radiolysis and Photolysis of Icy Satellite Surfaces: Experiments and Theory

Author: Robert W. Carlson, Patrice Coll, Raúl A. Baragiola, Kevin P. Hand, François Raulin, Robert E. Johnson, T. A. Cassidy, and Mark J. Loeffler
Subjects: Atmosphere, Materials science, Space and Planetary Science, Ionization, Radiolysis, Photodissociation, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Tholin, Irradiation, Atomic physics, Photochemistry, Ion, Ionizing radiation
Abstract: The transport and exchange of material between bodies in the outer solar system is often facilitated by their exposure to ionizing radiation. With this in mind we review the effects of energetic ions, electrons and UV photons on materials present in the outer solar system. We consider radiolysis, photolysis, and sputtering of low temperature solids. Radiolysis and photolysis are the chemistry that follows the bond breaking and ionization produced by incident radiation, producing, e.g., O2 and H2 from irradiated H2O ice. Sputtering is the ejection of molecules by incident radiation. Both processes are particularly effective on ices in the outer solar system. Materials reviewed include H2O ice, sulfur-containing compounds (such as S02 and S8), carbon~contajning compounds (such as CH4), nitrogen-containing compounds (such as NH3 and N2), and mixtures of those compounds. We also review the effects of ionizing radiation on a mixture of N2 and CH4 gases, as appropriate to Titan's upper atmosphere, where radiolysis and photolysis produce complex organic compounds (tholins).
Published: 2010
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36. Exobiology and Planetary Protection of icy moons

Author: Kevin P. Hand, Michel Viso, François Raulin, and Christopher P. McKay
Subjects: Solar System, Planetary science, Outer planets, Planetary protection, Space and Planetary Science, Extraterrestrial life, Natural satellite habitability, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Enceladus, Icy moon, Geology, Astrobiology
Abstract: The outer solar system is an important area of investigation for exobiology, the study of life in the universe. Several moons of the outer planets involve processes and structures comparable to those thought to have played an important role in the emergence of life on Earth, such as the formation and exchange of organic materials between different reservoirs. The study of these prebiotic processes on, and in, outer solar system moons is a key goal for exobiology, together with the question of habitability and the search for evidence of past or even present life. This chapter reviews the aspects of prebiotic chemistry and potential presence of life on Europa, Enceladus and Titan, based on the most recent data obtained from space missions as well as theoretical and experimental laboratory models. The habitability of these extraterrestrial environments, which are likely to include large reservoirs of liquid water in their internal structure, is discussed as well as the particular case of Titan’s hydrocarbon lakes. The question of planetary protection, especially in the case of Europa, is also presented.
Published: 2010
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37. Results from the Huygens probe on Titan

Author: Athena Coustenis, Jonathan I. Lunine, Tobias Owen, Jean-Pierre Lebreton, François Raulin, Darrell F. Strobel, ESA-ESTEC, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Pôle Planétologie du LESIA, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [University of Arizona] (LPL), University of Arizona, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Johns Hopkins University, and Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA)
Subjects: Exploration of Saturn, Physics, Spacecraft, business.industry, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Space exploration, law.invention, Astrobiology, symbols.namesake, Orbiter, Planetary science, Space and Planetary Science, law, symbols, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], business, Titan (rocket family)
Abstract: International audience; The Cassini-Huygens mission, comprising the NASA Saturn Orbiter and the ESA Huygens Probe, arrived at Saturn in late June 2004. The Huygens probe descended under parachute in Titan's atmosphere on 14 January 2005, 3 weeks after separation from the Orbiter. We discuss here the breakthroughs that the Huygens probe, in conjunction with the Cassini spacecraft, brought to Titan science. We review the achievements ESA's Huygens probe put forward and the context in which it operated. The findings include new localized information on several aspects of Titan science: the atmospheric structure and chemical composition; the aerosols distribution and content; the surface morphology and composition at the probe's landing site; the winds, the electrical properties, and the implications on the origin and evolution of the satellite.
Published: 2009
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38. TandEM: Titan and Enceladus mission

Author: J. E. Blamont, Tobias Owen, Michael Küppers, Xenophon Moussas, Robert H. Brown, Nicole Schmitz, Sascha Kempf, C. Menor Salvan, T. W. Haltigin, Olivier Grasset, Roger V. Yelle, Wayne H. Pollard, Daniel Gautier, Paul R. Mahaffy, Joe Pitman, Iannis Dandouras, Daphne Stam, John C. Zarnecki, Bruno Sicardy, Georges Durry, Jesús Martínez-Frías, Norbert Krupp, S. Le Mouélic, Matthias Grott, Sébastien Lebonnois, T. Krimigis, Elizabeth P. Turtle, Alain Herique, Linda Spilker, Ralph D. Lorenz, Maria Teresa Capria, M. Combes, John F. Cooper, O. Mousis, Joachim Saur, Wlodek Kofman, J. Bouman, M. Paetzold, Hojatollah Vali, C. Dunford, Sushil K. Atreya, Eric Chassefière, I. de Pater, T. B. McCord, Bruno Bézard, Gabriel Tobie, Catherine D. Neish, M. Ruiz Bermejo, Sergei Pogrebenko, Kim Reh, Athena Coustenis, Ralf Jaumann, Angioletta Coradini, Leonid I. Gurvits, Andrew J. Coates, Tibor S. Balint, H. Hussmann, E. Choi, Ioannis A. Daglis, Edward C. Sittler, Emmanuel Lellouch, Robert A. West, L. Boireau, E.F. Young, Timothy A. Livengood, Cesar Bertucci, Martin G. Tomasko, M. Fujimoto, Ingo Müller-Wodarg, Yves Bénilan, Wing-Huen Ip, Marina Galand, Darrell F. Strobel, Cyril Szopa, Pascal Rannou, D. G. Mitchell, Mark Leese, Véronique Vuitton, P. Annan, Tetsuya Tokano, Caitlin A. Griffith, Conor A. Nixon, Stephen A. Ledvina, Karoly Szego, Andrew Morse, Panayotis Lavvas, Luisa Lara, C. de Bergh, Jonathan I. Lunine, R. A. Gowen, Katrin Stephan, Jianping Li, Glenn S. Orton, Michel Blanc, Esa Kallio, Ronan Modolo, M. Hirtzig, Helmut Lammer, Nicholas Achilleos, D. Nna Mvondo, Frank Sohl, M. Nakamura, Andrew Steele, C. C. Porco, Marcello Fulchignoni, Gordon L. Bjoraker, Olga Prieto-Ballesteros, J. J. López-Moreno, Andrew Dominic Fortes, Rafael Rodrigo, Patrice Coll, Francesca Ferri, François Raulin, Tom Spilker, F. J. Crary, J. H. Waite, Dirk Schulze-Makuch, Thomas E. Cravens, Kevin H. Baines, C. P. McKay, L. Richter, D. Luz, David H. Atkinson, Martin Knapmeyer, Robert E. Johnson, D. Fairbrother, F. M. Flasar, Roland Thissen, Paul N. Romani, Sebastien Rodriguez, Urs Mall, Paul M. Schenk, Franck Hersant, R. Koop, Odile Dutuit, I. Vardavas, T. Kostiuk, Ricardo Amils, Konrad Schwingenschuh, Robert V. Frampton, Fritz M. Neubauer, Jan-Erik Wahlund, L. A. Soderblom, Michele K. Dougherty, Anna Milillo, Frank T. Robb, Bernard Schmitt, Christophe Sotin, Michel Cabane, A. Selig, Bernard Marty, Yves Langevin, Rosaly M. C. Lopes, Emmanuel T. Sarris, E. De Angelis, D. Toublanc, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [Tucson] (LPL), University of Arizona, Space and Atmospheric Physics Group [London], Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London-Imperial College London, Centro di Ateneo di Studi e Attività Spaziali 'Giuseppe Colombo' (CISAS), Università degli Studi di Padova = University of Padua (Unipd), Mullard Space Science Laboratory (MSSL), University College of London [London] (UCL), Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE ERIC), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), Department of Physics [Athens], National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), University of Cologne, Institute for Astronomy [Honolulu], University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique [UMR 6112] (LPG), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory [Laurel, MD] (APL), Swedish Institute of Space Physics [Uppsala] (IRF), Space Science Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Centre d'étude spatiale des rayonnements (CESR), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Academy of Athens, Observatoire de Paris - Site de Paris (OP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Space Science Institute [Boulder] (SSI), Bombardier Aerospace, Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid] (CAB), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Sensors and Software, University of Idaho [Moscow, USA], SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), University of Kansas [Lawrence] (KU), National Observatory of Athens (NOA), Department of Astronomy [Berkeley], University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Service d'aéronomie (SA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Planétologie de Grenoble (LPG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency [Sagamihara] (JAXA), McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], FORMATION STELLAIRE 2009, Laboratoire d'astrodynamique, d'astrophysique et d'aéronomie de bordeaux (L3AB), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Institute of Astronomy [Taiwan] (IANCU), National Central University [Taiwan] (NCU), University of Virginia [Charlottesville], Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, DLR Institut für Planetenforschung, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Berlin] (DLR), Space Research Institute of Austrian Academy of Sciences (IWF), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG), Institute of Atmospheric Physics [Beijing] (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS)-Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), National Center for Earth and Space Science Education (NCESSE), Observatório Astronómico de Lisboa, Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Bear Fight Center, Univers, Transport, Interfaces, Nanostructures, Atmosphère et environnement, Molécules (UMR 6213) (UTINAM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Lockheed Martin Space, Groupe de spectrométrie moléculaire et atmosphérique (GSMA), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute Baltimore, University of Maryland [Baltimore], Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Lunar and Planetary Institute [Houston] (LPI), School of Earth and Environmental Sciences [Pullman], Washington State University (WSU), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Universita degli Studi di Padova, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens = University of Athens (NKUA | UoA), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique UMR6112 (LPG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Nantes - Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Université d'Angers (UA), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), IMPEC - LATMOS, University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), McGill University, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), University of Virginia, Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)
Subjects: Exploration of Saturn, Solar System, Cosmic Vision, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Computer science, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], TandEM, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Astrobiology, Enceladus, Orbiter, symbols.namesake, law, Saturnian system, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Spacecraft, Tandem, business.industry, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Landing probes, Space and Planetary Science, symbols, Titan, business, Titan (rocket family)
Abstract: 著者人数：156名, Accepted: 2008-05-27, 資料番号: SA1000998000
Published: 2009
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39. Search for organic molecules at the Mars surface: The 'Martian Organic Material Irradiation and Evolution' (MOMIE) project

Author: Patrice Coll, François Raulin, Cyril Szopa, Fabien Stalport, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service d'aéronomie (SA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Mars, Laboratory experiments, Aerospace Engineering, Exploration of Mars, Life on Mars, 01 natural sciences, UV radiation, Astrobiology, law.invention, [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], Orbiter, Life, Abiogenesis, law, 0103 physical sciences, Organic matter, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Martian, chemistry.chemical_classification, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astronomy and Astrophysics, Mars Exploration Program, Geophysics, Meteorite, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Irradiation, Organic molecules, Laboratory simulation experiments
Abstract: The life on Mars remains an open question because of the lack of proof of its past emergence and its current presence. The only indices of a potential Martian life were provided by the Viking Landers, and the study of the Martian meteorite ALH84001 discovered in the Antarctic. In the two case, the results of experiments could be explained either by the presence of life forms or by abiotic processes. The recent data of Mars Express orbiter and Mars Exploration Rovers show different proofs of a past environment favourable for life. Among the targets we seek, the organic molecules are primordial because they are necessary to the origin of life. A key question is to know if they are present, in which concentration and under which form. Within the framework of a search for organic, we are developing an experimental setup simulating as close as possible the environmental conditions of Mars surface in order to determine how organic species evolve. We present here the first step of the development of this experiment which focuses on the study of the impact of the solar UV radiations reaching the Mars surface on glycine. First results show that glycine does not resist if directly exposed to UV radiations.
Published: 2008
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40. Planetary protection: an international concern and responsibility

Author: Athena Coustenis, Niklas Hedman, Peter T. Doran, Omar Al Shehhi, Eleonora Ammannito, Masaki Fujimoto, Olivier Grasset, Frank Groen, Alexander G. Hayes, Vyacheslav Ilyin, K. Praveen Kumar, Caroline-Emmanuelle Morisset, Christian Mustin, Karen Olsson-Francis, Jing Peng, Olga Prieto-Ballesteros, Francois Raulin, Petra Rettberg, Silvio Sinibaldi, Yohey Suzuki, Kanyan Xu, and Maxim Zaitsev
Subjects: Planetary protection, COSPAR, space exploration, contamination control, sterilization, space mission, Astronomy, QB1-991, Geophysics. Cosmic physics, QC801-809
Abstract: Planetary protection is a set of measures agreed upon at an international level to ensure the protection of scientific investigation during space exploration. As space becomes more accessible with traditional and new actors launching complex and innovative projects that involve robotics (including sample return) and human exploration, we have the responsibility to protect the pristine environments that we explore and our own biosphere. In this sense, the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) provides the international standard for planetary protection as well as a forum for international consultation. COSPAR has formulated a Planetary Protection Policy with associated requirements for responsible space exploration. Although not legally binding under international law, the standard offered by the Policy with its associated requirements is internationally endorsed along with implementation guidelines supplied for reference in support States’ compliance with Article IX of the United Nations Outer Space Treaty of 1967. Indeed, States parties to the Outer Space Treaty (under Article VI) are responsible for any space activities in their countries, governmental and non-governmental. The main goal of this Policy is to avoid compromising the search for any lifeforms on other celestial bodies and to protect the Earth from a potential threat posed by extraterrestrial samples returned by an interplanetary mission. The COSPAR Planetary Protection Policy has defined five categories, depending on the target and objective of the specific space mission. Associated to these categories are requirements are various degrees of rigor in the contamination control applied. The Policy is assessed regularly and updated with input from new scientific findings and in conjunction with the fast-evolving space exploration milieu. The COSPAR Panel on Planetary Protection (PPP) is a designated international committee composed of scientists, agency representatives and space experts. Its role is to support and revise the COSPAR Policy and its related requirements (https://cosparhq.cnes.fr/scientific-structure/panels/panel-on-planetary-protection-ppp/). The Panel’s activities deal with the individual needs of a space mission while exercising swift care and expertise to ensure sustainable exploration of the Solar System.
Published: 2023
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41. Carbon isotopic enrichment in Titan's tholins? Implications for Titan's aerosols

Author: Cyril Szopa, M.-J. Nguyen, François Raulin, J. M. Bernard, Guy Cernogora, Patrice Coll, G. Israel, Sylvie Derenne, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service d'aéronomie (SA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Biogéochimie et écologie des milieux continentaux (Bioemco), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Planétologie de Grenoble (LPG), and Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Haze, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, δ13C, Chemistry, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Tholin, Fractionation, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Astrobiology, Aerosol, Chemical evolution, symbols.namesake, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, symbols, Titan (rocket family), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Since the discovery of the main composition of Titan's atmosphere, many laboratory experiments have been carried out to reproduce its chemical evolution, particularly the formation of organic haze particles found throughout this atmosphere. Some of these simulations have produced solid products—referred to as Titan's tholins—that are assumed to have properties similar to those of Titan's aerosols. In the present work, we focus on the possible isotopic fractionation of carbon during the processes involved in the formation of Titan's tholins. Initial 12C/13C isotopic ratios measured on tholins made in the laboratory using cold plasma discharges are presented. Measurements of isotopic enhancement in 13C (δ13C), both on tholins and on the initial gas mixture (N2:CH4 (98:2)) used to produce them do not show any clear deficit or enrichment in 13C relative to 12C in the lab-made tholins compared to the initial gas mixture. Preliminary data recovered from the Aerosol Collector Pyrolyzer (ACP) experiment of the Huygens probe suggests that Titan's aerosols may also be exempt of carbon isotopic enrichment. This observation creates possibilities for deeper analysis of ACP experiment data.
Published: 2007
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42. Infrared band intensities of cyanobutadiyne (HC5N) between 400 and 4000cm−1

Author: Yann Trolez, Yves Bénilan, Antoine Jolly, François Raulin, Jean-Claude Guillemin, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Materials science, [CHIM.ORGA]Chemical Sciences/Organic chemistry, business.industry, Infrared, Analytical chemistry, Infrared spectroscopy, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, 0104 chemical sciences, Optics, 0103 physical sciences, Wavenumber, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Infrared spectroscopy correlation table, business, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Spectroscopy
Abstract: We report the first infrared spectra of pure gaseous cyanobutadiyne between 400 and 4000 cm −1 . A great care has been taken to obtain a pure sample so that, for the first time, intensities could be determined for all the main bands in the studied domain. The results are compared with available theoretical works. A sample containing a mixture of HC 5 N and DC 5 N was also studied in the same wavenumber range. The data obtained in this study should be very useful to identify those compounds by IR spectroscopy and will allow the quantification of cyanobutadyine in various environments.
Published: 2007
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43. Astrobiology and habitability of Titan

Author: François Raulin
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, Solar System, Life on Titan, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Tholin, Astrobiology, symbols.namesake, Planetary science, chemistry, Space and Planetary Science, Planet, Greenhouse gas, symbols, Organic matter, Titan (rocket family)
Abstract: Largest satellite of Saturn and the only in the solar system having a dense atmosphere, Titan is one of the key planetary bodies for astrobiological studies, due to several aspects. (i) Its analogies with planet Earth, in spite of much lower temperatures, with, in particular, a methane cycle on Titan analogous to the water cycle on Earth. (ii) The presence of an active organic chemistry, involving several of the key compounds of prebiotic chemistry. The recent data obtained from the Huygens instruments show that the complex organic matter in Titan's low atmosphere is mainly concentrated in the aerosol particles. The formation of biologically interesting compounds may also occur in the deep water ocean, from the hydrolysis of complex organic material included in the chrondritic matter accreted during the formation of Titan. (iii) The possible emergence and persistence of Life on Titan. All ingredients which seem necessary for Life to appear and even develop - liquid water, organic matter and energy - are present on Titan. Consequently, it cannot be excluded that life may have emerged on or in Titan. In spite of the extreme conditions in this environment life may have been able to adapt and to persist. Many data are still expected from the Cassini-Huygens mission and future astrobiological exploration mission of Titan are now under consideration. Nevertheless, Titan already looks like another world, with an active organic chemistry, in the absence of permanent liquid water, on the surface: a natural laboratory for prebiotic-like chemistry.
Published: 2007
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44. Organic compounds on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko revealed by COSAC mass spectrometry

Author: Michel Cabane, Pascale Ehrenfreund, A. J. MacDermott, Thomas Gautier, Uwe J. Meierhenrich, Wolfram Thiemann, Harald Steininger, Guillermo M. Muñoz Caro, H. Rosenbauer, Cyril Szopa, Chaitanya Giri, Robert Sternberg, Andrew Steele, Stephan Ulamec, Fred Goesmann, Jan Hendrik Bredehöft, Léna Le Roy, Reinhard Roll, Susan McKenna-Lawlor, François Raulin, Harald Krüger, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research ( MPS ), Institute for Applied and Physical Chemistry [Bremen] ( IAPC ), University of Bremen, IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Space Policy Institute [Washington], George Washington University ( GW ), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center ( GSFC ), Institut de Chimie de Nice ( ICN ), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis ( UNS ), Université Côte d'Azur ( UCA ) -Université Côte d'Azur ( UCA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Center for Space and Habitability ( CSH ), University of Bern, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Space Technology Ireland Limited, Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid] ( CAB ), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial ( INTA ) -Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] ( CSIC ), Laboratoire inter-universitaire des systèmes atmosphèriques ( LISA ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 ( UPEC UP12 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Geophysical Laboratory [Carnegie Institution], Carnegie Institution for Science [Washington], German Aerospace Center ( DLR ), Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Institute for Applied and Physical Chemistry [Bremen] (IAPC), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), The George Washington University (GW), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Institut de Chimie de Nice (ICN), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA), Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Houston [Clear Lake], Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid] (CAB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), German Aerospace Center (DLR), George Washington University (GW), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Universiteit Leiden, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), and Carnegie Institution for Science
Subjects: Solar System, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Comet, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Mass spectrometry, 01 natural sciences, Astrobiology, chemistry.chemical_compound, comet, 0103 physical sciences, Acetone, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Refractory (planetary science), mass spectrometry, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 67P, Multidisciplinary, COSAC, Chemistry, Propionaldehyde, Philae, [ SDU.ASTR.EP ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Gas analyzer, 13. Climate action, In situ analysis, organic compounds
Abstract: International audience; Comets harbor the most pristine material in our solar system in the form of ice, dust, silicates, and refractory organic material with some interstellar heritage. The evolved gas analyzer Cometary Sampling and Composition (COSAC) experiment aboard Rosetta’s Philae lander was designed for in situ analysis of organic molecules on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Twenty-five minutes after Philae’s initial comet touchdown, the COSAC mass spectrometer took a spectrum in sniffing mode, which displayed a suite of 16 organic compounds, including many nitrogen-bearing species but no sulfur-bearing species, and four compounds—methyl isocyanate, acetone, propionaldehyde, and acetamide—that had not previously been reported in comets.
Published: 2015
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45. Tholins

Author: François Raulin
Published: 2015
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46. Titan

Author: Athena Coustenis and François Raulin
Published: 2015
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47. The AMINO experiment: a laboratory for astrochemistry and astrobiology on the EXPOSE-R facility of the International Space Station

Author: J.-M. Polienor, Cyril Szopa, Jacques Vergne, Didier Chaput, François Raulin, André Brack, Frances Westall, Yves Bénilan, Nicolas Fray, Annie Chabin, Nathalie Carrasco, L.A. da Silva, Marylène Bertrand, Marie-Claire Gazeau, Frederique Macari, Kafila Saiagh, Diana Khalaf, Marie-Christine Maurel, Hervé Cottin, Yuan Yong Guan, Patrice Coll, René Demets, Mégane Cloix, M. Jerome, Fabien Stalport, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de biophysique moléculaire (CBM), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB ), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA), IMPEC - LATMOS, Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), and Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA)
Subjects: Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Astrochemistry, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Space (mathematics), 01 natural sciences, EXPOSE, Astrobiology, Meteorite, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, International Space Station, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Orbit (dynamics), Atmosphere of Titan, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Space environment
Abstract: The study of the evolution of organic matter subjected to space conditions, and more specifically to Solar photons in the vacuum ultraviolet range (120–200 nm) has been undertaken in low-Earth orbit since the 1990s, and implemented on various space platforms. This paper describes a photochemistry experiment called AMINO, conducted during 22 months between 2009 and 2011 on the EXPOSE-R ESA facility, outside the International Space Station. Samples with relevance to astrobiology (connected to comets, carbonaceous meteorites and micrometeorites, the atmosphere of Titan and RNA world hypothesis) have been selected and exposed to space environment. They have been analysed after return to the Earth. This paper is not discussing the results of the experiment, but rather gives a general overview of the project, the details of the hardware used, its configuration and recent developments to enable long-duration exposure of gaseous samples in tight closed cells enabling for the first time to derive quantitative results from gaseous phase samples exposed in space.
Published: 2015
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48. Aerosols

Author: François Raulin
Published: 2015
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49. The AMINO experiment: methane photolysis under Solar VUV irradiation on the EXPOSE-R facility of the International Space Station

Author: Didier Chaput, Nathalie Carrasco, Kafila Saiagh, M. Jerome, Mégane Cloix, Patrice Coll, François Raulin, Yves Bénilan, Marie-Claire Gazeau, Cyril Szopa, Hervé Cottin, Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), IMPEC - LATMOS, and Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: atmospheric chemistry, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], planetary sciences, Analytical chemistry, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Infrared spectroscopy, chemistry.chemical_element, Mass spectrometry, 01 natural sciences, Oxygen, Methane, symbols.namesake, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0103 physical sciences, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Atmosphere of Titan, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Chemistry, Photodissociation, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Environmental chemistry, Atmospheric chemistry, symbols, Titan (rocket family), Titan
Abstract: The scientific aim of the present campaign is to study the whole chain of methane photo-degradation, as initiated by Solar vacuum-ultraviolet irradiation in Titan's atmosphere. For this purpose, the AMINO experiment on the EXPOSE-R mission has loaded closed cells for gas-phase photochemistry in space conditions. Two different gas mixtures have been exposed, named Titan 1 and Titan 2, involving both N2–CH4 gas mixtures, without and with CO2, respectively. CO2 is added as a source of reactive oxygen in the cells. The cell contents were analysed thanks to infrared absorption spectroscopy, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Methane consumption leads to the formation of saturated hydrocarbons, with no detectable influence of CO2. This successful campaign provides a first benchmark for characterizing the whole methane photochemical system in space conditions. A thin film of tholin-like compounds appears to form on the cell walls of the exposed cells.
Published: 2015
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50. Experimental and theoretical study of hydrocarbon photochemistry applied to Titan stratosphere

Author: Jean-François Doussin, Marie-Claire Gazeau, François Raulin, Yves Bénilan, and Véronique Vuitton
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, Photodissociation, Infrared spectroscopy, Quantum yield, Astronomy and Astrophysics, medicine.disease_cause, Kinetic energy, Photochemistry, Soot, symbols.namesake, Hydrocarbon, chemistry, Space and Planetary Science, medicine, symbols, Titan (rocket family), Stratosphere
Abstract: None of the Titan photochemical models currently available have been able to reproduce the full set of stratospheric molecular mixing ratios inferred from observations. In order to assess how well reaction sets describe hydrocarbon chemistry, theoretical modeling predictions were compared to the results of a laboratory experiment. A CH4–C2H2 mixture was irradiated at 185 nm in an atmospheric simulation chamber and the evolution of the gas mixture was followed in situ and in real time by infrared spectroscopy. In parallel, a 0D theoretical model of the laboratory experiment was developed. A new reaction set describing Titan's chemistry was built and incorporated in the model. Lebonnois et al. [Lebonnois, S., Toublanc, D., Hourdin, F., Rannou, P., 2001. Icarus 152, 384–406] reaction set was also used for comparison. The presence of small amounts of atmospheric O2 in the experiment was properly accounted for and led us to suggest that oxygenated chemistry might be a source of C2H4 in Titan's atmosphere. With Lebonnois et al. [Lebonnois, S., Toublanc, D., Hourdin, F., Rannou, P., 2001. Icarus 152, 384–406] reaction set, the model could not fit at all the experimental evolution of the compounds. This is explained by some of the choices made for crucial kinetic parameters such as the quantum yield of photolysis of C2H2. Also, the absence of some reactions led to the enhancement of pathways that would otherwise be negligible. For example, the lack of reactions between C4H4 and radicals induced an erroneously high photolysis rate for this species. With the reaction set built in this study, the model much better fits the experiment, especially when the “soot,” which includes C4H4, is recycled into C2H2. This shows that photochemistry of the larger species has a role in determining the lighter species concentrations and that considering that they are simply lost from the system is not a valid assumption. Including even an abridged set of C4 + hydrocarbon reactions will be required in future photochemical models. Especially, photolysis rates and yields for C2H2, C4H2, and C4H4, are important parameters in need of a better determination.
Published: 2006
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