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SUMMARY: The purpose of this study was to compare different methods of maturity evaluation and their relation with performance-related physical and anthropometric variables in young soccer players, with different plasma zinc status. A total of 53 healthy male young soccer players (age: 13±1 years; body mass: 48±10 kg; stature: 160±10 cm) participated in this study. Variables from physical fitness (stature, ST; fat-free mass, FFM; handgrip strength in the dominant hand, DHS), testosterone and zinc plasma concentration were measured. Biological maturity was evaluated by sexual maturity (development of: pubic hair, PH; genitals, GD; axillary hair; AH), bone maturity (TW3 method; BA), and testosterone plasma concentration methods. We observed that: (i) the frequency of hypozincemics and normozincemics children stratified by BA-CA, PH and GD were similar in each category; (ii) the BA allowed the identification of differences between the three categories, in at least two performance-related variables (FFM and DHS, p

SUMMARY: The purpose of this study was to compare different methods of maturity evaluation and their relation with performance-related physical and anthropometric variables in young soccer players, with different plasma zinc status. A total of 53 healthy male young soccer players (age: 13±1 years; body mass: 48±10 kg; stature: 160±10 cm) participated in this study. Variables from physical fitness (stature, ST; fat-free mass, FFM; handgrip strength in the dominant hand, DHS), testosterone and zinc plasma concentration were measured. Biological maturity was evaluated by sexual maturity (development of: pubic hair, PH; genitals, GD; axillary hair; AH), bone maturity (TW3 method; BA), and testosterone plasma concentration methods. We observed that: (i) the frequency of hypozincemics and normozincemics children stratified by BA-CA, PH and GD were similar in each category; (ii) the BA allowed the identification of differences between the three categories, in at least two performance-related variables (FFM and DHS, p

It is feasible to think that the body composition assessment may be influenced by maturational and zinc status, especially in young athletes, which perform regularly high volume of physical training. In accordance, it seems important to clarify the impact of these factors in body composition assessment in athletes, since errors may lead to mistakes in training prescription and diet elaboration, and therefore affect the athletic performance. The objective was to compare (1) different methods of body composition evaluation in young soccer players stratified by zinc plasma levels; and (2) the two reference methods using skinfolds thickness in children (Slaughter's and Lohman's equations), considering the maturation level. In this cross-sectional study, fifty tree young soccer players (13.3±0.7 y) were submitted to blood collection, electric bioimpedance (BIA), dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), anthropometric measures (body mass, stature and skinfolds thickness (ST)) and hand-wrist X-ray. Body composition evaluation was performed by: DXA, ST (Lohman and Slaughter equations) and BIA (Houtkooper equation) methods. Zinc status provided two groups: Normozincemic and Hypozincemic athletes, determined by cut-off point of 11.0 µmol/L. Significant difference on descriptive data for all participants after zinc status stratification was observed only for plasma zinc concentration; (2) Significant correlations were observed between the assessment methods (fat percentage: r= 0.34 to 0.98 and p

It is feasible to think that the body composition assessment may be influenced by maturational and zinc status, especially in young athletes, which perform regularly high volume of physical training. In accordance, it seems important to clarify the impact of these factors in body composition assessment in athletes, since errors may lead to mistakes in training prescription and diet elaboration, and therefore affect the athletic performance. The objective was to compare (1) different methods of body composition evaluation in young soccer players stratified by zinc plasma levels; and (2) the two reference methods using skinfolds thickness in children (Slaughter's and Lohman's equations), considering the maturation level. In this cross-sectional study, fifty tree young soccer players (13.3±0.7 y) were submitted to blood collection, electric bioimpedance (BIA), dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), anthropometric measures (body mass, stature and skinfolds thickness (ST)) and hand-wrist X-ray. Body composition evaluation was performed by: DXA, ST (Lohman and Slaughter equations) and BIA (Houtkooper equation) methods. Zinc status provided two groups: Normozincemic and Hypozincemic athletes, determined by cut-off point of 11.0 µmol/L. Significant difference on descriptive data for all participants after zinc status stratification was observed only for plasma zinc concentration; (2) Significant correlations were observed between the assessment methods (fat percentage: r= 0.34 to 0.98 and p

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Els objectius d’aquest estudi foren: a) descriure i comparar les habilitats específiques, morfològiques, fisiològiques i psicològiques dels jugadors d’handbol de 2 equips de diferent rendiment, i b) identificar les variables diferenciadores entre jugadors d’handbol, amb bons resultats i amb resultats menys reeixits. Foren estudiats 34 jugadors professionals d’handbol adults (edat, 23,4 ± 4,7 anys; talla, 182 ± 6,3 cm; massa corporal, 85,4 ± 11,4 kg). Divuit jugadors tingueren un bon rendiment (edat, 23,0 ± 3,8 anys), i 16, pitjors resultats (edat, 23,8 ± 5,5 anys). Es prengueren les mesures dels participants d’acord amb 4 categories de variables, és a dir: morfològiques (proporcionalitat, somatotip i composició corporal), fisiològiques, habilitats específiques de l’handbol (habilitats tècniques i perfil d’intel·ligència en el joc) i perfils psicològics. Les dades foren analitzades amb MANOVA (essent l’èxit la variable entre participants), ANOVA i una anàlisi de funció discriminant (mètode Stepwise). Finalment es van analitzar conjuntament les mesures seleccionades (enfocament multidisciplinari) utilitzant una anàlisi de funció discriminant (mètode Stepwise) per determinar quina combinació de mesures discriminava millor entre els 2 grups d’èxit. Els resultats van reflectir que: a) els 2 grups presentaren resultats significatius en 10 de les 77 variables; b) les 6 mesures que pel que sembla són els millors indicadors de l’èxit en l’handbol (amb millors resultats = −1,827; menys reeixits = 2,055; Λ = 0,200, χ2(6) = 46,603, p < 0,001) foren l’esprint de 30 m, salt vertical des d’aturat, força de prensió de la mà dreta, rull de tronc a terra, alçada y habilitat per variar accions. Les variables seleccionades són representatives de 3 categories diferents (morfològiques, fisiològiques i habilitats específiques de l’handbol) i mostren que l’estudi modern de l’handbol requereix un enfocament multidisciplinari.

Los objetivos de este estudio fueron: (i) describir y comparar las características morfológicas, fisiológicas, específicas y psicológicas de los jugadores de balonmano pertenecientes a dos equipos con diferentes rendimientos, y (ii) identificar las variables diferenciadoras entre los jugadores de los equipos de balonmano exitosos y menos exitosos. Se estudió a treinta y cuatro jugadores adultos profesionales de balonmano (edad, 23,4 ± 4,7 años; estatura, 182 ± 6,3 cm; masa corporal 85,4 ± 11,4 kg). Se clasificó a dieciocho atletas como exitosos (edad, 23,0 ± 3,8 años), y a dieciséis atletas como menos exitosos (edad, 23,8 ± 5,5 años). Se midió a cada participante dependiendo de cuatro categorías de variables: morfológicas (proporcionalidad, somatotipo y composición corporal), fisiológicas, habilidades específicas del balonmano (habilidades técnicas y perfil de inteligencia de juego) y perfiles fisiológicos. Se analizó cada conjunto de datos utilizando MANOVA (siendo el éxito la variable entre participantes), ANOVA, y un análisis de función discriminante (método Stepwise). Finalmente se analizaron conjuntamente las mediciones seleccionadas (enfoque multidisciplinar) utilizando un análisis de función discriminante (método Stepwise) para determinar qué combinación de mediciones discriminaba mejor entre los dos grupos de éxito. Los resultados reflejaron que: (1) los dos grupos presentaron resultados significativos para 10 de las 77 variables; (2) seis mediciones (sprint de 30 m, salto vertical de pie, fuerza en la mano derecha, ejercicios abdominales, estatura y habilidad para variar acciones) parecen ser los mejores pronosticadores del éxito en los equipos de balonmano (Exitosos = −1,827; Menos exitosos = 2,055; ¿ = 0,200, X2(6) = 46,603, P < 0,001). Las variables seleccionadas son representativas de tres categorías diferentes (morfológica, fisiológica y habilidades específicas del balonmano), lo que refleja que el estudio de los equipos modernos de balonmano requiere un enfoque multidisciplinar.

This essay intends to evaluate the association between maturity, academic performance (AP), reasoning ability (RA) and socio-economic status (SES) in a sample of 792 children (394 boys and 398 girls), with ages between 6 and 13 years old. Maturity was estimated through the bone age (Tanner et al., 2001) and the academic performance was obtained through inquiries to teachers, results of school tests and the levels achieved during the second term. The socio-economical status (SES) was estimated through the Graffar Scale (Graffar, 1958) and the reasoning ability (RA) by using the test of Raven’s Coloured Progressive Matrices (Raven, 1963). These data were handled with the program SPSS 17.0 (p≤.05). We verified that the AP wasdirectly related to the SES, that the boys’ RA was higher than the girls’, that there were no differences between the boys’ and the girls’ AP on different SES classes, that the boys who were more mature obtained higher academic results than those who were less mature, that maturity was associated to the AP, and that this association was, in general, dependent on the association between the SES and the AP.KeywordsMaturity; Academic performance; Reasoning ability; Socio-economic status, Cette étude vise à évaluer l’association entre la maturité, le rendement scolaire (RS), la capacité de raisonnement (CR) et l’environnement socioéconomique (ESE) dans un ensemble de 792 élèves (394 garçons et 398 filles) âgés de 6-13 ans. La maturité a été déterminée par l’âge osseux (Tanner et al., 2001) et le RS a été obtenu parmi une enquête auprès des enseignants, par les résultats des examens d’aptitude et par les niveaux atteints pendant le 2ème semestre. L’ESE a été calculé par l’Echelle de Graffar (Graffar, 1958) et la CR a été obtenue par l’application du teste de Matrices Progressives Colorées de Raven (Raven, 1963). Le traitement des données a été exécutésur le programme SPSS 17.0 (p≤.05). Cette étude a démontré l’influence directe de l’ESE sur le RS, la supériorité de la CR des garçons sur celle des filles, qu’il n’existe pas de différence entre le RS des garçons et des filles au sein des plusieurs classes d’ESE, que les garçons plus matures obtiennent des résultats académiques supérieurs face à ceux qui sont moins matures,que la maturité est associée à la réussite scolaire et que cette association a été, dans la plupart des cas, dépendent de l’association entre l’ESE et le RS.Mots-cléMaturité; Rendement scolaire; Capacité de raisonnement; Environnement socio-économique, O presente artigo pretende avaliar a associação entre a maturidade, o desempenho académico (DA), a capacidade de raciocínio (CR) e o estatuto sócio-económico (ESE), numa amostra de 792 crianças (394 rapazes e 398 raparigas), com idades entre os 6 e os 13 anos. A maturidade foi calculadacom recurso à idade óssea (Tanner et al., 2001) e o DA foi obtido através de inquérito aos professores, resultados em testes de aferição e níveis alcançados no 2.º período lectivo. O ESE foi calculado através da Escala de Graffar (Graffar, 1958) e a CR foi obtida através da aplicação do teste das Matrizes Progressivas Coloridas de Raven (Raven, 1963). Os dados foram tratados com o programa SPSS 17.0 (p≤.05). Verificámos que o DA estava directamente relacionado com o ESE, que a CR dos rapazes era superior à das raparigas, que não existiam diferenças entre o DA dos rapazes e das raparigas nas diferentes classes de ESE, que os rapazes mais maturosobtinham resultados académicos superiores aos alcançados pelos menos maturos, que a maturidade estava associada ao DA e que essa associação estava, na generalidade das situações, dependente da associação entre o ESE e o DA.Palavras-chaveMaturidade; Desempenho académico; Capacidade de raciocínio; Estatuto sócio-económico

Objectiu: Descriure les característiques condicionals d’una població d’esportistes joves, tant a nivell maduratiu com per llocs específics Mostra: S’han estudiat 95 jugadors de futbol (13-16 anys) pertanyents a escoles esportives de futbol. Mètodes: Les variables utilitzades en aquest estudi han estat: edat, lloc específic (mig, defensa, davanter, porter), pes, alçada, maduració, capacitat aeròbica, força isomètrica màxima del tren superior, força màxima, força explosiva i elasticoexplosiva del tren inferior, velocitat lineal 30 m (temps), velocitat de canvi de direcció i agilitat i flexibilitat del tronc. Resultats: S’han trobat diferències significatives entre els grups de maduresa retardat i normal en les variables de velocitat lineal, força estàtica, força isomètrica màxima dreta i taxa màxima de producció de força. Entre els grups de maduresa retardat i avançat s’han trobat els mateixos resultats i diferències significatives en la variable flexibilitat. En la valoració de llocs específics s’han trobat diferències significatives en la força estàtica dels mitjos i els davanters. Conclusions: a) Els jugadors de maduresa avançada presenten millors valors condicionals; b) les proves condicionals, en aquests rangs d’edat, no sembla que siguin determinants per poder realitzar la selecció de jugadors; c) cal incloure entrenaments específics en cada lloc, i d) cal prestar més atenció a l’entrenament del porter., Objective: To describe the physical fitness of a young athlete population grouped in two categories: maturity and specific positions. Sample: We studied 95 players (13-16 years) belonging to soccer schools. Methods: The variables used in this study were age, the specific position (center, defense, forward, goalkeeper), weight, height, maturity, the aerobic capacity, the maximum isometric strength of the upper arms, the maximum force, the explosive force and elastic-explosive of the lower body, speed in 30 m (time), the rate of change of direction and agility and trunk flexibility. Results: Significant differences were found between normal and delayed maturity groups in: linear velocity, static force, maximum isometric force (right) and production of maximum rate of force. The same results and also significant differences in the variable flexibility were observed between delayed and advanced maturity groups. Significant differences were found between specific position (midfielders and forwards) in the static force variable. Conclusions: (i) Advanced players (in maturity) scored better in physical fitness, (ii) the physical fitness evaluation at these ages does not appear to be appropriate to select soccer players, (iii) it seems important to include specific training for each position, (iv) it seems important to give more attention to goalkeeper training.

Objectiu: Descriure les característiques antropomètriques i la maduració d’una població de joves esportistes amb projecció per arribar a professionals del futbol. Mostra: S’han estudiat 108 futbolistes (14-16 anys) pertanyents a les escoles esportives de l’Sporting Clube de Portugal. Mètodes: Les variables utilitzades en aquest estudi han estat el pes, l’alçada, la predicció de l’alçada i l’alçada assegut, la maduració i el lloc específic. Els futbolistes han estat agrupats per edat i lloc específics. Resultats: S’han trobat diferències significatives per edats en totes les variables estudiades, llevat de la predicció d’alçada. Per llocs específics, els mitjos presenten diferències significatives en totes les variables amb els davanters; en totes, tret del pes, amb els defenses; i l’alçada, amb els porters. Conclusions: L’alçada i el pes no són determinants per al rendiment, però sí han de ser considerats per l’elecció de determinats llocs específics., Objective: To describe the anthropometric and maturity characteristics of a young athlete population who wish to play professional football. Sample: We studied 108 players (14-16 years) belonging to the schools of Sporting Club of Portugal. Methods: The variables used in this study were weight, height, predicted height and sitting height, maturity and the specific position. The players were grouped by age and by specific positions. Results: We found significant differences by age in all variables except for height prediction. The centers presented significant differences in all variables when compared with the forwards, in all but the weight when compared with the defenders, and in stature when compared with the goalkeepers. Conclusions: Height and weight are not critical for performance, but should be considered for the choice of certain specific positions.

O objectivo desta investigação foi analisar a composição corporal e a distribuição de gordura corporal de sujeitos com doença das artérias coronárias (DAC) envolvidos num programa estruturado de reabilitação cardíaca (PRC) e sujeitos com DAC que não participam em qualquer PRC. População e métodos: A amostra foi constituída por 62 sujeitos do sexo masculino, caucasianos, com DAC diagnosticada, oriundos de cada um de dois grupos estudados: grupo C/PRC (n=31) foi constituído por sujeitos que participavam na fase IV de um PRC há mais de um ano (idade: 58 + 10 anos); grupo S/PRC (n=31) foi constituído por sujeitos que não participavam em qualquer PRC (idade: 59 + 12 anos). Foi observada a composição corporal e distribuição de gordura corporal dos sujeitos da amostra, através da análise por Densitometria por Raio-X de Dupla Energia (DXA). Foram recolhidas medidas antropometricas. Resultados principais: sujeitos que não participaram em qualquer PRC apresentaram valores superiores, aos sujeitos do grupo C/PRC, nas variáveis massa corporal total (p 30 kg/m2) no grupo S/PRC (p