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Over the past twenty years, the smart city vision has gained popularity to the extent that it is now the dominant vision of the future city. Like any vision, however, the smart city holds a particular view on what the good life in the city entails and thereby raises various dilemmas and concerns. In particular, the smart city vision puts important public values at stake by portraying data technologies as neutral instruments towards an uncertain future. To navigate the emerging social and ethical implications of smart cities, citizens need to be included as experts on how they experience the city and what they find important in it. Specifically, we consider citizen engagement to be meaningful when it is embedded in the innovation processes of Responsible Innovation. This governance framework prescribes inclusive, anticipatory, reflexive, and responsive innovation processes to better align emerging technologies to societal wants and needs. Despite numerous citizen engagement initiatives in the smart city, however, citizens are hardly engaged in a meaningful way because the smart city vision makes it difficult to identify what is at stake, to include a broad range of publics, and to connect engagement outcomes to ongoing technological trajectories. The literature suggests that some of these challenges may be addressed with art-based citizen engagement methods. Yet, even though art-based engagement methods are increasingly used to engage citizens on controversial technologies, little is known about how it works and why. The aim of this thesis is, therefore to support Responsible Innovation in the smart city by examining the conditions for, as well as the processes and outcomes of, art-based citizen engagement. To this end, we performed two literature studies and three case studies. The literature studies explored the concept of responsible innovation, and the practice of art-based public engagement, respectively. The case studies followed an action-oriented methodology

Art is increasingly used to engage publics on emerging and controversial technologies, but we still know little about what works in art-based engagement and why. To investigate what art can do for public engagement, we systematically reviewed academic work published from 2000 to 2018 about the effect of art on organized public engagement. We used the dimensions of Responsible Research and Innovation as an analytical framework to identify what outcomes are achieved and what processes contribute to those outcomes. The 30 included studies showed that art mainly supported engagement by (1) reaching wider audiences, (2) fueling individual reflection, and (3) making visible how technologies come into being and interact with the world. With due consideration of the risks of instrumentalization, future research should empirically and reflexively investigate the outcomes and methodologies of art-based engagement, especially concerning collective reflection and change.