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Abstract Background This study describes a promising method for understanding how halophytes adapt to extreme saline conditions and to identify populations with greater resistance. Image and colour analyses have the ability to obtain many image parameters and to discriminate between different aspects in plants, which makes them a suitable tool in combination with genetic analysis to study the plants salt tolerance. To the best of our knowledge, there are no publications about the monitoring of halophytic plants by non-destructive methods for identifying the differences between plants that belong to different maternal salinity environments. The aim is to evaluate the ability of image analysis as a non-destructive method and principal component analysis (PCA) to identify the multiple responses of two S. europaea populations, and to determine which population is most affected by different salinity treatments as a preliminary model of selection. Results Image analysis was beneficial for detecting the phenotypic variability of two S. europaea populations by morphometric and colour parameters, fractal dimension (FD), projected area (A), shoot height (H), number of branches (B), shoot diameter (S) and colour change (ΔE). S was found to strongly positively correlate with both proline content and ΔE, and negatively with chlorophyll content. These results suggest that proline and ΔE are strongly linked to plant succulence, while chlorophyll decreases with increased succulence. The negative correlation between FD and hydrogen peroxide (HP) suggests that when the plant is under salt stress, HP content increases in plants causing a reduction in plant complexity and foliage growth. The PCA results indicate that the greater the stress, the more marked the differences. At 400 mM a shorter distance between the factorial scores was observed. Genetic variability analysis provided evidence of the differences between these populations. Conclusions Our non-destructive method is beneficial for evaluating the halophyte development under salt stress. FD, S and ΔE were relevant indicators of plant architecture. PCA provided evidence that anthropogenic saline plants were more tolerant to saline stress. Furthermore, random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis provided a quick method for determining genetic variation patterns between the two populations and provided evidence of genetic differences between them.

The high rate of urbanization in the modern world requires a conscious approach to architectural design. A person needs an environment that fills him with new strength and does not drown out his creative potential with monotonous routine. Due to its natural feature, fractal architecture meets these requirements. The article examines the signs of fractal systems in relation to architecture, highlights the concept - "the principle of fragmentation of a fractal", the term "self-similarity" is broader. In addition, the existing experience of fractal architecture has been analyzed, and the relationship between fractality and the success of the project has been revealed using the example of existing objects. The materials of this article can serve for the further development of the theory of creating fractal architecture.

When the concept of daily architecture is examined from a broad perspective, it can observe that architectural units are produced with different design criteria in each period. In terms of structural designs, the designs in which Euclidean geometry shapes - bricks, steel sections, plates - are presented with simple solutions in production and marketing, and where designs Euclid used effectively are stylistically recognized. From this point it is not hard to reach to the data that fractals in architecture are used more advanced than copying the models from nature, to fractal architecture (Jencks, 1997:14). In this study, it was aimed to support the interpretations made on the literature data about the intuitive facts and characteristics of mosques belonging to the Akkoyunlu period in the Diyarbakır mosques with numeric data. For this, the numerical possibilities of fractal geometry have been imposed on. First of all, the concept of fractal and its historical development, concepts of fractal design and its scope, fractal dimension and calculation methods are mentioned in the study. The architectural and historical features of the Diyarbakır mosques, which will be analysed by calculating the fractal dimension, are then discussed. In the scope of the field study, empty ratios filled with Diyarbakır mosques belonging to Akkoyunlu period by box counting method were determined and fractal dimensions were calculated with the specified formulas. The obtained values are demonstrated in tables. In the last part of the study, the obtained fractal values are tabulated. As a result of this obtained values, evaluations were made by putting forward these results and analyses. It is thought that the studies which combine different fields such as mathematics, geometry and architecture, can provide us with different perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After a long period of one-way consumerist attitude toward nature, there have been some alternate perspectives on the systemic relationship between humans and nature, which have been again brought up during the past few decades. Since the late twentieth century, fractal architecture has been one of the most important themes discussed in architecture and it is based on the chaos and complexity theories. Critics often criticize this architecture due to its lack of architectural values, practicality, and attention to economy, culture, and history. The current study aims to clarify the scientific theories that are the theoretical foundations of this approach in contemporary architecture. By categorizing the practical examples of this architectural approach, they are analyzed in terms of their relationship with nature using the logical reasoning method to achieve a favorable architecture. In fact, the gap between this architecture and nature’s behavior is shown.

В статье обосновывается авторский подход фрактального анализа памятников архитектуры на основе ячеистого вычисления размерности (the box counting dimension method, DB). Он охватывает основные пространственные и художественные характеристики (плана, фасада и разреза) и верифицируется на основе поиска фрактальных согласований в памятнике исламской архитектуры – мечети Ахмад Шаха в Стамбуле. Доказывается прямая зависимость высокой степени фрактальности памятника и его художественных и эстетических характеристик. Впервые осуществляется исследование известного памятника исламской архитектуры. Работа призвана внести вклад в теорию анализа архитектурных объектов, результаты ее могут быть в методологическом плане использованы в практике проектирования, в первую очередь в храмовых сооружениях.

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