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Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-imr-10.1177_03000605231182262 for Concomitant occurrence of Wernicke’s encephalopathy and sarcopenia due to vitamin D depletion in patients with alcohol use disorder: a case report by Emil Fraenkel, Michal Orlický, Miriam Fedičová, Zuzana Gdovinová and Ivica Lazúrová in Journal of International Medical Research

Súhrn C-peptid tvorí spolu s reťazcami A a B molekulu proinzulínu. Pôvodne bol považovaný za biologický odpad, ktorý mal za úlohu zaistenie správnej priestorovej štruktúry proinzulínu pred jeho premenou na inzulín. V praktickej diabetológii je využívané stanovenie koncentrácie C-peptidu v plazme ako ukazovateľa endogénnej sekrécie inzulínu. V súčasnosti sú k dispozícii údaje o možných biologických a fyziologických funkciách C-peptidu, ale ich presný mechanizmus doposiaľ nie je známy. Ďalší členovia inzulínovej rodiny, slúžiaci u človeka a u živočíchov na nižšej úrovni fylogenézy ako rastové faktory, tiež obsahujú vo svojej molekule časť „C“, ktorá je u niektorých posttranslačne odstránená, u iných nie. Vzniká tak hypotéza, že odstránenie „C“ časti molekuly v priebehu fylogenézy malo za následok oslabenie pleiotropnej rastovej a širokej metabolickej funkcie týchto molekúl a vznik hormónu, ktorý špecificky reguluje metabolizmus glukózy. Pre pochopenie integrácie metabolizmu s ostatnými funkciami organizmu je dôležité objasnenie funkcie členov inzulínovej rodiny v zdraví a chorobe vrátane významu C-peptidu a „C“ podobnej domény týchto bielkovín. Abstract C-peptide together with A and B chains comprises the molecule of proinsulin. Originally, it was considered as a biological waste important only to ensure the proper spatial structure of proinsulin before its transformation to insulin. Its only use in diabetological practice is the assessment of endogenous insulin secretion. Recently, there have been numerous data about the possible biological and physiological effects of C-peptide, but the exact mechanisms of these functions are not yet elucidated. Members of insulin family acting as growth factors in human body and in animal kingdom on lower level of phylogenesis also contain their part “C” in the precursors of these substances. In some of them, the part “C” is removed posttranslationally, in others not. This leads to the hypothesis that removal of part “C“ in the course of phylogenesis is responsible for transformation of these substances with broad and pleiotropic functions to a hormone regulating specifically the metabolism of glucose. The study of functions of different members of insulin family, including the biological significance of part “C” or C-peptide could be helpful to understand the principles of metabolic integration in health and disease., {"references":["Ahlqvist, E., Prasad, R. B. and Groop L. (2021) Towards improved precision and a new classification of diabetes mellitus. J Endocrin, 252 (3), pp. R59-R71. doi: 10.1530/JOE-20-0596.","Bhatt, M. P. et al. (2013a) C-peptide prevents hyperglycemia-induced endothelial apoptosis through inhibition of reactive oxygen species-mediated transglutaminase 2 activation. Diabetes, 62 (1), pp. 243-253. doi: 10.2337/db12-0293.","Bhatt, M. P. et al. 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Impairment of the arteries is a product of sustained exposure to various deleterious factors and progresses with time; a phenomenon inherent to vascular aging. Oxidative stress, inflammation, the accumulation of harmful agents in high cardiovascular risk conditions, changes to the extracellular matrix, and/or alterations of the epigenetic modification of molecules, are all vital pathophysiological processes proven to contribute to vascular aging, and also lead to changes in levels of associated circulating molecules. Many of these molecules are consequently recognized as markers of vascular impairment and accelerated vascular aging in clinical and research settings, however, for these molecules to be classified as biomarkers of vascular aging, further criteria must be met. In this paper, we conducted a scoping literature review identifying thirty of the most important, and eight less important, biomarkers of vascular aging. Herein, we overview a selection of the most important molecules connected with the above-mentioned pathological conditions and study their usefulness as circulating biomarkers of vascular aging.