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The aim of this study was to determine the effects of single and combined applications of plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) bacteria on plant nutrition, biochemical content and fruit characteristics in Albion and Monterey strawberry cultivars. Bacillus subtilis OSU-142, Bacillus megaterium M3 and Paenibacillus polymyx were the PGPR used in the experiment. For each bacterial treatment, 10 mL of a 108 CFU mL−1 suspension was applied to the soil where Albion and Monterey cultivars were grown. PGPR bacteria were applied as single treatments and a mixture of equal amounts of these three bacterial species was applied as a mixed treatment. This study was carried out with a total of four different bacterial treatments and one control group. The highest fruit weight was obtained in the Monterey cultivar with 12.67 g in the Mix treatment and in the Albion cultivar with 11.79 g in the Bacillus megaterium M3 treatment. Regarding biochemical properties, Paenibacillus polymyxa was effective in influencing nutrient element content in fruits, while Bacillus subtilis OSU-142, Paenibacillus polymyxa and Bacillus megaterium M3 applications were more effective in leaf nutrient element content. It has been observed that the Mix treatment resulting from the combined use of bacteria, rather than their separate use, has a greater impact on fruit weight. Consequently, it has been understood that PGPR bacteria are potentially effective in improving the agronomic, pomological, and biochemical characteristics of strawberry cultivars and can be used in studies and breeding programs aimed at increasing strawberry yield and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Background Ideally, the barrier properties of a fruit’s cuticle persist throughout its development. This presents a challenge for strawberry fruit, with their rapid development and thin cuticles. The objective was to establish the developmental time course of cuticle deposition in strawberry fruit. Results Fruit mass and surface area increase rapidly, with peak growth rate coinciding with the onset of ripening. On a whole-fruit basis, the masses of cutin and wax increase but on a unit surface-area basis, they decrease. The decrease is associated with marked increases in elastic strain. The expressions of cuticle-associated genes involved in transcriptional regulation (FaSHN1, FaSHN2, FaSHN3), synthesis of cutin (FaLACS2, FaGPAT3) and wax (FaCER1, FaKCS10, FaKCR1), and those involved in transport of cutin monomers and wax constituents (FaABCG11, FaABCG32) decreased until maturity. The only exceptions were FaLACS6 and FaGPAT6 that are presumably involved in cutin synthesis, and FaCER1 involved in wax synthesis. This result was consistent across five strawberry cultivars. Strawberry cutin consists mainly of C16 and C18 monomers, plus minor amounts of C19, C20, C22 and C24 monomers, ω-hydroxy acids, dihydroxy acids, epoxy acids, primary alcohols, carboxylic acids and dicarboxylic acids. The most abundant monomer is 10,16-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid. Waxes comprise mainly long-chain fatty acids C29 to C46, with smaller amounts of C16 to C28. Wax constituents are carboxylic acids, primary alcohols, alkanes, aldehydes, sterols and esters. Conclusion The downregulation of cuticle deposition during development accounts for the marked cuticular strain, for the associated microcracking, and for their high susceptibility to the disorders of water soaking and cracking.

Background: Ideally, the barrier properties of a fruit's cuticle persist throughout its development. This presents a challenge for strawberry fruit, with their rapid development and thin cuticles. The objective was to establish the developmental time course of cuticle deposition in strawberry fruit. Results: Fruit mass and surface area increase rapidly, with peak growth rate coinciding with the onset of ripening. On a whole-fruit basis, the masses of cutin and wax increase but on a unit surface-area basis, they decrease. The decrease is associated with marked increases in elastic strain. The expressions of cuticle-associated genes involved in transcriptional regulation (FaSHN1, FaSHN2, FaSHN3), synthesis of cutin (FaLACS2, FaGPAT3) and wax (FaCER1, FaKCS10, FaKCR1), and those involved in transport of cutin monomers and wax constituents (FaABCG11, FaABCG32) decreased until maturity. The only exceptions were FaLACS6 and FaGPAT6 that are presumably involved in cutin synthesis, and FaCER1 involved in wax synthesis. This result was consistent across five strawberry cultivars. Strawberry cutin consists mainly of C16 and C18 monomers, plus minor amounts of C19, C20, C22 and C24 monomers, ω-hydroxy acids, dihydroxy acids, epoxy acids, primary alcohols, carboxylic acids and dicarboxylic acids. The most abundant monomer is 10,16-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid. Waxes comprise mainly long-chain fatty acids C29 to C46, with smaller amounts of C16 to C28. Wax constituents are carboxylic acids, primary alcohols, alkanes, aldehydes, sterols and esters. Conclusion: The downregulation of cuticle deposition during development accounts for the marked cuticular strain, for the associated microcracking, and for their high susceptibility to the disorders of water soaking and cracking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O cultivo de morangueiro em substrato, está em ascensão, dessa forma, muitos aspectos relacionados com o manejo tem se modificado entre esses está a época de plantio do morangueiro. Dessa forma, objetivo dessa pesquisa foi caracterizar agronomicamente cultivares de morangueiro em substrato em período de plantio tardio em sistema orgânico de produção. As cultivares avaliadas foram ALPINA10 e CAV 56.9 (neutros aos dias) e CAV 107.7 e CAV 107.12 (curtos aos dias). Utilizou-se um delineamento experimental em parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições para cada genótipo. As avaliações incluíram aspectos fenológicos, características das plantas e produção. As plantas da cultivar ALPINA10 apresentam comportamento tardio em todos os aspectos fenológicos avaliados, A ALPINA10 apresentou maior crescimento vegetativo e produtivo em comparação a CAV 56.9. Já a CAV 107.12 apresentou um crescimento mais robusto do que a CAV 107.7. Para as condições de plantio tardio a cultivar de dia neutro ALPINA 10 e de dia curto CAV 107.12 apresentaram maior crescimento vegetativo e produção. Entretanto, devido o período de plantio os valores para todas as cultivares pesquisadas são inferiores não sendo indicado o plantio tardio.

Fertilizers are important for plant growth, yield enhancement, and achieving food security, but overdose can have negative effects. This study sought to determine the impact of different fertilizer doses on soil properties, vegetative growth, fruit quality, and biochemical compounds of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch) cv. ‘Camarosa’. During the years 2022-2023, strawberry seedlings were grown in pots in a greenhouse. Four increasing dosages of fertilizers were applied. The results showed that following treatment, electrical conductivity and soil organic matter rose to maximum values of 176.26 µS. cm-1 and 2.63%, respectively, with d2 treatment. However, the pH was initially high before dropping considerably to 7.34 with d4 dosage. Treatment d1 was highly suggested for enhanced fruit number (5.8) and total yield (729 g. plant-1). The treatment d2 produced the highest fruit weight (24.3 g), volume (27.71 cm3), length (5.55 cm), and width (5.15 cm). The medium dose d3 drastically increased leaf area (2652.76 cm2), total soluble solids (7.4 °Brix), total phenols (1,332.54 mg GAE· L-1) and antioxidant activity (89.53%), but not significantly. The maximum petiole length (12.66 cm), petiole number (29.4), chlorophyll content, runners number (6), roots length (22.33 cm), fresh root and shoot weight (73.11 and 96.41 g), root and shoot dry weight (10.84 and 30.64 g), were recorded at d4 treatment. In control plants, all of these measures were lower, despite having higher fruit pH (3.72), titratable acidity (0.87%), and flowers number (4.40). In conclusion, increasing fertilizer doses may affect soil and strawberry plant qualities, and farmers must use them appropriately.

Strawberry cultivation possesses unique features, including the need for high-quality seedlings adapted to the cultivation environment and proper fertigation management. These elements influence plant growth and production. This study evaluated the growth and dry matter partitioning of strawberry plants of the cultivar "Albion" at different seedling ages (0, 14, 28... 196 DAT) using two fertigation methods: open-loop and closed-loop systems. Fifteen evaluations occurred throughout the cultivation cycle, spanning from planting to 196 days after transplanting (DAT), with the study replicated over two consecutive years. We evaluated dry matter partitioning among roots, stems, leaves, senescent leaves, flowers, commercial fruits, and non-commercial fruits. We also measured root volume and length, besides counts of leaves, flowers, and both commercial and non-commercial fruits. Despite no significant differences between fertigation systems for most variables, the closed-loop system shows promise, contingent on proper nutrient solution management. The partitioning analysis revealed that fruits, followed by leaves, were the primary consumers of photoassimilates.

Tow field and storage experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of foliar application of moringa leaf extract, calcium, and potassium silicate on the growth, yield, and quality characteristics of strawberry fruits. The field experiment included 27 treatments: Foliar application of moringa leaf extract at the concentrations of 0, 5, and 10% which were symbolized as M0, M1, and M2 respectively, calcium at the concentrations of 0, 1, and 2 g. L-1, which were symbolized as Ca0, Ca1, and Ca2 respectively, and potassium silicate at the concentrations of 0, 1.25, and 2.50 ml. L-1 which were symbolized as S0, S1, and S2 respectively, with three replicates. The storage experiment was carried out according to the same design that was applied in the first experiment, at a temperature of 0-2 ºC. The results revealed that the M2 treatment significantly increased Plant height, leaf number, crown diameter, flowering cluster number, plant yield, Fruit T.S.S, Vitamin C, as well as maintaining the T.S.S and Vitamin C after storage, and reduced the fruits distortion. The treatment of Ca1 recorded a significant increment in the growth and yield parameters and reduced fruit distortion, Also the treatment of S2 recorded significant values of the above-mentioned parameters, Moreover, the interactions of M2Ca1, M2S2, and Ca1S2 and the triple interaction of M2Ca1S2 recorded the highest values of the studied parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strawberry is one of the most socially and economically important small fruits in Brazil, with strong demand by the food industry driving high levels of production. However, phytosanitary problems, especially insect damage, can hamper strawberry cultivation. A pest of great concern is the strawberry sap beetle, Lobiopa insularis (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), which damages the fruits. Chemical control has not been effective against L. insularis, as it makes harvesting and marketing the product unfeasible. Parasitoids have been effectively utilized to control various strawberry pests and support sustainable production. We report the occurrence of the wasp Cerchysiella insularis (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) as a parasite of L. insularis on strawberries in São José dos Pinhais, Paraná, Brazil. Samples of strawberries (San Andreas cultivar) attacked by L. insularis were collected from February to March, 2019. Lobiopa insularis larvae were individually placed in rearing pots, fed on San Andreas strawberries, and checked weekly for symptoms of parasitism or parasitoid emergence. Parasitism rates were 33.85% in March and 45.90% in February. The sex ratio varied between 0.88 and 0.86. All parasitized larvae were infested by C. insularis. The natural parasitism rate above 33% and high sex ratio of C. insularis in strawberry crops indicated that it may have the potential in the control of L. insularis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) was carried out in greenhouse in 2022-2023, arranging a 4 x 2 factorial experiment, consisting of four levels of electrical conductivity of the nutrient solutions (1.2, 1.7, 2.2, and 2.7 dS m-1) and application of gypsum (without application – control and application). The plants were grown in coconut fibre substrate from late October to early June. The 2.2 dS m-1 ECsol resulted in the highest yield, whereas the highest values of dry matter and soluble solids were recorded under 2.7 dS m-1 ECsol. Gypsum application resulted in the increase of dry matter, soluble solids, firmness and colour components. The 2.2 and 2.7 dS m-1 ECsol led to the highest levels of hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant activities as well as polyphenols and vitamin C. From the research carried out on strawberry grown in coconut fibre, it arose that the 2.2 dS m-1 EC of the nutrient solution showed the best effect on yield, but it did not generally differ from 2.7 dS m-1 regarding the quality of the 'fruits'. Gypsum treatment represents an effective strategy to improve some important qualitative characteristics of strawberry 'fruits', under the perspective of sustainable management of crop systems.

No estado do Paraná a cultura do morangueiro é relevante, contudo, é um mercado que ainda está se expandindo. Conhecer e determinar os principais aspectos econômicos relacionados ao cultivo se torna essencial para o sucesso do empreendimento. O objetivo neste trabalho foi realizar um levantamento dos principais custos de implantação, condução e a viabilidade econômica da cultura do morangueiro em sistema orgânico de produção fora do solo em substrato em Laranjeiras do Sul-PR. O estudo foi realizado na safra de 2022. A pesquisa foi dividida em três etapas. A primeira foi realizada através de pesquisa bibliográfica de todos os aspectos do sistema orgânico de morangueiro fora do solo em substrato. A segunda etapa se constitui de um estudo de caso e a terceira etapa, referente às análises dos custos de produção e da viabilidade econômica da cultura. Os custos totais de condução e implantação de uma estufa de 250 m² de morangueiros com 1800 plantas atingiram R$ 39.147,00, cujos componentes mais significativos na composição dos custos foram os gastos com a estrutura, especialmente com postes de eucalipto. Para a análise de viabilidade se utilizou os seguintes índices: Valor Presente Líquido (VPL), Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR) e Payback descontado. Os resultados obtidos identificam viabilidade financeira na produção, pois o VPL foi de R$ 69.509,88; a TIR de 57%; a rentabilidade foi de R$ 25.097,00/ano em uma estufa de 250 m²; e o Payback foi de 1,6 anos. Analisando esses índices se afirmar que o investimento é viável e promissor.

A field and storage experiments were carried out in order to evaluate the effect of the foliar application of Moringa leaves extract, calcium, and potassium silicate on the growth, yield, and quality characteristics of strawberry fruits. The field experiment with three replicates was included 27 treatments consisted of the foliar application of Moringa leaf extract at the concentrations of 0, 5, and 10% which were symbolized as M0, M1, and M2 respectively, calcium at the concentrations of 0, 1, and 2 g. L-1, which were symbolized as Ca0, Ca1, and Ca2 respectively, and potassium silicate at the concentrations of 0, 1.25, and 2.50 ml. L-1 that symbolized as S0, S1, and S2 respectively. The storage experiment was carried out according to the same design that applied in the first experiment, at a temperature of 0-2ºC. The results revealed that the M2 treatment was significantly increased the leaves content of chlorophyll, Leaves area, shoots dry weight, flowers number, the fruit set percent and number, leaves and fruits content of calcium, fruits firmness, and it also reduced the damage percent and the weight loss. While the treatment of Ca1 recorded the most significant values of growth and yield indicators, and the lowest damage percent and weight loss. Also, the Ca2 treatment recorded the highest leaves and fruits content of calcium, and firmness. S2 also recorded the highest values in the above indicators. The interaction treatments revealed significant values in the above-mentioned indicators, as the interactions of M2Ca1, M2S2, and Ca1S2 and the triple interaction of M2Ca1S2 were recorded the highest values compared to the control treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was to evaluate the agronomic performance of two strawberry genotypes submitted to different cultivation technologies in an organic production system. The genotypes tested were CREA FRF LAM 269.19 (short-day) and CREA FRF 114.01(day-neutral). The plants were grown in soil, troughs, slabs and pots. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial arrangement. The parameters evaluated were: dates of bloom onset, fructification and harvesting; several plant features; several fruit features; and yield components - total production; number of fruits, commercial production; production of small fruits and; total productivity. The dayneutral genotype allowed earlier onset of harvesting and greater vegetative development. Trough and bed cultivation provided higher fruit yield and quality in both genotypes. In beds, the fruits presented higher soluble solids content in both genotypes. In sum, the dayneutral genotype associated with the cultivation in beds provided the best agronomic performance in an organic cultivation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the state of Paraná, strawberry farming is relevant, however, it is still an expanding market. Understanding and determining the main economic aspects related to cultivation becomes essential for the success of the enterprise. The objective of this study was to survey the main costs of establishment, management, and economic viability of organic strawberry farming in a soilless substrate system in Laranjeiras do Sul-PR. The study was conducted in the 2022 crop season and divided into three stages. The first stage involved a literature review of all aspects of organic strawberry farming in a soilless substrate system. The second stage consisted of a case study, and the third stage involved the analysis of production costs and economic viability of the crop. The total costs of managing and establishing a 250 m² greenhouse with 1800 strawberry plants reached R$ 39,147.00, with the most significant cost components being related to the structure, especially eucalyptus poles. The following financial viability indices were used: Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Discounted Payback Period. The results obtained indicate financial viability in production, as the NPV was R$ 69,509.88; the IRR was 57%; the profitability was R$ 25.097,00 per year in a 250 m² greenhouse, and the Payback Period was 1.6 years. Analyzing these indices confirms that the investment is viable and promising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the advancement of tissue culture in strawberry plant propagation, the degree of elite for field cultivation depends on forcing the plant to produce runners. The strawberry flower habit [everbearing (EB), seasonal berry (SB), short-day (SD), long-day (LD), and day-neutral (DN)] defines the method of encouraging the plant to generate runners, since the formation of runners is mostly influenced by genetic factors before being influenced by environmental factors. Stolon production, which occurs as a result of vying for resources under certain environmental circumstances, is the reverse of blossoming. Therefore, any stimulus that encourages stolon formation and vegetative growth limits the development of flower buds, which is necessary for elite propagation. Long photoperiod, temperature, chilling hour, or cold storage, and plant growth regulators (PGR) are cited as these variables. Temperature has a significant impact on runner development, although the long daily photoperiod (LD) remains the most crucial component in runner induction. However, when LD interacts with other factors like temperature, cold storage, and gibberellins, its efficiency is increased. Thus, based on the cultivars and the seasonal climate of the geographical location, the best approach for strawberry propagation is identified by optimising the planting date for propagation or adjusting the propagation circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies that evaluate the quality of the strawberry fruit, depending on the different genetic materials and places of cultivation, are still scarce in Brazil. The objective of this work was to evaluate the quality of fruits of advanced genotypes of strawberry with Italian genetics, in the municipality of Farroupilha, belonging to the Serrana region of Rio Grande do Sul. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with four replications and 10 plants per plot, in two production cycles, containing 21 treatments in the 2018/2019 cycle and 23 treatments in the 2019/2020 cycle. The variables were quantified: fresh mass of commercial fruits (g fruit-1); luminosity and chroma of the epidermis; hue angle; pulp firmness (g); titratable acidity content (g 100g-1 of citric acid); soluble solids content (°Brix) and soluble solids/titratable acidity ratio (SS/AT). Among the genotypes evaluated, the genotypes FRF PIR 075.08, ITA 10.128.09, and FRF FC 104.01, have superior fruit quality, showing greater potential to become recommended cultivars for cultivation in the Serrana region of Rio Grande do Sul, together with the cultivar Pircinque. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a continuous interest in developing experimental technologies that can be further transferred to small producers or house fields with limited soil surface area. The aim of this study was to implement a hi-grow tabletop technology for strawberry in the USAMV of Bucharest experimental open field. This growing technology will allow experimentation with different fertilization treatments and strawberry cultivars as well as an evaluation of abiotic and biotic stress on plant growth. ‘Albion’ variety used as the day-neutral strawberry cultivar bore fruit from June to the end of October. In the first year the plants developed well, despite various stress factors (heat, pests, diseases). This study will continue with the implementation of a shading system to protect the plants from direct solar radiation, reduce the temperature, and prevent the sunburn of the fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strawberry fruit (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) is appreciated for its aroma, color, texture and nutritional value. In conventional agriculture, the use of fertilizers damages the environment since it causes loss of soil fertility, salinity and its erosion, hence production alternatives, without harming the environment, are sought. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a biostimulant based on humic substances and rhizobacteria, on the production and quality of the strawberry cultivar 'San Andreas'. Strawberry plants cultivar 'San Andreas' were treated with fulvic acids + mixture of microorganisms, humic acids + Pseudomonas fluorescens, fulvic acids + Azospirillum brasilense, fulvic acids + Pseudomonas fluorescens and the mixture AH and AF + Azospirillum brasilense with two doses (d1, d2) in total 10 treatments were applied plus the control. Humic substances were applied every 15 days and rhizobacteria every 30 days. The results showed that the AFyAzoz d1 increased over control plants, the number of leaves in 38.3%, root volume in 42.6%, the fresh weight in 130% and dry weight in 63.8%, the number of fruits 50.0% and the yield in 59.5%. The AFyPF d1 favored Photosynthesis in 127.3%; AFyPF d1 increased TSS in 25%, AFyPF d2 vitamin C in 17.1% and MHyF + Azoz d1 increased in 20% the content of Phenols. Humic substances plus rhizobacteria are an ecological alternative to be used as biostimulant in the production and quality of strawberry plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiments were conducted to examine the effect of time of planting on the performance of 'Albion' and 'Camarosa' strawberry plants in a greenhouse in Brazil. New transplants were planted in March, April, May or June in the first year, and in March, April or May in the second year. Information was collected on crown production, leaf area expansion, shoot dry weight, marketable yield and average fruit fresh weight. Vegetative growth and marketable yields were higher in 'Camarosa' than in 'Albion', while the reverse was true for average fruit fresh weight. The number of crowns/plant, leaf area/plant and shoot dry weight generally decreased as planting was delayed. Yields were highly variable with no clear pattern across years, except for lower yields with the plantings in June. Mean yields (± SE) were 766 ± 72 g/plant for March, 876 ± 135 g/plant for April, 723 ± 169 g/plant for May and 533 ± 209 g/plant for June. Average fruit fresh weight decreased as yield increased and was lower in the earlier plantings. The results of these experiments suggest that the new transplants can be planted from March to May for commercial production in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many studies about calcium effect on strawberry plants in the world, but few studies have been devoted to investigating its effects on strawberries in Kurdistan-Iraq. Strawberry, which has around twenty documented species, is native to Asia, Europe and South and North America. In the horticulture, it is considered the most important fruits. This research investigates the effect of spray of calcium on growth, flowering and yield of two strawberry cultivars (Fragaria X ananassa Duch.). Three different concentrations of Ca (0, 250 and 500 ppm) were applied by foliar method on two cultivars of strawberry (Festival and Albion). The results revealed a substantial increase in all the vegetative growth parameters at the level (500 ppm) of calcium for Alboin cultivar. However, the highest number of daughter plants was recorded at the level (250 ppm). while all flowering parameters increased significantly at the level (500 ppm) of calcium for Festival cultivar, significant increases were observed in the fruit parameters such as dry weight (g), dry weight percentage and fruit length (cm) at the level (500 ppm) of calcium for Alboin cultivar. Furthermore, it is monitored that fresh weight (g), fruit diameter (cm), fruit size (cm3), number of fruits, yield/plant (g) and yield/ha were increased significantly at the level (500 ppm) of calcium for Festival cultivar. Moreover, the highest value of fruit fall percentage was recorded at the control of Albion cultivar, conversely the lowest value was at control of Festival. The TSS and ascorbic acid were significantly elevated at the level (500 ppm) for Alboin cultivar, however, acidity percentage and sugar percentage raised significantly at the level (500 ppm) calcium for Festival cultivar. The biggest amount of vitamin C was acquired after storage of Festival cultivar that treated with (500 ppm) calcium, whereas the smallest amount was from the control group of Festival cultivar.

The strawberry fruit (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) is appreciated for its aroma, color, texture and nutritional value. In conventional agriculture, the use of fertilizers damages the environment since it causes loss of soil fertility, salinity and its erosion, hence production alternatives, without harming the environment, are sought. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a biostimulant based on humic substances and rhizobacteria, on the production and quality of the strawberry cultivar ‘San Andreas’. Strawberry plants cultivar ‘San Andreas’ were treated with fulvic acids + mixture of microorganisms, humic acids + Pseudomonas fluorescens, fulvic acids + Azospirillum brasilense, fulvic acids + Pseudomonas fluorescens and the mixture AH and AF + Azospirillum brasilense with two doses (d1, d2) in total 10 treatments were applied plus the control. Humic substances were applied every 15 days and rhizobacteria every 30 days. The results showed that the AFyAzoz d1 increased over control plants, the number of leaves in 38.3%, root volume in 42.6%, the fresh weight in 130% and dry weight in 63.8%, the number of fruits 50.0% and the yield in 59.5%. The AFyPF d1 favored Photosynthesis in 127.3%; AFyPF d1 increased TSS in 25%, AFyPF d2 vitamin C in 17.1% and MHyF + Azoz d1 increased in 20% the content of Phenols. Humic substances plus rhizobacteria are an ecological alternative to be used as biostimulant in the production and quality of strawberry plants.

The choice of cultivars to be used by strawberry farmers is essential since it could determine the success of the crop. The present study aimed to evaluate the productive and qualitative performance of strawberry genotypes grown in Vacaria, RS, Brazil. Twelve strawberry genotypes were compared, constituting the different treatments: cultivars Strawberry Festival, Oso Grande, Jonica, and Pircinque, and selections FRF PA3, FRF CE 51, FRF CE 56, FRF PIR 29, FRF PIR 54, FRF 85.04, FRF 149.18, and FRF 102.21. The seedlings were transplanted on May 13, 2014, in a semi-hydroponic cultivation system, adopting a randomized block design with four blocks and an experimental unit of ten useful plants. The variables evaluated were the number of fruits, total production per plant, productivity, commercial productivity, fresh fruit mass, commercial percentage, soluble solids, titratable acidity, soluble solids to total acidity ratio, pulp firmness, and production seasonality. The mean values ​​were subjected to an analysis of variance and multivariate analysis, and their means were compared by the Scott-Knott test at a 5% error probability. Cultivar Strawberry Festival and selection FRF 102.21 showed higher productions (1138 g plant-1 nd 1019 g plant-1, respectively) and quantities of fruits produced (85 un plant-1 and 87 un plant-1, respectively). Cultivar Jonica and selection FRF 85.4 showed higher percentages of marketable fruits. The Pircinque cultivar was prominent for sugar content, presenting a value 24% superior to the general average of the cultivars. Cultivars Strawberry Festival, Jonica, and Pircinque and selection FRF 102.21 showed the highest qualitative and quantitative gains for the region of Vacaria, RS, Brazil.

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas is the property of Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agricolas y Pecuarias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

FT-MIR spectroscopy coupled to chemometrics can be an alternative technique to conventional methods to determine the chemical composition of berries such as strawberry. This study developed chemometric models based on FT-MIR spectroscopy to identify strawberry cultivars at seven stages of ripening and quantify the main attributes involved in sensory quality of strawberry fruits (total soluble solids, total acidity, reducing sugars, pH) and the main bioactive compounds involved in antioxidant capacities (ascorbic acid, phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins). PCR, PLS1 and PLS2 algorithms were used to develop the prediction models. PLS1 algorithm developed excellent predictions with Rc2 -greater than 0.90. SIMCA model identified the cultivars with 99% confidence. Unlike conventional methods, FT-MIR allowed us to analyze simultaneously the attributes of quality, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant capacity of strawberries fruits in a fast and reliable way without the use of reagents and/or solvents, which considerably reduces the time and cost of the analyzes.

The choice of cultivars to be used by strawberry farmers is essential since it could determine the success of the crop. The present study aimed to evaluate the productive and qualitative performance of strawberry genotypes grown in Vacaria, RS, Brazil. Twelve strawberry genotypes were compared, constituting the different treatments: cultivars Strawberry Festival, Oso Grande, Jonica, and Pircinque, and selections FRF PA3, FRF CE 51, FRF CE 56, FRF PIR 29, FRF PIR 54, FRF 85.04, FRF 149.18, and FRF 102.21. The seedlings were transplanted on May 13, 2014, in a semi-hydroponic cultivation system, adopting a randomized block design with four blocks and an experimental unit of ten useful plants. The variables evaluated were the number of fruits, total production per plant, productivity, commercial productivity, fresh fruit mass, commercial percentage, soluble solids, titratable acidity, soluble solids to total acidity ratio, pulp firmness, and production seasonality. The mean values were subjected to an analysis of variance and multivariate analysis, and their means were compared by the Scott-Knott test at a 5% error probability. Cultivar Strawberry Festival and selection FRF 102.21 showed higher productions (1138 g plant-1 nd 1019 g plant-1, respectively) and quantities of fruits produced (85 un plant-1 and 87 un plant-1, respectively). Cultivar Jonica and selection FRF 85.4 showed higher percentages of marketable fruits. The Pircinque cultivar was prominent for sugar content, presenting a value 24% superior to the general average of the cultivars. Cultivars Strawberry Festival, Jonica, and Pircinque and selection FRF 102.21 showed the highest qualitative and quantitative gains for the region of Vacaria, RS, Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Engenharia na Agricultura is the property of Engenharia na Agricultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The use of pesticides is considered one of the most important threats to pollinators, especially since they are widely used in agriculture for pest control. In the last years, several studies have reported severe secondary effects on various bee species, including exotic and native bees. In this study, lethal (mortality) and sublethal (locomotor activity) effects of insecticides and acaricides used in strawberries in Brazil (abamectin, novaluron, spinetoram, and thiamethoxam) were evaluated on the native stingless bees Melipona quadrifasciata and Tetragonisca fiebrigi. The results showed that the effects varied significantly according to the pesticide, type of exposure (oral or topical), and bee species. Through oral exposure, M. quadrifasciata was more susceptible to all insecticides except for abamectin, while in topical exposure, T. fiebrigi was more sensitive. Thiamethoxam followed by spinetoram and abamectin were the most lethal, regardless of species or exposure route; novaluron was not harmful at the highest tested dose. The locomotor activity of bees was altered in the presence of sublethal doses (LC10 and LC50) of all insecticides. Spinetoram and abamectin can be as much as toxic as thiamethoxam against M. quadrifasciata and T. fiebrigi in laboratory experiments. These findings should be confirmed in field experiments to define possibilities to combine pest control and pollinator management. In crops like strawberries, the selectivity of native pollinators should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To produce strawberries on a commercial scale, it is necessary to choose the cultivars best adapted to the growing site. This work aimed to compare strawberry genotypes regarding production and fruit quality, in the municipality of Lages, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil, during the 2017/2018 harvest season. In this work, 15 genotypes were evaluated, five commercial cultivars and ten advanced selections. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with four replicates and plots of 11 plants. The cultivation system used was in the soil of an open field, in beds of approximately 90 centimeters, with three rows per bed. Planting distance was of 30 centimeters between rows and plants. The Sabrina cultivar showed the highest production (1,231.77 g plant-1) and number of fruits (78.48 fruits plant-1). The highest quality fruits were obtained from the selections FRF PIR 256.4, FRF 104.1, FRF 57.6, FRF LAM 119.1 and cultivar Pircinque, characterized by soluble solids/titratable acidity ratios above 15. In the productive cycle in question, cultivar Sabrina presented the best performance, demonstrating the potential for recommendation to the producers of the South Plateau of State of Santa Catarina.

A desidratação é uma alternativa viável para utilizar morangos que não possuem formato, tamanho ou cor adequados para a comercialização. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a aceitação sensorial e características físico-químicas de morangos desidratados com diferentes tratamentos. Os tratamentos utilizados foram aplicados antes da secagem em estufa a 60°C e consistiram em 1 - 60% sacarose + ácido ascórbico; 2 - 60% sacarose + ácido cítrico; 3 - 60% sacarose + pectina; 4 - 80% sacarose + ácido ascórbico; 5 - 80% sacarose + ácido cítrico; 6 - 80% sacarose + pectina e 7 - tratamento controle (sem adição de sacarose e/ou ingrediente). Os tratamentos foram avaliados por meio de análise sensorial com escala hedônica com julgadores não treinados. Foram avaliados o teor de sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, pH, coloração, ácido ascórbico, antocianinas e compostos fenólicos dos frutos desidratados. Os tratamentos osmóticos de 80% sacarose + ácido ascórbico ou pectina foram bem aceitos pelos provadores e mostraram-se melhores que o tratamento controle. O teor de sólidos solúveis variou entre os tratamentos e foi maior para os morangos tratados com 80% sacarose + pectina, também apresentando maior relação sólidos solúveis/acidez titulável. O teor de compostos fenólicos, antocianinas e ácido ascórbico foi maior para os tratamentos 80% sacarose + pectina ou ácido ascórbico ou ácido cítrico, os quais também apresentaram coloração vermelha mais intensa. O morango desidratado com pré-tratamento 80% sacarose + ácido ascórbico ou pectina mostrou-se boa opção de agregação de valor a essa fruta, visto que apresentou boa aceitação e manutenção de compostos bioativos. DOI: 10.12957/demetra.2018.31920

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The purpose this study was to evaluate the vegetative development, yield and quality of strawberry cultivars of short and neutral days as a function of soil cover. Two experiments were carried out in a protected environment. The experimental design used in both experiments consisted of randomized blocks, with subdivided plots. Harvests were carried out every two days, when the berries presented 75% of the red coloration of the epidermis, with evaluation of yield, number of fruits/plant, and fresh biomass of the fruits. For fruit quality, the pH, SS, titratable acidity, SS/TA ratio and fruit staining were evaluated. The contents of chlorophyll a and b, chlorophyll a + b and the chlorophyll a/b ratio in the leaves were also measured. At the end of the productive cycle, destructive evaluations of leaf number, leaf area and dry biomass of shoot were carried out. Cultivation on white PSC presented plants with lower vegetative development, higher yield, and fruit size. Among the cultivars of short days, Camino Real presented bigger and more attractive fruits regarding the appearance of color of epidermis. For neutral day cultivars, Aromas obtained higher yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Para produzir morangos em escala comercial, é necessário escolher as cultivares melhor adaptadas ao local de cultivo. Objetivou-se com este trabalho confrontar genótipos de morangueiro quanto a aspectos de produção e qualidade de frutos, no município de Lages, em Santa Catarina, no ciclo agrícola 2017/2018. Foram avaliados 15 genótipos, sendo cinco cultivares comerciais e dez seleções avançadas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, e parcelas constituídas por 11 plantas. O sistema de cultivo utilizado foi no solo, em campo aberto, em canteiros com aproximadamente 90 centímetros de largura, com três linhas de plantio por canteiro. A distância de plantio foi de 30 centímetros, entre fileiras e plantas. A cultivar Sabrina obteve a maior produção (1.231,77 g planta-1) e número de frutos (78,48 frutos planta-1). Com as seleções FRF PIR 256.4, FRF 104.1, FRF 57.6, FRF LAM 119.1 e a cultivar Pircinque se obtiveram os frutos de qualidade superior, caracterizados por médias acima de 15 para a relação sólidos solúveis / acidez titulável. No ciclo produtivo em questão, a cultivar Sabrina apresentou o melhor desempenho, demonstrando potencial para ser recomendada aos produtores da região do Planalto Sul Catarinense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This pot experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of four doses (0, 2, 4 and 8 g.L-1) of seaweed extract (Alga 600) application with fertigation on nutrient uptake of strawberry cv. Albion during the 2016-2017 vegetation period in Kalar city located in Northern Iraq. The results of leaf analysis indicated significant (p<0.01) differences at the nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) concentrations between two sampling periods. In contrast, copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) concentrations of plants leaves did not significantly differed between the sampling periods. According to the statistical analysis, the effect of seaweed doses on nutrients were statistically insignificant for all nutrients except Mn (p>0.05). While for the Mn element, the highest value (223.70 ± 11.59 mg kg-1) obtained from T4 (8 g.L-1) seaweed dose; the lowest one (164.91 ± 11.59 mg kg-1) obtained from control dose. The effect of interaction between seaweed doses and periods on nutrients was also not found statistically significant (p>0.05). In general, seaweed extract of 8 g.L-1 was more effective on macro and micro nutrient contents of strawberry leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment was established in pots during the vegetative period of 2017, in Kalar Sulaymaniyah, Northern Iraq, to investigate the effect of seaweed extracts (Alga 600) of four concentrations (0, 2, 4, 8 g.L-1) applied with fertigation system on growth, flowering, yield and quality properties of strawberry cv. Albion. Drip irrigation system was used in this experiment. According to the results in terms of the vegetative growth characteristics, increasing seaweed extract (Alga 600) amounts had significantly different effects on plants with a different number of crowns. The results concerning flower properties show that increasing seaweed extract applications had significant effects on the number of flowers per plant, yielding 16.55-21.77 units/plant. The results in point of fruit properties show that increasing Alga 600 amounts caused a significant increase of 11.81-17.7 units/plant in terms of fruit number, 211.74-329.37 ml in terms of fruit volume, and an increase of 191.7-295.03 g in terms of yield, compared to the control treatment. The results show that increasing seaweed extract caused a significant increase in fruit quality (TSS/TA ratio from 8.29 to 13.35) compared to the control treatment and increasing seaweed application caused a significant decrease in the TA of the fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O uso de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs) é uma alternativa para proporcionar melhor absorção de nutrientes, estimular o sistema de defesa dos vegetais e promover a síntese de compostos bioativos. Além disso, podem diminuir os custos de produção e tornar os sistemas de cultivo mais sustentáveis e comprometidos com o ambiente. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar a influência de FMAs nos componentes agronômicos e fisiológicos de cultivares de morangueiro. As cultivares avaliadas foram Camarosa, Aromas, Camino Real, Monterrey, Portola, San Andreas e Albion no ano de 2016 e Camarosa, Camino Real, Monterrey e Albion no ano de 2017, inoculadas e não inoculadas com FMAs. Avaliou-se os componentes agronômicos (número de frutos, produção total e massa de frutos) nos dois anos de cultivo. No ano de 2017 avaliou-se também as trocas gasosas e estimou-se a área foliar. Quanto aos componentes agronômicos, houve destaque para as plantas micorrizadas em relação às não micorrizadas nos dois anos de avaliação. A inoculação com FMAs proporcionou incremento da área foliar para as cultivares, exceto Monterrey. Os FMAs proporcionaram ainda incremento do rendimento fotossintético para as cultivares Camarosa e Camino Real e da transpiração para Camarosa. O uso de FMAs proporcionou melhora das características agronômicas e fisiológicas das cultivares de morangueiro avaliadas no presente trabalho.

The application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in strawberry cultivation can improve its growth and development. The objective of this study was to evaluate if strawberry plants in the absence and presence of inoculation with AMF communities, obtained from soils collected in reference-sites in the cultivation of this species, differ in their morpho-horticultural performance. Two experiments were carried out: in experiment I (frequency of AMF communities species) the treatments were eight soils containing AMF communities, collected from natural and agricultural ecosystems in reference-sites of strawberry cultivation in southern Brazil, with nine samples per treatment; in experiment II (use of AMF communities in strawberry) the treatments were eight AMF communities and one control (non-mycorrhizal plants), arranged in a completely randomised design, with three replicates. The species Claroideoglomus aff. luteum, C. claroideum, C. etunicatum, Funneliformis mosseae and Glomus sp2 were the most frequent in the studied sites and the morpho-horticultural performance of strawberry plants was improved when plants inoculated with AMF communities. Strawberry plants inoculated with mycorrhizae develop a more profuse root system and fruit anthocyanin content is increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FT-MIR spectroscopy coupled to chemometrics can be an alternative technique to conventional methods to determine the chemical composition of berries such as strawberry. This study developed chemometric models based on FT-MIR spectroscopy to identify strawberry cultivars at seven stages of ripening and quantify the main attributes involved in sensory quality of strawberry fruits (total soluble solids, total acidity, reducing sugars, pH) and the main bioactive compounds involved in antioxidant capacities (ascorbic acid, phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins). PCR, PLS1 and PLS2 algorithms were used to develop the prediction models. PLS1 algorithm developed excellent predictions with Rc2 -greater than 0.90. SIMCA model identified the cultivars with 99% confidence. Unlike conventional methods, FT-MIR allowed us to analyze simultaneously the attributes of quality, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant capacity of strawberries fruits in a fast and reliable way without the use of reagents and/or solvents, which considerably reduces the time and cost of the analyzes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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RESUMEN El selenio (Se) es un elemento traza esencial no solo para animales, plantas y microorganismos, sino también para la salud de las personas. Por ello, parece que aumentar las cantidades de selenio en plantas puede tener implicaciones positivas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar en un sistema de cultivo sin suelo con fibra de coco el efecto del selenito (Se IV) y selenato (Se VI) en el peso, calidad de las frutas de fresa, así como en variables de crecimiento y contenido de clorofilas de las hojas jóvenes y adultas de la planta de fresa de la variedad ‘Splendor’. Los tratamientos fueron: T1 Se(IV)F (foliar), T2 Se(IV)S (sustrato), T3 Se(VI)F, T4 Se(VI)S y T5 control (sin aporte de Se). Se aplicaron semanalmente las mismas concentraciones de Se(IV) y Se(VI). Los resultados del análisis mostraron que el efecto de los tratamientos sobre firmeza, sólidos solubles totales y acidez titratable en frutas fue significativo. Los valores más altos de firmeza y sólidos solubles fueron mostrados por el tratamiento T4. Los mayores valores para el pH se producen en los tratamientos con T2 y T4. Los resultados indican que el Se tiene un efecto positivo sobre los valores de SPAD en hoja vieja. Las plantas con tratamiento de selenio presentaron un mayor número de hojas en relación a las plantas control.

K and N are the nutrients with the highest influence on yield and fruit quality. From this perspective, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of N as NO3−, K+ and their interactions on the yield and quality of strawberries grown under soilless conditions. A solution comprised of micronutrients based on an amended Steiner’s Universal Nutrient Solution was mixed with 4 levels of K+ (5, 7, 9 and 11 mol m−3) and 3 levels of NO3− (9, 12, and 15 mol m−3) to obtain 12 treatments. The results suggest that 15 mol m−3 of NO3− in the nutrient solution produced the highest yield, but fruit with low nutraceutical quality. On the other hand, 11 mol m−3 of K+ in the nutrient solution produced the highest yield and fruit with the best nutraceutical quality. The ionic concentration of the Universal Steiner’s Nutrient Solution proved to be the best nutritional option to maximize the yield and nutraceutical quality of strawberry fruit. The increase in NO3− concentration in the nutrient solution produced a higher yield of strawberries, while a higher concentration of K+ improved fruit quality, thus reaffirming the significance of nutrients within the plant functioning of this crop.

Abstract In contrast to ripening of climacteric fruits knowledge, non-climacteric fruits ripening still poorly understood. In this sense, strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa L. Duch) is a high commercial crop and has an expressive world production that has been used as a model study. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect on physicochemical and phytochemical characteristics of strawberry Cv. Camiño Real, in four maturation stages (green, white, pink and red) after the ethylene (Etephon®) and brassinosteroid (epi-brassinolide) exogenous spray. The evaluations were carried out at application time (field assay) and after 24h (post-harvest assay). Brassinosteroid application tends to reduce phenolic compounds content mainly in the red stage, whereas ethylene treatment tends to increase supposing that while brassinosteroids reduce phenolic compounds acting to fruit conservation, by the reduction of oxidative stress, increasing antioxidant activity, the ethylene act in fruit ripening leading to senescence. However, for vitamin C content while brassinosteroid treatment increases ascorbic acid in postharvest for the white fruit, the ethylene treatment do a dramatically increased in vitamin C content to red fruits, showing that although ethylene and brassinosteroids can affect the vitamin C content, the response can change according to the development stage spray, suggesting that more studies are necessary to understand the hormonal interaction for ascorbic acid production during strawberry ripening.

ABSTRACT Over the years, strawberry growth has shown alterations in its phenology, involving mainly the beginning of flowering and fruiting. The aim of this study was to verify whether the growth years influence the duration of strawberry vegetative and reproductive stages in protected environment. The development of the Camarosa strawberry cultivar was observed between 2007 and 2014. The crops were settled in a greenhouse in the Horticulture Sector at the University of Passo Fundo, RS. Data like transplant date, in the beginning and end of the fruits harvest; temperature data (maximum, average and minimum) were recorded in the growth environment. These data were used for the thermal sum calculation (daily, accumulated). The data analyses were carried out in a descriptive manner, relating the temperature data with the phenological stage of each year. The accumulated thermal sum that is necessary to begin the harvest was variable throughout the years, where it was between 383 and 438 degrees days-1 for plants with interval between transplant and harvest of 73 days (2008 and 2009) at 816 degrees days-1, where the interval was 111 days (in 2014). In the first case, it accumulated 5.2 ºC/day, in 2008 and 6 ºC/day, in 2009. In the second case, it was 7.3 ºC/day, in 2014. Seedlings which were transplanted in the first fortnight of May began fruiting in the beginning of August and September. Seedlings transplanted in July 2011 and 2012 began fruiting in similar periods, that is, in the first and second fortnight of September. It was found that, because of the temperatures recorded in different periods of growth and transplant time, there is alteration mainly in the strawberry vegetative stage.

RESUMO O objetivo foi avaliar o potencial produtivo de cultivares de morangueiro em região representativa do Alto Jequitinhonha. O experimento foi conduzido na fazenda Mape Frutas Ltda., localizada no município de Datas-MG, em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com oito cultivares de morangueiro em quatro repetições, para verificar a produção de mudas e de frutos. A contagem da produção de estolões e de mudas foi realizada aos 180 dias após o plantio. A avaliação das variáveis relacionadas à produção de frutos foi feita duas vezes por semana, no período de maio a outubro de 2012. Das cultivares de dias curtos (Festival, Campinas, Toyonoka, Dover, Oso Grande e Camarosa) e dias neutros (Diamante e Aromas), apenas Toyonoka foi a que apresentou menor desempenho para as variáveis. A significativa superioridade das cultivares Camarosa e Festival, para praticamente todas as variáveis avaliadas, permite recomendá-las para regiões com características edafoclimáticas semelhantes às da região onde o experimento foi conduzido. Dentre as cultivares avaliadas, as mais precoces tenderam a apresentar maior desempenho para variáveis relacionadas à produção de frutos.

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