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1. Unconventional edge states in a two-leg ladder

Author: Downing, C. A., Martín-Moreno, L., and Fox, O. I. R.
Subjects: Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics
Abstract: Some popular mechanisms for restricting the diffusion of waves include introducing disorder (to provoke Anderson localization) and engineering topologically non-trivial phases (to allow for topological edge states to form). However, other methods for inducing somewhat localized states in elementary lattice models have been historically much less studied. Here we show how edge states can emerge within a simple two-leg ladder of coupled harmonic oscillators, where it is important to include interactions beyond those at the nearest neighbour range. Remarkably, depending upon the interplay between the coupling strength along the rungs of the ladder and the next-nearest neighbour coupling strength along one side of the ladder, edge states can indeed appear at particular energies. In a wonderful manifestation of a type of bulk-edge correspondence, these edge state energies correspond to the quantum number for which additional stationary points appear in the continuum bandstructure of the equivalent problem studied with periodic boundary conditions. Our theoretical results are relevant to a swathe of classical or quantum lattice model simulators, such that the proposed edge states may be useful for applications including waveguiding in metamaterials and quantum transport., Comment: 23 pages, 11 figures
Published: 2024
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2. Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at z = 2.9 with JWST

Author: Pierel, J. D. R., Engesser, M., Coulter, D. A., Decoursey, C., Siebert, M. R., Rest, A., Egami, E., Chen, W., Fox, O. D., Jones, D. O., Joshi, B. A., Moriya, T. J., Zenati, Y., Bunker, A. J., Cargile, P. A., Curti, M., Eisenstein, D. J., Gezari, S., Gomez, S., Guolo, M., Johnson, B. D., Karmen, M., Maiolino, R., Quimby, Robert M., Robertson, B., Shahbandeh, M., Strolger, L. G., Sun, F., Wang, Q., and Wevers, T.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS$+53.13485$$-$$27.82088$ with a host spectroscopic redshift of $2.903\pm0.007$. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (E(B-V)$\sim0.9$) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity ($19,000\pm2,000$km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-z Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-z cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement ($\lesssim1\sigma$) with $\Lambda$CDM. Therefore unlike low-z Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-z truly diverge from their low-z counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift., Comment: Submitted to ApJL
Published: 2024

3. Discovery of a Relativistic Stripped Envelope Type Ic-BL Supernova at z = 2.83 with JWST

Author: Siebert, M. R., Decoursey, C., Coulter, D. A., Engesser, M., Pierel, J. D. R., Rest, A., Egami, E., Shahbandeh, M., Chen, W., Fox, O. D., Zenati, Y., Moriya, T. J., Bunker, A. J., Cargile, P. A., Curti, M., Eisenstein, D. J., Gezari, S., Gomez, S., Guolo, M., Johnson, B. D., Joshi, B. A., Karmen, M., Maiolino, R., Quimby, R. M., Robertson, B., Strolger, L. G., Sun, F., Wang, Q., and Wevers, T.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: We present JWST NIRCam and NIRSpec observations of a Type Ic supernova (SN Ic) and its host galaxy (JADES-GS+53.13533-27.81457) at $z = 2.83$. This SN (named SN 2023adta) was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) Program. Follow-up observations with JWST/NIRSpec provided a spectroscopic redshift of $z = 2.83$ and the classification as a SN Ic-BL. The light curve of SN 2023adta matches well with other stripped envelope supernovae and we find a high peak luminosity, $M_V = -19.0 \pm 0.2$ mag, based on the distribution of best-fit SNe. The broad absorption features in its spectrum are consistent with other SNe Ic-BL 1-3 weeks after peak brightness. We measure a Ca II NIR triplet expansion velocity of $29{,}000 \pm 2{,}000$ km s$^{-1}$. The host galaxy of SN 2023adta is irregular, and modeling of its spectral energy distribution (SED) indicates a metallicity of $Z = 0.35^{+0.16}_{-0.08} Z_{\odot}$. This environment is consistent with the population of low-$z$ SNe Ic-BL which prefer lower metallicities relative to other stripped envelope supernovae, and track long duration $\gamma$-ray burst (LGRB) environments. We do not identify any GRBs that are coincident with SN 2023adta. Given the rarity of SNe Ic-BL in the local universe, the detection of a SN Ic-BL at $z = 2.83$ could indicate that their rates are enhanced at high redshift., Comment: 16 pages, 7 figures, submitted to ApJL
Published: 2024

4. Shockingly Bright Warm Carbon Monoxide Molecular Features in the Supernova Remnant Cassiopeia A Revealed by JWST

Author: Rho, J., Park, S. -H., Arendt, R., Matsuura, M., Milisavljevic, D., Temim, T., De Looze, I., Blair, W. P., Rest, A., Fox, O., Ravi, A. P., Koo, B. -C., Barlow, M., Burrows, A., Chevalier, R., Clayton, G., Fesen, R., Fransson, C., Fryer, C., Gomez, H. L., Janka, H. -T., Kirchschlarger, F., Laming, J. M., Orlando, S., Patnaude, D., Pavlov, G., Plucinsky, P., Posselt, B., Priestley, F., Raymond, J., Sartorio, N., Schmidt, F., Slane, P., Smith, N., Sravan, N., Vink, J., Weil, K., Wheeler, J., and Yoon, S. C.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract: We present JWST NIRCam (F356W and F444W filters) and MIRI (F770W) images and NIRSpec- IFU spectroscopy of the young supernova remnant Cassiopeia A (Cas A). We obtained the data as part of a JWST survey of Cas A. The NIRCam and MIRI images map the spatial distributions of synchrotron radiation, Ar-rich ejecta, and CO on both large and small scales, revealing remarkably complex structures. The CO emission is stronger at the outer layers than the Ar ejecta, which indicates the reformation of CO molecules behind the reverse shock. NIRSpec-IFU spectra (3 - 5.5 microns) were obtained toward two representative knots in the NE and S fields. Both regions are dominated by the bright fundamental rovibrational band of CO in the two R and P branches, with strong [Ar VI] and relatively weaker, variable strength ejecta lines of [Si IX], [Ca IV], [Ca V] and [Mg IV]. The NIRSpec-IFU data resolve individual ejecta knots and filaments spatially and in velocity space. The fundamental CO band in the JWST spectra reveals unique shapes of CO, showing a few tens of sinusoidal patterns of rovibrational lines with pseudo-continuum underneath, which is attributed to the high-velocity widths of CO lines. The CO also shows high J lines at different vibrational transitions. Our results with LTE modeling of CO emission indicate a temperature of 1080 K and provide unique insight into the correlations between dust, molecules, and highly ionized ejecta in supernovae, and have strong ramifications for modeling dust formation that is led by CO cooling in the early Universe., Comment: accepted for the ApJ letter (17 pages and 10 figures)
Published: 2024

5. A JWST Medium Resolution MIRI Spectrum and Models of the Type Ia supernova 2021aefx at +415 d

Author: Ashall, C., Hoeflich, P., Baron, E., Shahbandeh, M., DerKacy, J. M., Medler, K., Shappee, B. J., Tucker, M. A., Fereidouni, E., Mera, T., Andrews, J., Baade, D., Bostroem, K. A., Brown, P. J., Burns, C. R., Burrow, A., Cikota, A., de Jaeger, T., Do, A., Dong, Y., Dominguez, I., Fox, O., Galbany, L., Hsiao, E. Y., Krisciunas, K., Khaghani, B., Kumar, S., Lu, J., Maund, J. R., Mazzali, P., Morrell, N., Patat, F., Pfeffer, C., Phillips, M. M., Schmidt, J., Stangl, S., Stevens, C. P., Stritzinger, M. D., Suntzeff, N. B., Telesco, C. M., Wang, L., and Yang, Y.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: We present a JWST MIRI/MRS spectrum (5-27 $\mathrm{\mu}$m) of the Type Ia supernova (SN Ia), SN 2021aefx at $+415$ days past $B$-band maximum. The spectrum, which was obtained during the iron-dominated nebular phase, has been analyzed in combination with previous JWST observations of SN 2021aefx, to provide the first JWST time series analysis of an SN Ia. We find the temporal evolution of the [Co III] 11.888 $\mathrm{\mu}$m feature directly traces the decay of $^{56}$Co. The spectra, line profiles, and their evolution are analyzed with off-center delayed-detonation models. Best fits were obtained with White Dwarf (WD) central densities of $\rho_c=0.9-1.1\times 10^9$g cm$^{-3}$, a WD mass of M$_{\mathrm{WD}}$=1.33-1.35M$_\odot$, a WD magnetic field of $\approx10^6$G, and an off-center deflagration-to-detonation transition at $\approx$ 0.5 $M_\odot$ seen opposite to the line of sight of the observer (-30). The inner electron capture core is dominated by energy deposition from $\gamma$-rays whereas a broader region is dominated by positron deposition, placing SN 2021aefx at +415 d in the transitional phase of the evolution to the positron-dominated regime. The formerly `flat-tilted' profile at 9 $\mathrm{\mu}$m now has significant contribution from [Ni IV], [Fe II], and [Fe III] and less from [Ar III], which alters the shape of the feature as positrons excite mostly the low-velocity Ar. Overall, the strength of the stable Ni features in the spectrum is dominated by positron transport rather than the Ni mass. Based on multi-dimensional models, our analysis is consistent with a single-spot, close-to-central ignition with an indication for a pre-existing turbulent velocity field, and excludes a multiple-spot, off-center ignition., Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ
Published: 2024

6. Deep JWST/NIRCam imaging of Supernova 1987A

Author: Matsuura, Mikako, Boyer, M., Arendt, Richard G., Larsson, J., Fransson, C., Rest, A., Ravi, A. P., Park, S., Cigan, P., Temim, T., Dwek, E., Barlow, M. J., Bouchet, P., Clayton, G., Chevalier, R., Danziger, J., De Buizer, J., De Looze, I., De Marchi, G., Fox, O., Gall, C., Gehrz, R. D., Gomez, H. L., Indebetouw, R., Kangas, T., Kirchschlager, F., Kirshner, R., Lundqvist, P., Marcaide, J. M., Martí-Vidal, I., Meixner, M., Milisavljevic, D., Orlando, S., Otsuka, M., Priestley, F., Richards, A. M. S., Schmidt, F., Staveley-Smith, L., Smith, Nathan, Spyromilio, J., Vink, J., Wang, Lifan, Watson, D., Wesson, R., Wheeler, J. C., Woodward, C. E., Zanardo, G., Alp, D., and Burrows, D.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: JWST/NIRCam obtained high angular-resolution (0.05-0.1''), deep near-infrared 1--5 micron imaging of Supernova (SN) 1987A taken 35 years after the explosion. In the NIRCam images, we identify: 1) faint H2 crescents, which are emissions located between the ejecta and the equatorial ring, 2) a bar, which is a substructure of the ejecta, and 3) the bright 3-5 micron continuum emission exterior to the equatorial ring. The emission of the remnant in the NIRCam 1-2.3 micron images is mostly due to line emission, which is mostly emitted in the ejecta and in the hot spots within the equatorial ring. In contrast, the NIRCam 3-5 micron images are dominated by continuum emission. In the ejecta, the continuum is due to dust, obscuring the centre of the ejecta. In contrast, in the ring and exterior to the ring, synchrotron emission contributes a substantial fraction to the continuum. Dust emission contributes to the continuum at outer spots and diffuse emission exterior to the ring, but little within the ring. This shows that dust cooling and destruction time scales are shorter than the synchrotron cooling time scale, and the time scale of hydrogen recombination in the ring is even longer than the synchrotron cooling time scale. With the advent of high sensitivity and high angular resolution images provided by JWST/NIRCam, our observations of SN 1987A demonstrate that NIRCam opens up a window to study particle-acceleration and shock physics in unprecedented details, probed by near-infrared synchrotron emission, building a precise picture of how a SN evolves., Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS; 18 pages
Published: 2024

7. Lensed Type Ia Supernova 'Encore' at z=2: The First Instance of Two Multiply-Imaged Supernovae in the Same Host Galaxy

Author: Pierel, J. D. R., Newman, A. B., Dhawan, S., Gu, M., Joshi, B. A., Li, T., Schuldt, S., Strolger, L. G., Suyu, S. H., Caminha, G. B., Cohen, S. H., Diego, J. M., Dsilva, J. C. J., Ertl, S., Frye, B. L., Granata, G., Grillo, C., Koekemoer, A. M., Li, J., Robotham, A., Summers, J., Treu, T., Windhorst, R. A., Zitrin, A., Agarwal, S., Agrawal, A., Arendse, N., Belli, S., Burns, C., Cañameras, R., Chakrabarti, S., Chen, W., Collett, T. E., Coulter, D. A., Ellis, R. S., Engesser, M., Foo, N., Fox, O. D., Gall, C., Garuda, N., Gezari, S., Gomez, S., Glazebrook, K., Hjorth, J., Huang, X., Jha, S. W., Kamieneski, P. S., Kelly, P., Larison, C., Moustakas, L. A., Pascale, M., Pérez-Fournon, I., Petrushevska, T., Poidevin, F., Rest, A., Shahbandeh, M., Shajib, A. J., Siebert, M., Storfer, C., Talbot, M., Wang, Q., Wevers, T., and Zenati, Y.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: A bright ($m_{\rm F150W,AB}$=24 mag), $z=1.95$ supernova (SN) candidate was discovered in JWST/NIRCam imaging acquired on 2023 November 17. The SN is quintuply-imaged as a result of strong gravitational lensing by a foreground galaxy cluster, detected in three locations, and remarkably is the second lensed SN found in the same host galaxy. The previous lensed SN was called "Requiem", and therefore the new SN is named "Encore". This makes the MACS J0138.0$-$2155 cluster the first known system to produce more than one multiply-imaged SN. Moreover, both SN Requiem and SN Encore are Type Ia SNe (SNe Ia), making this the most distant case of a galaxy hosting two SNe Ia. Using parametric host fitting, we determine the probability of detecting two SNe Ia in this host galaxy over a $\sim10$ year window to be $\approx3\%$. These observations have the potential to yield a Hubble Constant ($H_0$) measurement with $\sim10\%$ precision, only the third lensed SN capable of such a result, using the three visible images of the SN. Both SN Requiem and SN Encore have a fourth image that is expected to appear within a few years of $\sim2030$, providing an unprecedented baseline for time-delay cosmography., Comment: Accepted, ApJL
Published: 2024
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8. JWST Photometric Time-Delay and Magnification Measurements for the Triply-Imaged Type Ia 'Supernova H0pe' at z = 1.78

Author: Pierel, J. D. R., Frye, B. L., Pascale, M., Caminha, G. B., Chen, W., Dhawan, S., Gilman, D., Grayling, M., Huber, S., Kelly, P., Thorp, S., Arendse, N., Birrer, S., Bronikowski, M., Canameras, R., Coe, D., Cohen, S. H., Conselice, C. J., Driver, S. P., Dsilva, J. C. J., Engesser, M., Foo, N., Gall, C., Garuda, N., Grillo, C., Grogin, N. A., Henderson, J., Hjorth, J., Jansen, R. A., Johansson, J., Kamieneski, P. S., Koekemoer, A. M., Larison, C., Marshall, M. A., Moustakas, L. A., Nonino, M., Ortiz Iii, R., Petrushevska, T., Pirzkal, N., Robotham, A., Ryan, Jr., R. E., Schuldt, S., Strolger, L. G., Summers, J., Suyu, S. H., Treu, T., Willmer, C. N. A., Windhorst, R. A., Yan, H., Zitrin, A., Acebron, A., Chakrabarti, S., Coulter, D. A., Fox, O. D., Huang, X., Jha, S. W., Li, G., Mazzali, P. A., Meena, A. K., Perez-Fournon, I., Poidevin, F., Rest, A., and Riess, A. G.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: Supernova (SN) H0pe is a gravitationally lensed, triply-imaged, Type Ia SN (SN Ia) discovered in James Webb Space Telescope imaging of the PLCK G165.7+67.0 cluster of galaxies. Well-observed multiply-imaged SNe provide a rare opportunity to constrain the Hubble constant ($H_0$), by measuring the relative time delay between the images and modeling the foreground mass distribution. SN H0pe is located at $z=1.783$, and is the first SN Ia with sufficient light curve sampling and long enough time delays for an $H_0$ inference. Here we present photometric time-delay measurements and SN properties of SN H0pe. Using JWST/NIRCam photometry we measure time delays of $\Delta t_{ab}=-116.6^{+10.8}_{-9.3}$ and $\Delta t_{cb}=-48.6^{+3.6}_{-4.0}$ observer-frame days relative to the last image to arrive (image 2b; all uncertainties are $1\sigma$), which corresponds to a $\sim5.6\%$ uncertainty contribution for $H_0$ assuming $70 \rm{km s^{-1} Mpc^{-1}}$. We also constrain the absolute magnification of each image to $\mu_{a}=4.3^{+1.6}_{-1.8}$, $\mu_{b}=7.6^{+3.6}_{-2.6}$, $\mu_{c}=6.4^{+1.6}_{-1.5}$ by comparing the observed peak near-IR magnitude of SN H0pe to the non-lensed population of SNe Ia., Comment: Accepted in ApJ
Published: 2024
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9. Emission lines due to ionizing radiation from a compact object in the remnant of Supernova 1987A

Author: Fransson, C., Barlow, M. J., Kavanagh, P. J., Larsson, J., Jones, O. C., Sargent, B., Meixner, M., Bouchet, P., Temim, T., Wright, G. S., Blommaert, J. A. D. L., Habel, N., Hirschauer, A. S., Hjorth, J., Lenkić, L., Tikkanen, T., Wesson, R., Coulais, A., Fox, O. D., Gastaud, R., Glasse, A., Jaspers, J., Krause, O., Lau, R. M., Nayak, O., Rest, A., Colina, L., van Dishoeck, E. F., Gudel, M., Henning, Th., Lagage, P. -O., Őstlin, G., Ray, T. P., and Vandenbussche, B.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract: The nearby Supernova 1987A was accompanied by a burst of neutrino emission, which indicates that a compact object (a neutron star or black hole) was formed in the explosion. There has been no direct observation of this compact object. In this work, we observe the supernova remnant with JWST spectroscopy finding narrow infrared emission lines of argon and sulphur. The line emission is spatially unresolved and blueshifted in velocity relative to the supernova rest frame. We interpret the lines as gas illuminated by a source of ionizing photons located close to the center of the expanding ejecta. Photoionization models show that the line ratios are consistent with ionization by a cooling neutron star or pulsar wind nebula. The velocity shift could be evidence for a neutron star natal kick., Comment: Authors version of manuscript published in Science on 22 Feb 2024
Published: 2024
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10. JWST MIRI Imager Observations of Supernova SN 1987A

Author: Bouchet, P., Gastaud, R., Coulais, A., Barlow, M. J., Fransson, C., Kavanagh, P. J., Larsson, J., Temim, T., Jones, O. C., Hirschauer, A. S., Tikkanen, T., Blommaert, J. A. D. L., Fox, O. D., Glasse, A., Habel, N., Hjorth, J., Jaspers, J., Krause, O., Lau, R. M., Lenkić, L., Meixner, M., Nayak, O., Rest, A., Sargent, B., Wesson, R., Wright, G. S., Colina, L., Van Dishoeck, E. F., Güdel, M., Henning, Th., Lagage, P. -O., Östlin, G., Ray, T. P., and Vandenbussche, B.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: There exist very few mid-infrared (IR) observations of supernovae (SNe) in general. Therefore, SN 1987A, the closest visible SN in 400 years, gives us the opportunity to explore the mid-IR properties of SNe, the dust in their ejecta and surrounding medium, and to witness the birth of a SN remnant (SNR). The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), with its high spatial resolution and extreme sensitivity, gives a new view on these issues. We report on the first imaging observations obtained with the Mid-InfraRed Instrument (MIRI). We build temperature maps and discuss the morphology of the nascent SNR. Our results show that the temperatures in the equatorial ring (ER) are quite non-uniform. This could be due to dust destruction in some parts of the ring, as had been assumed in some previous works. We show that the IR emission extends beyond the ER, illustrating the fact that the shock wave has now passed through this ring to affect the circumstellar medium on a larger scale. Finally, while sub-mm Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) observations have hinted at the location of the compact remnant of SN 1987A, we note that our MIRI data have found no such evidence., Comment: 19 pages, 19 figures, 2 tables; Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal (February 2, 2024)
Published: 2024

11. JWST NIRSpec+MIRI Observations of the nearby Type IIP supernova 2022acko

Author: Shahbandeh, M., Ashall, C., Hoeflich, P., Baron, E., Fox, O., Mera, T., DerKacy, J., Stritzinger, M. D., Shappee, B., Law, D., Morrison, J., Pauly, T., Pierel, J., Medler, K., Andrews, J., Baade, D., Bostroem, A., Brown, P., Burns, C., Burrow, A., Cikota, A., Cross, D., Davis, S., de Jaeger, T., Do, A., Dong, Y., Hsiao, E., Dominguez, I., Galbany, L., Janzen, D., Jencson, J., Hoang, E., Karamehmetoglu, E., Khaghani, B., Krisciunas, K., Kumar, S., Lu, J., Mazzali, P., Morrell, N., Patat, F., Pearson, J., Pfeffer, C., Wang, L., Yang, Y., Cai, Y. Z., Camacho-Neves, Y., Elias-Rosa, N., Lundquist, M., Maund, J., Phillips, M., Rest, A., Retamal, N., Stangl, S., Shrestha, M., Stevens, C., Suntzeff, N., Telesco, C., Tucker, M., Foley, R., Jha, S., Kwok, L., Larison, C., LeBaron, N., Moran, S., Rho, J., Salmaso, I., Schmidt, J., and Tinyanont, S.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract: We present JWST spectral and photometric observations of the Type IIP supernova (SN) 2022acko at ~50 days past explosion. These data are the first JWST spectral observations of a core-collapse SN. We identify ~30 different H I features, other features associated with products produced from the CNO cycle, and s-process elements such as Sc II and Ba II. By combining the JWST spectra with ground-based optical and NIR spectra, we construct a full Spectral Energy Distribution from 0.4 to 25 microns and find that the JWST spectra are fully consistent with the simultaneous JWST photometry. The data lack signatures of CO formation and we estimate a limit on the CO mass of < 10^{-8} solar mass. We demonstrate how the CO fundamental band limits can be used to probe underlying physics during stellar evolution, explosion, and the environment. The observations indicate little mixing between the H envelope and C/O core in the ejecta and show no evidence of dust. The data presented here set a critical baseline for future JWST observations, where possible molecular and dust formation may be seen.
Published: 2024

12. JWST MIRI/MRS Observations and Spectral Models of the Under-luminous Type Ia Supernova 2022xkq

Author: DerKacy, J. M., Ashall, C., Hoeflich, P., Baron, E., Shahbandeh, M., Shappee, B. J., Andrews, J., Baade, D., Balangan, E. F, Bostroem, K. A., Brown, P. J., Burns, C. R., Burrow, A., Cikota, A., de Jaeger, T., Do, A., Dong, Y., Dominguez, I., Fox, O., Galbany, L., Hoang, E. T., Hsiao, E. Y., Janzen, D., Jencson, J. E., Krisciunas, K., Kumar, S., Lu, J., Lundquist, M., Evans, T. B. Mera, Maund, J. R., Mazzali, P., Medler, K., Retamal, N. E. Meza, Morrell, N., Patat, F., Pearson, J., Phillips, M. M., Shrestha, M., Stangl, S., Stevens, C. P., Stritzinger, M. D., Suntzeff, N. B., Telesco, C. M., Tucker, M. A., Valenti, S., Wang, L., and Yang, Y.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract: We present a JWST mid-infrared spectrum of the under-luminous Type Ia Supernova (SN Ia) 2022xkq, obtained with the medium-resolution spectrometer on the Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) $\sim130$ days post-explosion. We identify the first MIR lines beyond 14 $\mu$m in SN Ia observations. We find features unique to under-luminous SNe Ia, including: isolated emission of stable Ni, strong blends of [Ti II], and large ratios of singly ionized to doubly ionized species in both [Ar] and [Co]. Comparisons to normal-luminosity SNe Ia spectra at similar phases show a tentative trend between the width of the [Co III] 11.888 $\mu$m feature and the SN light curve shape. Using non-LTE-multi-dimensional radiation hydro simulations and the observed electron capture elements we constrain the mass of the exploding white dwarf. The best-fitting model shows that SN 2022xkq is consistent with an off-center delayed-detonation explosion of a near-Chandrasekhar mass WD (M$_{\rm ej}$ $\approx 1.37$ M$_{\odot}$) of high-central density ($\rho_c \geq 2.0\times10^{9}$ g cm$^{-3}$) seen equator on, which produced M($^{56}$Ni) $= 0.324$ M$_{\odot}$ and M($^{58}$Ni) $\geq 0.06$ M$_{\odot}$. The observed line widths are consistent with the overall abundance distribution; and the narrow stable Ni lines indicate little to no mixing in the central regions, favoring central ignition of sub-sonic carbon burning followed by an off-center DDT beginning at a single point. Additional observations may further constrain the physics revealing the presence of additional species including Cr and Mn. Our work demonstrates the power of using the full coverage of MIRI in combination with detailed modeling to elucidate the physics of SNe Ia at a level not previously possible., Comment: 31 pages, 18 figures, accepted to ApJ; updated to accepted version
Published: 2023

13. Unbalanced gain and loss in a quantum photonic system

Author: Downing, C. A. and Fox, O. I. R.
Subjects: Quantum Physics, Physics - Optics
Abstract: Theories in physics can provide a kind of map of the physical system under investigation, showing all of the possible types of behavior which may occur. Certain points on the map are of greater significance than others, because they describe how the system responds in a useful or interesting manner. For example, the point of resonance is of particular importance when timing the pushes onto a person sat on a swing. More sophisticatedly, so-called exceptional points have been shown to be significant in optical systems harbouring both gain and loss, as typically described by non-Hermitian Hamiltonians. However, expressly quantum points of interest -- be they exceptional points or otherwise -- arising in quantum photonic systems have been far less studied. Here we consider a paradigmatic model: a pair of coupled qubits subjected to an unbalanced ratio of gain and loss. We mark on its map several flavours of both exceptional and critical points, each of which are associated with unconventional physical responses. In particular, we uncover the points responsible for characteristic spectral features and for the sudden loss of quantum entanglement in the steady state. Our results provide perspectives for characterizing quantum photonic systems beyond effective non-Hermitian Hamiltonians, and suggest a hierarchy of intrinsically quantum points of interest., Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures
Published: 2023
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14. Ejecta, Rings, and Dust in SN 1987A with JWST MIRI/MRS

Author: Jones, O. C., Kavanagh, P. J., Barlow, M. J., Temim, T., Fransson, C., Larsson, J., Blommaert, J. A. D. L., Meixner, M., Lau, R. M., Sargent, B., Bouchet, P., Hjorth, J., Wright, G. S., Coulais, A., Fox, O. D., Gastaud, R., Glasse, A., Habel, N., Hirschauer, A. S., Jaspers, J., Krause, O., Lenkić, Nayak, O., Rest, A., Tikkanen, T., Wesson, R., Colina, L., van Dishoeck, E. F., Güdel, M., Henning, Th., Lagage, P. -O., Östlin, Ray, T. P., and Vandenbussche, B.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract: Supernova (SN) 1987A is the nearest supernova in $\sim$400 years. Using the {\em JWST} MIRI Medium Resolution Spectrograph, we spatially resolved the ejecta, equatorial ring (ER) and outer rings in the mid-infrared 12,927 days after the explosion. The spectra are rich in line and dust continuum emission, both in the ejecta and the ring. Broad emission lines (280-380~km~s$^{-1}$ FWHM) seen from all singly-ionized species originate from the expanding ER, with properties consistent with dense post-shock cooling gas. Narrower emission lines (100-170~km~s$^{-1}$ FWHM) are seen from species originating from a more extended lower-density component whose high ionization may have been produced by shocks progressing through the ER, or by the UV radiation pulse associated with the original supernova event. The asymmetric east-west dust emission in the ER has continued to fade, with constant temperature, signifying a reduction in dust mass. Small grains in the ER are preferentially destroyed, with larger grains from the progenitor surviving the transition from SN into SNR. The ER is fit with a single set of optical constants, eliminating the need for a secondary featureless hot dust component. We find several broad ejecta emission lines from [Ne~{\sc ii}], [Ar~{\sc ii}], [Fe~{\sc ii}], and [Ni~{\sc ii}]. With the exception of [Fe~{\sc ii}]~25.99$\mu$m, these all originate from the ejecta close to the ring and are likely being excited by X-rays from the interaction. The [Fe~{\sc ii}]~5.34$\mu$m to 25.99$\mu$m line ratio indicates a temperature of only a few hundred K in the inner core, consistent with being powered by ${}^{44}$Ti decay., Comment: 27 pages, 16 figures, 4 tables. Accepted ApJ
Published: 2023

15. JWST NIRSpec observations of Supernova 1987A -- from the inner ejecta to the reverse shock

Author: Larsson, J., Fransson, C., Sargent, B., Jones, O. C., Barlow, M. J., Bouchet, P., Meixner, M., Blommaert, J. A. D. L., Coulais, A., Fox, O. D., Gastaud, R., Glasse, A., Habel, N., Hirschauer, A. S., Hjorth, J., Jaspers, J., Kavanagh, P. J., Krause, O., Lau, R. M., Lenkic, L., Nayak, O., Rest, A., Temim, T., Tikkanen, T., Wesson, R., and Wright, G. S.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract: We present initial results from JWST NIRSpec integral field unit observations of the nearby Supernova (SN) 1987A. The observations provide the first spatially-resolved spectroscopy of the ejecta and equatorial ring (ER) over the 1-5 \mu m range. We construct 3D emissivity maps of the [Fe I] 1.443 \mu m line from the inner ejecta and the He I 1.083 \mu m line from the reverse shock (RS), where the former probes the explosion geometry and the latter traces the structure of the circumstellar medium. We also present a model for the integrated spectrum of the ejecta. The [Fe I] 3D map reveals a highly-asymmetric morphology resembling a broken dipole, dominated by two large clumps with velocities of ~2300 km/s. We also find evidence that the Fe-rich inner ejecta have started to interact with the RS. The RS surface traced by the He I line extends from just inside the ER to higher latitudes on both sides of the ER with a half-opening angle ~45 degrees, forming a bubble-like structure. The spectral model for the ejecta allows us to identify the many emission lines, including numerous H_2 lines. We find that the H_2 is most likely excited by far-UV emission, while the metal lines ratios are consistent with a combination of collisional excitation and recombination in the low-temperature ejecta. We also find several high-ionization coronal lines from the ER, requiring a temperature > 2 \times 10^6 K., Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJL
Published: 2023
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16. Observations of the Planetary Nebula SMP LMC 058 with the JWST MIRI Medium Resolution Spectrometer

Author: Jones, O. C., Álvarez-Márquez, J., Sloan, G. C., Kavanagh, P. J., Argyriou, I., Labiano, A., Law, D. R., Patapis, P., Mueller, Michael, Larson, Kirsten L., Bright, Stacey N., Klaassen, P. D., Fox, O. D., Gasman, Danny, Geers, V. C., Glauser, Adrian M., Guillard, Pierre, Nayak, Omnarayani, Noriega-Crespo, A., Ressler, Michael E., Sargent, B., Temim, T., Vandenbussche, B., and Marín, Macarena García
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract: During the commissioning of {\em JWST}, the Medium-Resolution Spectrometer (MRS) on the Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) observed the planetary nebula SMP LMC 058 in the Large Magellanic Cloud. The MRS was designed to provide medium resolution (R = $\lambda$/$\Delta\lambda$) 3D spectroscopy in the whole MIRI range. SMP LMC 058 is the only source observed in {\em JWST} commissioning that is both spatially and spectrally unresolved by the MRS and is a good test of {\em JWST's} capabilities. The new MRS spectra reveal a wealth of emission lines not previously detected in this planetary nebula. From these lines, the spectral resolving power ($\lambda$/$\Delta\lambda$) of the MRS is confirmed to be in the range R $=$ 4000 to 1500, depending on the MRS spectral sub-band. In addition, the spectra confirm that the carbon-rich dust emission is from SiC grains and that there is little to no time evolution of the SiC dust and emission line strengths over a 17-year epoch. These commissioning data reveal the great potential of the MIRI MRS for the study of circumstellar and interstellar material., Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures, 3 tables, accepted MNRAS
Published: 2023
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17. JWST MIRI/MRS in-flight absolute flux calibration and tailored fringe correction for unresolved sources

Author: Gasman, D., Argyriou, I., Sloan, G. C., Aringer, B., Álvarez-Márquez, J., Fox, O., Glasse, A., Glauser, A., Jones, O. C., Justtanont, K., Kavanagh, P. J., Klaassen, P., Labiano, A., Larson, K., Law, D. R., Mueller, M., Nayak, O., Noriega-Crespo, A., Patapis, P., Royer, P., and Vandenbussche, B.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: The MRS is one of the four observing modes of JWST/MIRI. Using JWST in-flight data of unresolved (point) sources, we can derive the MRS absolute spectral response function (ASRF) starting from raw data. Spectral fringing plays a critical role in the derivation and interpretation of the MRS ASRF. In this paper, we present an alternative way to calibrate the data. Firstly, we aim to derive a fringe correction that accounts for the dependence of the fringe properties on the MIRI pupil illumination and detector pixel sampling of the point spread function. Secondly, we aim to derive the MRS ASRF using an absolute flux calibrator observed across the full 5 to 28 $\mu$m wavelength range of the MRS. Thirdly, we aim to apply the new ASRF to the spectrum of a G dwarf and compare with the output of the JWST/MIRI default data reduction pipeline. Finally, we examine the impact of the different fringe corrections on the detectability of molecular features in the G dwarf and K giant. The absolute flux calibrator HD 163466 (A-star) is used to derive tailored point source fringe flats at each of the default dither locations of the MRS. The fringe-corrected point source integrated spectrum of HD 163466 is used to derive the MRS ASRF using a theoretical model for the stellar continuum. A cross-correlation is run to quantify the uncertainty on the detection of CO, SiO, and OH in the K giant and CO in the G dwarf for different fringe corrections. The point-source-tailored fringe correction and ASRF are found to perform at the same level as the current corrections, beating down the fringe contrast to the sub-percent level, whilst mitigating the alteration of real molecular features. The same tailored solutions can be applied to other MRS unresolved targets. A pointing repeatability issue in the MRS limits the effectiveness of the tailored fringe flats is at short wavelengths., Comment: 17 pages, 15 figures, updated to accepted version (results did not change)
Published: 2022
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18. LensWatch: I. Resolved HST Observations and Constraints on the Strongly-Lensed Type Ia Supernova 2022qmx ('SN Zwicky')

Author: Pierel, J. D. R., Arendse, N., Ertl, S., Huang, X., Moustakas, L. A., Schuldt, S., Shajib, A. J., Shu, Y., Birrer, S., Bronikowski, M., Hjorth, J., Suyu, S. H., Agarwal, S., Agnello, A., Bolton, A. S., Chakrabarti, S., Cold, C., Courbin, F., Della Costa, J. M., Dhawan, S., Engesser, M., Fox, O. D., Gall, C., Gomez, S., Goobar, A., Jimenez, C., Johansson, J., Li, G., Marques-Chaves, R., Mao, S., Mazzali, P. A., Perez-Fournon, I., Petrushevska, T., Poidevin, F., Rest, A., Sheu, W., Shirley, R., Silver, E., Storfer, C., Treu, T., Wojtak, R., and Zenati, Y.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: Supernovae (SNe) that have been multiply-imaged by gravitational lensing are rare and powerful probes for cosmology. Each detection is an opportunity to develop the critical tools and methodologies needed as the sample of lensed SNe increases by orders of magnitude with the upcoming Vera C. Rubin Observatory and Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope. The latest such discovery is of the quadruply-imaged Type Ia SN 2022qmx (aka, "SN Zwicky") at $z=0.3544$. SN Zwicky was discovered by the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) in spatially unresolved data. Here we present follow-up Hubble Space Telescope observations of SN Zwicky, the first from the multi-cycle "LensWatch" program. We measure photometry for each of the four images of SN Zwicky, which are resolved in three WFC3/UVIS filters (F475W, F625W, F814W) but unresolved with WFC3/IR~F160W, and present an analysis of the lensing system using a variety of independent lens modeling methods. We find consistency between lens model predicted time delays ($\lesssim1$ day), and delays estimated with the single epoch of HST colors ($\lesssim3.5$ days), including the uncertainty from chromatic microlensing ($\sim1$-$1.5$ days). Our lens models converge to an Einstein radius of $\theta_E=(0.168^{+0.009}_{-0.005})\prime\prime$, the smallest yet seen in a lensed SN system. The "standard candle" nature of SN Zwicky provides magnification estimates independent of the lens modeling that are brighter than predicted by $\sim1.7^{+0.8}_{-0.6}$mag and $\sim0.9^{+0.8}_{-0.6}$mag for two of the four images, suggesting significant microlensing and/or additional substructure beyond the flexibility of our image-position mass models.
Published: 2022
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19. SALT3-NIR: Taking the Open-Source Type Ia Supernova Model to Longer Wavelengths for Next-Generation Cosmological Measurements

Author: Pierel, J. D. R., Jones, D. O., Kenworthy, W. D., Dai, M., Kessler, R., Ashall, C., Do, A., Peterson, E. R., Shappee, B. J., Siebert, M. R., Barna, T., Brink, T. G., Burke, J., Calamida, A., Camacho-Neves, Y., de Jaeger, T., Filippenko, A. V., Foley, R. J., Galbany, L., Fox, O. D., Gomez, S., Hiramatsu, D., Hounsell, R., Howell, D. A., Jha, S. W., Kwok, L. A., Pérez-Fournon, I., Poidevin, F., Rest, A., Rubin, D., Scolnic, D. M., Shirley, R., Strolger, L. G., Tinyanont, S., and Wang, Q.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: A large fraction of Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) observations over the next decade will be in the near-infrared (NIR), at wavelengths beyond the reach of the current standard light-curve model for SN Ia cosmology, SALT3 ($\sim 2800$--8700$A$ central filter wavelength). To harness this new SN Ia sample and reduce future light-curve standardization systematic uncertainties, we train SALT3 at NIR wavelengths (SALT3-NIR) up to 2 $\mu$m with the open-source model-training software SALTShaker, which can easily accommodate future observations. Using simulated data we show that the training process constrains the NIR model to $\sim 2$--3% across the phase range ($-20$ to $50$ days). We find that Hubble residual (HR) scatter is smaller using the NIR alone or optical+NIR compared to optical alone, by up to $\sim 30$% depending on filter choice (95% confidence). There is significant correlation between NIR light-curve stretch measurements and luminosity, with stretch and color corrections often improving HR scatter by up to $\sim20%$. For SN Ia observations expected from the \textit{Roman Space Telescope}, SALT3-NIR increases the amount of usable data in the SALT framework by $\sim 20$% at redshift $z\lesssim0.4$ and by $\sim 50$% at $z\lesssim0.15$. The SALT3-NIR model is part of the open-source {\tt SNCosmo} and {\tt SNANA} SN Ia cosmology packages.
Published: 2022
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20. The Gamow Explorer: A gamma-ray burst observatory to study the high redshift universe and enable multi-messenger astrophysics

Author: White, N. E., Bauer, F. E., Baumgartner, W., Bautz, M., Berger, E., Cenko, S. B., Chang, T. -C., Falcone, A., Fausey, H., Feldman, C., Fox, D., Fox, O., Fruchter, A., Fryer, C., Ghirlanda, G., Gorski, K., Grant, K., Guiriec, S., Hart, M., Hartmann, D., Hennawi, J., Kann, D. A., Kaplan, D., Kennea, A., Kocevski, D., Kouveliotou, C., Lawrence, C., Levan, A. J., Lidz, A., Lien, A., Littenberg, T. B., Mas-Ribas, L., Moss, M., O'Brien, P., O'Meara, J., Palmer, D. M., Pasham, D., Racusin, J., Remillard, R., Roberts, O. J., Roming, P., Rud, M., Salvaterra, R., Sambruna, R., Seiffert, M., Sun, G., Tanvir, N. R., Terrile, R., Thomas, N., van der Horst, A., Verstrand, W. T., Willems, P., Wilson-Hodge, C., Young, E. T., Amati, L., Bozzo, E., Karczewski, O. Ł., Hernandez-Monteagudo, C., Lopez, R. Rebolo, Genova-Santos, R., Rubino-Martin, J. A., Granot, J., Bemiamini, P., Gill, R., and Burns, E.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: The Gamow Explorer will use Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs) to: 1) probe the high redshift universe (z > 6) when the first stars were born, galaxies formed and Hydrogen was reionized; and 2) enable multi-messenger astrophysics by rapidly identifying Electro-Magnetic (IR/Optical/X-ray) counterparts to Gravitational Wave (GW) events. GRBs have been detected out to z ~ 9 and their afterglows are a bright beacon lasting a few days that can be used to observe the spectral fingerprints of the host galaxy and intergalactic medium to map the period of reionization and early metal enrichment. Gamow Explorer is optimized to quickly identify high-z events to trigger follow-up observations with JWST and large ground-based telescopes. A wide field of view Lobster Eye X-ray Telescope (LEXT) will search for GRBs and locate them with arc-minute precision. When a GRB is detected, the rapidly slewing spacecraft will point the 5 photometric channel Photo-z Infra-Red Telescope (PIRT) to identify high redshift (z > 6) long GRBs within 100s and send an alert within 1000s of the GRB trigger. An L2 orbit provides > 95% observing efficiency with pointing optimized for follow up by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and ground observatories. The predicted Gamow Explorer high-z rate is >10 times that of the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory. The instrument and mission capabilities also enable rapid identification of short GRBs and their afterglows associated with GW events. The Gamow Explorer will be proposed to the 2021 NASA MIDEX call and if approved, launched in 2028., Comment: 14 pages, 8 Figures
Published: 2021
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21. Near-IR Type Ia SN distances: host galaxy extinction and mass-step corrections revisited

Author: Johansson, J., Cenko, S. B., Fox, O. D., Dhawan, S., Goobar, A., Stanishev, V., Butler, N., Lee, W. H., Watson, A. M., Fremling, U. C., Kasliwal, M. M., Nugent, P. E., Petrushevska, T., Sollerman, J., Yan, L., Burke, J., Hosseinzadeh, G., Howell, D. A., McCully, C., and Valenti, S.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract: We present optical and near-infrared (NIR, $YJH$-band) observations of 42 Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) discovered by the untargeted intermediate Palomar Transient Factory (iPTF) survey. This new data-set covers a broad range of redshifts and host galaxy stellar masses, compared to previous SN Ia efforts in the NIR. We construct a sample, using also literature data at optical and NIR wavelengths, to examine claimed correlations between the host stellar masses and the Hubble diagram residuals. The SN magnitudes are corrected for host galaxy extinction using either a global total-to-selective extinction ratio, $R_V$=2.0 for all SNe, or a best-fit $R_V$ for each SN individually. Unlike previous studies which were based on a narrower range in host stellar mass, we do not find evidence for a "mass-step", between the color- and stretch-corrected peak $J$ and $H$ magnitudes for galaxies below and above $\log(M_{*}/M_{\odot}) = 10$. However, the mass-step remains significant ($3\sigma$) at optical wavelengths ($g,r,i$) when using a global $R_V$, but vanishes when each SN is corrected using their individual best-fit $R_V$. Our study confirms the benefits of the NIR SN Ia distance estimates, as these are largely exempted from the empirical corrections dominating the systematic uncertainties in the optical., Comment: 20 pages, 13 figures. Submitted to ApJ. Comments are welcome!
Published: 2021
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22. Immunomodulatory therapy in children with paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS, MIS-C; RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial

Author: Faust, Saul N, Haynes, Richard, Jones, Christine E, Staplin, Natalie, Whittaker, Elizabeth, Jaki, Thomas, Juszczak, Ed, Spata, Enti, Wan, Mandy, Bamford, Alasdair, Dimitri, Paul, Finn, Adam, Furness, John, Ramanan, Athimalaipet V, Gale, Christopher, Cathie, Katrina, Drysdale, Simon, Bernatoniene, Jolanta, Murray, Clare, Roehr, Charles C, Fleming, Paul, Riordan, Andrew, Bandi, Srini, Jyothish, Deepthi, Evans, Jennifer, Emonts, Marieke, Kelly, Dominic, Pathan, Nazima, Davies, Patrick, Hague, Rosie, Pollock, Louisa, Semple, Malcolm G, Peto, Leon, Baillie, J Kenneth, Buch, Maya, Jeffery, Katie, Knight, Marian, Lim, Wei Shen, Montgomery, Alan, Mukherjee, Aparna, Mumford, Andrew, Rowan, Kathryn, Thwaites, Guy, Mafham, Marion, Emberson, Jonathan, Landray, Martin J, Horby, Peter W, Chappell, Lucy, Day, Jeremy, Dung, DV, Quang, NN, Binh, Prof, Burhan, E, Alisjahbana, B, Koirala, J, Basnet, S, Kestelyn, E, Basnyat, B, Gyanwali, P, Hamers, RL, Sandercock, P, Darbyshire, J, DeMets, D, Fowler, R, Lalloo, D, Munavvar, M, Roberts, I, Warris, A, Wittes, J, Craddock-Bamford, A, Barton, J, Basoglu, A, Brown, R, Brudlo, W, Denis, E, Fletcher, L, Howard, S, Musini, S, Taylor, K, Cui, G, Goodenough, B, King, A, Lay, M, Murray, D, Stevens, W, Wallendszus, K, Welsh, R, Crichton, C, Davies, J, Goldacre, R, Harper, C, Knight, F, Nunn, M, Salih, H, Welch, J, Campbell, M, Pessoa-Amorim, G, Zayed, M, Wiles, J, Bagley, G, Cameron, S, Chamberlain, S, Farrell, B, Freeman, H, Kennedy, A, Whitehouse, A, Wilkinson, S, Wood, C, Reith, C, Davies, K, Halls, H, Holland, L, Truell, R, Wilson, K, Lingwood, Emma, Howie, L, Lunn, M, Rodgers, Penelope, Amuasi, J, Baird, K, Bao, T, Bittaye, M, Bonney, J, D'Alessandro, U, Dhimal, M, Huyen, T, Jagne, A, Karkey, A, Maiga, O, Matey, E, Nadjm, B, Nel, J, Pant, S, Puspatriani, K, Rahardjani, M, Raijal, S, Rees, H, Rimainar, A, Roberts, C, Rocca, A, Shrestha, S, Usuf, E, Vidaillic, C, Wulandari, F, Alexander, A, Amezaga, M, Armah, C, Asghar, A, Aubrey, P, Barker-Williams, K, Barnard, A, Bartholomew, J, Beaumont-Jewell, D, Beddows, S, Beety, J, Birch, C, Boyle, P, Brend, M, Brookes, M, Callens, C, Campbell, D, Campbell, H, Cate, H, Chambers, E, Chapman, K, Coe, A, Collins, J, Crawshaw, S, Das, S, De Soyza, A, Denton, E, Dicks, P, Dolman, M, Donaldson, K, Dowden, L, Dowling, S, Drake, C, Duckles-Leech, H, Duffy, H, Gerdes, L, Gibbons, K, Gill, L, Gilmour, K, Goodwin, J, Graham, J, Green, C, Hall, C, Hall, A, Hampshire, K, Hanson, J, Harman, T, Harper, H, Harrison, S, Hicks, J, Hodgson, H, Hough, M, Jackson, S, Johnson, G, Kirk, J, Lemoine, N, Levett, C, Lock, S, Lockett, T, Logan, M, Lomme, K, Luo, J, McMillan, N, Membrey, H, Mguni, N, Minton, J, Monaghan, H, Murphy, S, Muzengi, N, Naz, M, Nickson, I, Odam, M, Ohia, U, Okell, E, Oliver, A, Pearson, K, Pine, K, Pleass, R, Porter, D, Porter, L, Potter, A, Poustie, V, Pratt, S, Price, A, Priest, A, Rodgers, A, Rook, C, Ryan, P, Sam, S, Sharratt, P, Sheffield, J, Shenton, J, Shirley, K, Skinner, T, Slade, H, Sutu, M, Taylor, J, Thomas, E, Tinkler, H, Unsworth, A, Usher, R, van't Hoff, W, Walker, S, Walters, J, Walton, E, Warmington, J, Wayman, E, Williams, P, Williamson, J, Williamson, D, Yelnoorkar, F, Knight, M, Hodson, K, Pavord, S, Williamson, C, Bowman, L, Chen, F, Clarke, R, Goonasekara, M, Herrington, W, Judge, P, Ng, S, Preiss, D, Sammons, E, Zhu, D, Arkley, C, Bowker, P, Bruce, J, Byrne-Watts, V, Chapman, G, Coleman, G, Denwood, T, Gray, J, Harrison, D, Mather, N, Pinches, H, Rees, A, Rees, S, Turner, G, Abani, O, Abbas, A, Abbas, F, Abbas, J, Abbas, K, Abbas, M, Abbasi, S, Abbass, H, Abbott, A, Abdallah, N, Abdelaziz, A, Abdelfattah, M, Abdelqader, B, Abdul, A, Abdul, B, Abdul, S, Abdul Rasheed, A, Abdulakeem, A, Abdul-Kadir, R, Abdullah, A, Abdulmumeen, A, Abdul-Raheem, R, Abdulshukkoor, N, Abdusamad, K, Abed El Khaleq, Y, Abedalla, M, Abeer Ul Amna, A, Abel, L, Abernethy, K, Abeywickrema, M, Abhinaya, C, Aboaba, A, Aboagye-Odei, A, Aboelela, H, Abo-Leyah, 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P, Wubetu, J, Wulandari, R, Wurie, S, Wyatt, C, Wyn-Griffiths, F, Wynter, I, Xavier, B, Xhikola, A, Xia, B, Xia, Z, Y Ellis, T, Yacoba, E, Yakubi, M, Yan, M, Yanagisawa, Y, Yang, F, Yang, Y, Yanney, M, Yap, W, Yaqoob, N, Yasmin, S, Yates, B, Yates, D, Yates, E, Yates, H, Yates, M, Yates, T, Ye, J, Yearwood Martin, C, Yein, K, Yeoh, A, Yeung, C, Yew, P, Yewatkar, D, Ylquimiche Melly, L, Ynter, I, Yong, H, Yorke, J, Youens, J, Younes Ibrahim, A, Young, E, Young, G, Young, L, Yousafzar, A, Youssouf, S, Yousuf, A, Yu, C, Yuan, J, Yung, B, Yusef, D, Yusef, S, Yusuf, I, Zafar, A-M, Zagalo, S, Zaher, S, Zahoor, A, Zainab, M, Zak, T, Zaki, K, Zakir, N, Zalewska, K, Zamalloa, A, Zaman, M, Zaman, S, Zamikula, J, Zammit, L, Zammit-Mangion, M, Zawadzka, M, Zebracki, E, Zehnder, D, Zeidan, L, Zeinali, D, Zhang, J, Zhao, X, Zheng, D, Zia, M, Zibdeh, O, Zill-E-Huma, R, Zin, E, Zincone, E, Zindoga, G, Zinkin, E, Zinyemba, V, Zipitis, C, Zitter, L, Zmierczak, A, Zubikarai, G, Zubir, A, Zuhra, N, Zulaikha, R, Zulfikar, S, Zullo, C, and Zuriaga-Alvaro, A
Published: 2024
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23. Space Telescope and Optical Reverberation Mapping Project. XII. Broad-Line Region Modeling of NGC 5548

Author: Williams, P. R., Pancoast, A., Treu, T., Brewer, B. J., Peterson, B. M., Barth, A. J., Malkan, M. A., De Rosa, G., Horne, Keith, Kriss, G. A., Arav, N., Bentz, M. C., Cackett, E. M., Bontà, E. Dalla, Dehghanian, M., Done, C., Ferland, G. J., Grier, C. J., Kaastra, J., Kara, E., Kochanek, C. S., Mathur, S., Mehdipour, M., Pogge, R. W., Proga, D., Vestergaard, M., Waters, T., Adams, S. M., Anderson, M. D., Arévalo, P., Beatty, T. G., Bennert, V. N., Bigley, A., Bisogni, S., Borman, G. A., Boroson, T. A., Bottorff, M. C., Brandt, W. N., Breeveld, A. A., Brotherton, M., Brown, J. E., Brown, J. S., Canalizo, G., Carini, M. T., Clubb, K. I., Comerford, J. M., Corsini, E. M., Crenshaw, D. M., Croft, S., Croxall, K. V., Deason, A. J., De Lorenzo-Cáceres, A., Denney, K. D., Dietrich, M., Edelson, R., Efimova, N. V., Ely, J., Evans, P. A., Fausnaugh, M. M., Filippenko, A. V., Flatland, K., Fox, O. D., Gardner, E., Gates, E. L., Gehrels, N., Geier, S., Gelbord, J. M., Gonzalez, L., Gorjian, V., Greene, J. E., Grupe, D., Gupta, A., Hall, P. B., Henderson, C. B., Hicks, S., Holmbeck, E., Holoien, T. W. -S., Hutchison, T., Im, M., Jensen, J. J., Johnson, C. A., Joner, M. D., Jones, J., Kaspi, S., Kelly, P. L., Kennea, J. A., Kim, M., Kim, S., Kim, S. C., King, A., Klimanov, S. A., Knigge, C., Krongold, Y., Lau, M. W., Lee, J. C., Leonard, D. C., Li, Miao, Lira, P., Lochhaas, C., Ma, Zhiyuan, Manne-Nicholas, E. R., MacInnis, F., Mauerhan, J. C., McGurk, R., Hardy, I. M. Mc, Montuori, C., Morelli, L., Mosquera, A., Mudd, D., Müller-Sánchez, F., Nazarov, S. V., Norris, R. P., Nousek, J. A., Nguyen, M. L., Ochner, P., Okhmat, D. N., Papadakis, I., Parks, J. R., Pei, L., Penny, M. T., Pizzella, A., Poleski, R., Pott, J. -U., Rafter, S. E., Rix, H. -W., Runnoe, J., Saylor, D. A., Schimoia, J. S., Scott, B., Sergeev, S. G., Shappee, B. J., Shivvers, I., Siegel, M., Simonian, G. V., Siviero, A., Skielboe, A., Somers, G., Spencer, M., Starkey, D., Stevens, D. J., Sung, H. -I., Tayar, J., Tejos, N., Turner, C. S., Uttley, P., Van Saders, J., Vaughan, S. A., Vican, L., Villanueva Jr., S., Villforth, C., Weiss, Y., Woo, J. -H., Yan, H., Young, S., Yuk, H., Zheng, W., Zhu, W., and Zu, Y.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract: We present geometric and dynamical modeling of the broad line region for the multi-wavelength reverberation mapping campaign focused on NGC 5548 in 2014. The dataset includes photometric and spectroscopic monitoring in the optical and ultraviolet, covering the H$\beta$, C IV, and Ly$\alpha$ broad emission lines. We find an extended disk-like H$\beta$ BLR with a mixture of near-circular and outflowing gas trajectories, while the C IV and Ly$\alpha$ BLRs are much less extended and resemble shell-like structures. There is clear radial structure in the BLR, with C IV and Ly$\alpha$ emission arising at smaller radii than the H$\beta$ emission. Using the three lines, we make three independent black hole mass measurements, all of which are consistent. Combining these results gives a joint inference of $\log_{10}(M_{\rm BH}/M_\odot) = 7.64^{+0.21}_{-0.18}$. We examine the effect of using the $V$ band instead of the UV continuum light curve on the results and find a size difference that is consistent with the measured UV-optical time lag, but the other structural and kinematic parameters remain unchanged, suggesting that the $V$ band is a suitable proxy for the ionizing continuum when exploring the BLR structure and kinematics. Finally, we compare the H$\beta$ results to similar models of data obtained in 2008 when the AGN was at a lower luminosity state. We find that the size of the emitting region increased during this time period, but the geometry and black hole mass remain unchanged, which confirms that the BLR kinematics suitably gauge the gravitational field of the central black hole., Comment: 26 pages, 19 figures, 1 table, accepted for publication in ApJ
Published: 2020
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24. Space Telescope and Optical Reverberation Mapping Project. IX. Velocity-Delay Maps for Broad Emission Lines in NGC 5548

Author: Horne, Keith, De Rosa, G., Peterson, B. M., Barth, A. J., Ely, J., Fausnaugh, M. M., Kriss, G. A., Pei, L., Adams, S. M., Anderson, M. D., Arevalo, P., Beatty, T G., Bennert, V. N., Bentz, M. C., Bigley, A., Bisogni, S., Borman, G. A., Boroson, T. A., Bottorff, M. C., Brandt, W. N., Breeveld, A. A., Brotherton, M., Brown, J. E., Brown, J. S., Cackett, E. M., Canalizo, G., Carini, M. T., Clubb, K. I., Comerford, J. M., Corsini, E. M., Crenshaw, D. M., Croft, S., Croxall, K. V., Bonta, E. Dalla, Deason, A. J., Dehghanian, M., De Lorenzo-Caceres, A., Denney, K. D., Dietrich, M., Done, C., Edelson, R., Efimova, N. V., Eracleous, M., Evans, P. A., Ferland, G. J., Filippenko, A. V., Flatland, K., Fox, O. D., Gardner, E., Gates, E. L., Gehrels, N., Geier, S., Gelbord, J. M., Goad, M. R., Gonzalez, L., Gorjian, V., Greene, J. E., Grier, C. J., Grupe, D., Gupta, A., Hall, P. B., Henderson, C. B., Hicks, S., Holmbeck, E., Holoien, T. W. -S., Hutchison, T., Im, M., Jensen, J. J., Johnson, C. A., Joner, M. D., Jones, J., Kaastra, J., Kaspi, S., Kelly, P. L., Kennea, J. A., Kim, M., Kim, S., Kim, S. C., King, A., Klimanov, S. A., Kochanek, C. S., Korista, K. T., Krongold, Y., Lau, M. W., Lee, J. C., Leonard, D. C., Li, Miao, Lira, P., Lochhaas, C., Ma, Zhiyuan, MacInnis, F., Malkan, M. A., Manne-Nicholas, E. R., Mathur, S., Mauerhan, J. C., McGurk, R., Hardy, I. M. Mc, Montuori, C., Morelli, L., Mosquera, A., Mudd, D., Mueller-Sanchez, F., Nazarov, S. V., Netzer, H., Norris, R. P., Nousek, J. A., Nguyen, M. L., Ochner, P., Okhmat, D. N., Pancoast, A., Papadakis, I., Parks, J. R., Penny, M. T., Pizzella, A., Pogge, R. W., Poleski, R., Pott, J. -U., Proga, D., Rafter, S. E., Rix, H. -W., Runnoe, J., Saylor, D. A., Schimoia, J. S., Schnuelle, K., Scott, B., Sergeev, S. G., Shappee, B. J., Shivvers, I., Siegel, M., Simonian, G. V., Siviero, A., Skielboe, A., Somers, G., Spencer, M., Starkey, D., Stevens, D. J., Strauss, M. A., Sung, H. -I., Tayar, J., Teems, K. G., Tejos, N., Treu, T., Turner, C. S., Uttley, P., Van Saders, J ., Vestergaard, M., Vican, L., Villanueva Jr, S., Villforth, C., Weiss, Y., Woo, J. -H., Yan, H., Young, S., Yuk, H., Zakamska, N. L., Zheng, W., Zhu, W., and Zu, Y.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract: We report velocity-delay maps for prominent broad emission lines, Ly_alpha, CIV, HeII and H_beta, in the spectrum of NGC5548. The emission-line responses inhabit the interior of a virial envelope. The velocity-delay maps reveal stratified ionization structure. The HeII response inside 5-10 light-days has a broad single-peaked velocity profile. The Ly_alpha, CIV, and H_beta responses peak inside 10 light-days, extend outside 20 light-days, and exhibit a velocity profile with two peaks separated by 5000 km/s in the 10 to 20 light-day delay range. The velocity-delay maps show that the M-shaped lag vs velocity structure found in previous cross-correlation analysis is the signature of a Keplerian disk with a well-defined outer edge at R=20 light-days. The outer wings of the M arise from the virial envelope, and the U-shaped interior of the M is the lower half of an ellipse in the velocity-delay plane. The far-side response is weaker than that from the near side, so that we see clearly the lower half, but only faintly the upper half, of the velocity--delay ellipse. The delay tau=(R/c)(1-sin(i))=5 light-days at line center is from the near edge of the inclined ring, giving the inclination i=45 deg. A black hole mass of M=7x10^7 Msun is consistent with the velocity-delay structure. A barber-pole pattern with stripes moving from red to blue across the CIV and possibly Ly_alpha line profiles suggests the presence of azimuthal structure rotating around the far side of the broad-line region and may be the signature of precession or orbital motion of structures in the inner disk. Further HST observations of NGC 5548 over a multi-year timespan but with a cadence of perhaps 10 days rather than 1 day could help to clarify the nature of this new AGN phenomenon., Comment: 19 pages, 9 figures, ApJ in press
Published: 2020
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25. Characterisation of HEXITECMHz - A 1 MHz continuous frame rate spectroscopic X-ray imaging detector system

Author: Cline, B.D., Banks, D., Bell, S., Church, I., Cross, S., Davis, A., Day, C., French, M., Gardiner, T., Ghorbanian, N., Harris, J., Hart, M., Holden, J., Jones, L., Lipp, J., Nicholls, T., Nobes, J., Pradeep, S., Prydderch, M., Roberts, M., Schneider, A., Seller, P., Sole, D., Veale, M.C., Wilson, M.D., Helsby, W., Dhamgaye, V., Fox, O., and Sawhney, K.
Published: 2023
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26. Empagliflozin in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial

Author: Abani, O, Abbas, A, Abbas, F, Abbas, J, Abbas, K, Abbas, M, Abbasi, S, Abbass, H, Abbott, A, Abdallah, N, Abdelaziz, A, Abdelfattah, M, Abdelqader, B, Abdul, A, Abdul, B, Abdul, S, Abdul Rasheed, A, Abdulakeem, A, Abdul-Kadir, R, Abdullah, A, Abdulmumeen, A, Abdul-Raheem, R, Abdulshukkoor, N, Abdusamad, K, Abed El Khaleq, Y, Abedalla, M, Abeer Ul Amna, A, Abel, L, Abernethy, K, Abeywickrema, M, Abhinaya, C, Abidin, A, Aboaba, A, Aboagye-Odei, A, Aboah, C, Aboelela, H, Abo-Leyah, H, Abouelela, K, Abou-Haggar, A, Abouibrahim, M, Abousamra, A, Abouzaid, M, Abraham, M, Abraham, T, Abraheem, A, Abrams, J, Abrams, R, Abu, HJ, Abu-Arafeh, A, Abubacker, SM, Abung, A, Abusamra, Y, Aceampong, Y, Achara, A, Acharya, D, Acheampong, F, Acheampong, P, Acheampong, S, Acheson, J, Achieng, S, Acosta, A, Acquah, R, Acton, C, Adabie-Ankrah, J, Adair, P, Adam, AS, Adam, F, Adam, M, Adamali, H, Adamczyk, M, Adams, C, Adams, D, Adams, K, Adams, L, Adams, N, Adams, R, Adams, T, Adamu-Ikeme, L, Adatia, K, Adcock, K, Addai-Boampong, L, Addo, A, Adeagbo, O, Adebiyi, A, Adedeji, O, Adegeye, Y, Adegoke, K, Adell, V, Adenwalla, S, Adeoye, FW, Adesemoye, OA, Adewunmi, EO, Adeyanju, A, Adeyemi, J, Adeyemo, T, Adhikari, B, Adhikari, SA, Adhikary, R, Aditya, A, Adjepong, P, Adkins, G, Adnan, A, Adriaanse, M, Aeron-Thomas, J, Affleck, D, Afnan, C, Afridi, M, Afrim, P, Afriyie, FA, Aftab, ZA, Afum-Adjei Awuah, A, Agarwal, M, Agasiya, PN, Agbeko, R, Agbo, C, Aggarwal, S, Aghababaie, A, Aguilar Jimenez, L, Agyekum, JA, Agyen, K, Ahadome, EK, Ahamed Sadiq, S, Ahammed Nazeer, MH, Ahmad, M, Ahmad, S, Ahmed, A, Ahmed, BAR, Ahmed, B, Ahmed, F, Ahmed, H, Ahmed, I, Ahmed, K, Ahmed, L, Ahmed, M, Ahmed, MC, Ahmed, MS, Ahmed, N, Ahmed, O, Ahmed, RA, Ahmed, R, Ahmed, S, Ahmed, SG, Ahmed, SH, Ahmed Ali, R, Ahmed Mohamud, B, Ahmer, S, Ahonia, A, Aidoo, C, Aiken, C, Ail, D, Ainsworth, M, Aissa, M, Aitken, L, Ajay, B, Ajibode, A, Ajmi, A, Akhtar, N, Akili, S, Akinbiyi, B, Akindolie, O, Akinfenwa, Y, Akinkugbe, O, Akinpelu, I, Akram, M, Aktinade, O, Akudi, U, Al Aaraj, ASAR, Al Balushi, A, Al Dakhola, M, Al Swaifi, A, Al-Abadi, E, Alabi, A, Aladangady, N, Alafifi, M, Alam, A, Alam, S, Al-Asadi, A, Alatzoglou, K, Albert, P, Albertus, A, Albon, L, Alcala, A, Alcorn, G, Alcorn, S, Aldana, A, Alderdice, D, Aldesouki, A, Aldouri, R, Aldridge, J, Aldridge, N, Ale, RM, Alegria, A, Alexander, A, Alexander, C, Alexander, J, Alexander, PDG, Al-fori, J, Alghazawi, L, Alhabsha, O, Al-Hakim, B, Alhameed, R, Al-Hayali, M, Al-Hity, S, Ali, A, Ali, FR, Ali, J, Ali, M, Ali, MS, Ali, N, Ali, O, Ali, R, Ali, S, Aliberti, E, Alin, J, Alina, A, Alipustain, A, Alisjahbana, B, Aliyuda, F, Alizadeh, K, Al-Jibury, M, Al-Juboori, S, Al-Khalil, M, Alkhudhayri, A, Alkhusheh, M, Allan, F, Allan, N, Allanson, A, Allcock, R, Allen, E, Allen, J, Allen, K, Allen, L, Allen, P, Allen, R, Allen, S, Allen, T, Alli, A, Allison, K, Allman, B, Allsop, HK, Allsop, L, Allsup, D, Almahroos, AFT, Al-Moasseb, H, Al-Obaidi, M, Alomari, L, Al-Rabahi, A, Al-Ramadhani, B, Al-Saadi, Z, Al-Sammarraie, R, Alshaer, I, Al-Shahi Salman, R, Al-Shamkhani, W, Alsheikh, F, Al-Sheklly, B, Altaf, S, Alty, A, Alvarez, M, Alvarez Corral, M, Alveyn, E, Alzetani, M, Amamou, S, Amar, N, Ambalavanan, S, Ambrogetti, R, Ambrose, C, Ameen, A, Amelia Ganefianty, A, Ames, K, Amezaga, MR, Amin, A, Amin, K, Amin, S, Amin, T, Amit, B, Amjad, A, Amjad, N, Amoah-Dankwa, J, Amoako-Adusei, A, Amosun, V, Amsal, M, Amsha, K, Amuasi, J, Amutio Martin, N, Amy, P, Anada, A, Anand, A, Anandappa, S, Anantapatnaikuni, SD, Andari, NKN, Anderson, E, Anderson, J, Anderson, L, Anderson, M, Anderson, N, Anderson, R, Anderson, S, Anderson, W, Andreou, P, Andrews, A, Andrews, J, Aneke, K, Ang, A, Ang, WW, Angel, T, Angela, A, Angelini, P, Anguvaa, L, Anichtchik, O, Anim-Somuah, M, Aniruddhan, K, Annett, J, Anning, L, Ansah, M, Anstey, PJ, Anstey, R, Anthony, A, Anthony-Pillai, A, Antill, P, Antonina, Z, Anu, V, Anwar, M, Anwar, S, Apetri, E, 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Yein, K, Yelnoorkar, F, Yen, LM, Yeoh, A, Yeung, CY, Yew, P, Yewatkar, D, Ylquimiche Melly, L, Ynter, I, Yong, H, Yorke, J, Youens, J, Younes Ibrahim, A, Young, E, Young, G, Young, L, Yousafzar, A, Youssouf, S, Yousuf, A, Yovita, H, Yu, C, Yuan, JSJ, Yufaniaputri, N, Yung, B, Yusef, D, Yusef, S, Yusuf, I, Zafar, A-S, Zagalo, S, Zaher, S, Zahoor, A, Zainab, M, Zak, T, Zaki, K, Zakir, N, Zalewska, K, Zamalloa, A, Zaman, M, Zaman, S, Zamikula, J, Zammit, L, Zammit-Mangion, M, Zawadzka, M, Zayed, M, Zebracki, E, Zehnder, D, Zeidan, L, Zeinali, D, Zhang, J, Zhao, X, Zheng, D, Zhu, D, Zia, M, Zibdeh, O, Zill-E-Huma, R, Zin, ET, Zincone, E, Zindoga, G, Zinkin, E, Zinyemba, V, Zipitis, C, Zitter, L, Zmierczak, A, Zubikarai, G, Zubir, A, Zuhra, N, Zulaikha, R, Zulfikar, S, Zullo, C, and Zuriaga-Alvaro, A
Published: 2023
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27. The Berkeley sample of Type II supernovae: BVRI light curves and spectroscopy of 55 SNe II

Author: de Jaeger, T., Zheng, W., Stahl, B. E., Filippenko, A. V., Brink, T. G., Bigley, A., Blanchard, K., Blanchard, P. K., Bradley, J., Cargill, S. K., Casper, C., Cenko, S. B., Channa, S., Choi, B. Y., Clubb, K. I., Cobb, B. E., Cohen, D., de Kouchkovsky, M., Ellison, M., Falcon, E., Fox, O. D., Fuller, K., Ganeshalingam, M., Gould, C., Graham, M. L., Halevi, G., Hayakawa, K. T., Hestenes, J., Hyland, M. P., Jeffers, B., Joubert, N., Kandrashoff, M. T., Kelly, P. L., Kim, H., Kim, M., Kumar, S., Leonard, E. J., Li, G. Z., Lowe, T. B., Lu, P., Mason, M., McAllister, K. J., Mauerhan, J. C., Modjaz, M., Molloy, J., Perley, D. A., Pina, K., Poznanski, D., Ross, T. W., Shivvers, I., Silverman, J. M., Soler, C., Stegman, S., Taylor, S., Tang, K., Wilkins, A., Wang, Xiaofeng, Wang, Xianggao, Yuk, H., Yunus, S., and Zhang, K. D.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: In this work, BV RI light curves of 55 Type II supernovae (SNe II) from the Lick Observatory Supernova Search program obtained with the Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope and the 1 m Nickel telescope from 2006 to 2018 are presented. Additionally, more than 150 spectra gathered with the 3 m Shane telescope are published. We conduct an analyse of the peak absolute magnitudes, decline rates, and time durations of different phases of the light and colour curves. Typically, our light curves are sampled with a median cadence of 5.5 days for a total of 5093 photometric points. In average V-band plateau declines with a rate of 1.29 mag (100 days)-1, which is consistent with previously published samples. For each band, the plateau slope correlates with the plateau length and the absolute peak magnitude: SNe II with steeper decline have shorter plateau duration and are brighter. A time-evolution analysis of spectral lines in term of velocities and pseudoequivalent widths is also presented in this paper. Our spectroscopic sample ranges between 1 and 200 days post-explosion and has a median ejecta expansion velocity at 50 days post-explosion of 6500 km/s (Halpha line) and a standard dispersion of 2000 km/s. Nebular spectra are in good agreement with theoretical models using a progenitor star having a mass <16 Msol. All the data are available to the community and will help to understand SN II diversity better, and therefore to improve their utility as cosmological distance indicators., Comment: 24 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS
Published: 2019
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28. Discovery and Rapid Follow-up Observations of the Unusual Type II SN 2018ivc in NGC 1068

Author: Bostroem, K. A., Valenti, S., Sand, D. J., Andrews, J. E., Van Dyk, S. D., Galbany, L., Pooley, D., Amaro, R. C., Smith, N., Yang, S., Anupama, G. C., Arcavi, I., Baron, E., Brown, P. J., Burke, J., Cartier, R., Hiramatsu, D., Dong, Y., Egami, E., Ertel, S., Filippenko, A. V., Fox, O. D., Haislip, J., Hosseinzadeh, G., Howell, D. A., Gangopadhyay, A., Jha, S. W., Kouprianov, V., Kumar, B., Lundquist, M., Milisavljevic, D., McCully, C., Milne, P., Misra, K., Reichart, D. E., Sahu, D. K., Sai, H., Singh, A., Smith, P. S., Vinko, J., Wang, X., Wang, Y., Wheeler, J. C., Williams, G. G., Wyatt, S., Zhang, J., and Zhang, X.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract: We present the discovery and high-cadence follow-up observations of SN 2018ivc, an unusual Type II supernova that exploded in NGC 1068 (D=10.1 Mpc). The light curve of SN 2018ivc declines piecewise-linearly, changing slope frequently, with four clear slope changes in the first 30 days of evolution. This rapidly changing light curve indicates that interaction between the circumstellar material and ejecta plays a significant role in the evolution. Circumstellar interaction is further supported by a strong X-ray detection. The spectra are rapidly evolving and dominated by hydrogen, helium, and calcium emission lines. We identify a rare high-velocity emission-line feature blueshifted at ~7800 km/s (in Ha, Hb, Pb, Pg, HeI, CaII), which is visible from day 18 until at least day 78 and could be evidence of an asymmetric progenitor or explosion. From the overall similarity between SN 2018ivc and SN 1996al, the \Ha{} equivalent width of its parent HII region, and constraints from pre-explosion archival Hubble Space Telescope images, we find that the progenitor of SN 2018ivc could be as massive as 52 Msun but is more likely <12 Msun. SN 2018ivc demonstrates the importance of the early discovery and rapid follow-up observations of nearby supernovae to study the physics and progenitors of these cosmic explosions., Comment: Accepted by ApJ. Revised version includes more extensive progenitor analysis
Published: 2019
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29. Magnification, dust and time-delay constraints from the first resolved strongly lensed Type Ia supernova

Author: Dhawan, S., Johansson, J., Goobar, A., Amanullah, R., Mörtsell, E., Cenko, S. B., Cooray, A., Fox, O., Goldstein, D., Kalender, R., Kasliwal, M., Kulkarni, S. R., Lee, W. H., Nayyeri, H., Nugent, P., Ofek, E., and Quimby, R.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: We report lensing magnifications, extinction, and time-delay estimates for the first resolved, multiply-imaged Type Ia supernova iPTF16geu, at $z = 0.409$, using $Hubble\,Space\,Telescope$ ($HST$) observations in combination with supporting ground-based data. Multi-band photometry of the resolved images provides unique information about the differential dimming due to dust in the lensing galaxy. Using $HST$ and Keck AO reference images taken after the SN faded, we obtain a total lensing magnification for iPTF16geu of $\mu = 67.8^{+2.6}_{-2.9}$, accounting for extinction in the host and lensing galaxy. As expected from the symmetry of the system, we measure very short time-delays for the three fainter images with respect to the brightest one: -0.23 $\pm$ 0.99, -1.43 $\pm$ 0.74 and 1.36 $\pm$ 1.07 days. Interestingly, we find large differences between the magnifications of the four supernova images, even after accounting for uncertainties in the extinction corrections: $\Delta m_1 = -3.88^{+0.07}_{-0.06}$, $\Delta m_2 = -2.99^{+0.09}_{-0.08}$, $\Delta m_3 = -2.19^{+0.14}_{-0.15}$ and $\Delta m_4 = -2.40^{+0.14}_{-0.12}$ mag, discrepant with model predictions suggesting similar image brightnesses. A possible explanation for the large differences is gravitational lensing by substructures, micro- or millilensing, in addition to the large scale lens causing the image separations. We find that the inferred magnification is insensitive to the assumptions about the dust properties in the host and lens galaxy., Comment: 18 pages, 8 figures accepted to MNRAS
Published: 2019
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30. Achieving Transformative Understanding of Extreme Stellar Explosions with ELT-enabled Late-time Spectroscopy

Author: Milisavljevic, D., Margutti, R., Chornock, R., Rest, A., Graham, M., DePoy, D., Marshall, J., Golkhou, V. Z., Williams, G., Rho, J., Street, R., Skidmore, W., Haojing, Y., Bloom, J., Starrfield, S., Lee, C. -H., Cowperthwaite, P. S., Stringfellow, G., Coppejans, D., Terreran, G., Sravan, N., Fox, O., Mauerhan, J., Long, K. S., Blair, W. P., Winkler, P. F., Drout, M. R., Andrews, J., Kerzendorf, W., Wheeler, J. C., Filippenko, A. V., Smith, N., Metzger, B. D., Modjaz, M., Fesen, R. A., Berger, E., Garnavich, P., and Chevalier, R. A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: Supernovae are among the most powerful and influential explosions in the universe. They are also ideal multi-messenger laboratories to study extreme astrophysics. However, many fundamental properties of supernovae related to their diverse progenitor systems and explosion mechanisms remain poorly constrained. Here we outline how late-time spectroscopic observations obtained during the nebular phase (several months to years after explosion), made possible with the next generation of Extremely Large Telescopes, will facilitate transformational science opportunities and rapidly accelerate the community towards our goal of achieving a complete understanding of supernova explosions. We highlight specific examples of how complementary GMT and TMT instrumentation will enable high fidelity spectroscopy from which the line profiles and luminosities of elements tracing mass loss and ejecta can be used to extract kinematic and chemical information with unprecedented detail, for hundreds of objects. This will provide uniquely powerful constraints on the evolutionary phases stars may experience approaching a supernova explosion; the subsequent explosion dynamics; their nucleosynthesis yields; and the formation of compact objects that may act as central engines., Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures, Astro2020 Science White Paper
Published: 2019

31. A multi-wavelength analysis of a collection of short-duration GRBs observed between 2012-2015

Author: Pandey, S. B., Hu, Y., Castro-Tirado, A. J., Pozanenko, A. S., Sánchez-Ramírez, R., Gorosabel, J., Guziy, 5 S., Jelinek, M., Tello, J. C., Jeong, S., Oates, S. R., Zhang, B. -B., Mazaeva, E. D., Volnova, A. A., Minaev, P. Yu., van Eerten, H. J., Caballero-García, M. D., Pérez-Ramírez, D., Bremer, M., Winters, J. -M., Park, I. H., Guelbenzu, A. Nicuesa, Klose, S., Moskvitin, A., Sokolov, V. V., Sonbas, E., Ayala, A., Cepa, J., Butler, N., Troja, E., Chernenko, A. M., Molkov, S. V., Volvach, A. E., Inasaridze, R. Ya., Egamberdiyev, Sh. A., Burkhonov, O., Reva, I. V., Polyakov, K. A., Matkin, A. A., Ivanov, A. L., Molotov, I., Guver, T., Watson, A. M., Kutyrev, A., Lee, W. H., Fox, O., Littlejohns, O., Cucchiara, A., Gonzalez, J., Richer, M. G., Román-Zúñiga, C. G., Tanvir, N. R., Bloom, J. S., Prochaska, J. X., Gehrels, N., Moseley, H., de Diego, J. A., Ramírez-Ruiz, E., Klunko, E. V., Fan, Y., Zhao, X., Bai, J., Wang, Ch., Xin, Y., Cui, Ch., Tungalag, N., Peng, Z. -K., Kumar, Amit, Gupta, Rahul, Aryan, Amar, Kumar, Brajesh, Volvach, L. N., Lamb, G. P., and Valeev, A. F.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: We investigate the prompt emission and the afterglow properties of short duration gamma-ray burst (sGRB) 130603B and another eight sGRB events during 2012-2015, observed by several multi-wavelength facilities including the GTC 10.4m telescope. Prompt emission high energy data of the events were obtained by INTEGRAL/SPI/ACS, Swift/BAT and Fermi/GBM satellites. The prompt emission data by INTEGRAL in the energy range of 0.1-10 MeV for sGRB 130603B, sGRB 140606A, sGRB 140930B, sGRB 141212A and sGRB 151228A do not show any signature of the extended emission or precursor activity and their spectral and temporal properties are similar to those seen in case of other short bursts. For sGRB130603B, our new afterglow photometric data constraints the pre jet-break temporal decay due to denser temporal coverage. For sGRB 130603B, the afterglow light curve, containing both our new as well as previously published photometric data is broadly consistent with the ISM afterglow model. Modeling of the host galaxies of sGRB 130603B and sGRB 141212A using the LePHARE software supports a scenario in which the environment of the burst is undergoing moderate star formation activity. From the inclusion of our late-time data for 8 other sGRBs we are able to; place tight constraints on the non-detection of the afterglow, host galaxy or any underlying kilonova emission. Our late-time afterglow observations of the sGRB 170817A/GW170817 are also discussed and compared with the sub-set of sGRBs., Comment: 24 pages, 22 figures, Accepted to MNRAS, 2019 February 19. Received 2019 February 19; in original form 2018 August 30
Published: 2019
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32. Magnification, dust and time-delay constraints from the first resolved strongly lensed Type Ia supernova iPTF16geu

Author: Dhawan, S, Johansson, J, Goobar, A, Amanullah, R, Mörtsell, E, Cenko, SB, Cooray, A, Fox, O, Goldstein, D, Kalender, R, Kasliwal, M, Kulkarni, SR, Lee, WH, Nayyeri, H, Nugent, P, Ofek, E, and Quimby, R
Subjects: Space Sciences, Physical Sciences, gravitational lensing: strong, supernovae: general, supernova: individual, astro-ph.GA, astro-ph.CO, Astronomical and Space Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Astronomical sciences, Particle and high energy physics, Space sciences
Abstract: We report lensing magnifications, extinction, and time-delay estimates for the first resolved, multiply imaged Type Ia supernova iPTF16geu, at z = 0.409, using Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations in combination with supporting ground-based data. Multiband photometry of the resolved images provides unique information about the differential dimming due to dust in the lensing galaxy. Using HST and Keck AO reference images taken after the SN faded, we obtain a total lensing magnification for iPTF16geu of μ = 67.8-2.9+2.6, accounting for extinction in the host and lensing galaxy. As expected from the symmetry of the system, we measure very short time-delays for the three fainter images with respect to the brightest one: -0.23 ± 0.99, -1.43 ± 0.74, and 1.36 ± 1.07 d. Interestingly, we find large differences between the magnifications of the four supernova images, even after accounting for uncertainties in the extinction corrections: Δm1 = - 3.88-0.06+0.07, Δm2 = -2.99-0.08+0.09, Δm3 = - 2.19-0.05+0.14, and Δm4 = - 2.40-0.12+0.14 mag, discrepant with model predictions suggesting similar image brightnesses. A possible explanation for the large differences is gravitational lensing by substructures, micro-or millilensing, in addition to the large-scale lens causing the image separations. We find that the inferred magnification is insensitive to the assumptions about the dust properties in the host and lens galaxy.
Published: 2020

33. Target of Opportunity Observations of Gravitational Wave Events with LSST

Author: Margutti, R., Cowperthwaite, P., Doctor, Z., Mortensen, K., Pankow, C. P., Salafia, O., Villar, V. A., Alexander, K., Annis, J., Andreoni, I., Baldeschi, A., Balmaverde, B., Berger, E., Bernardini, M. G., Berry, C. P. L., Bianco, F., Blanchard, P. K., Brocato, E., Carnerero, M. I., Cartier, R., Cenko, S. B., Chornock, R., Chomiuk, L., Copperwheat, C. M., Coughlin, M. W., Coppejans, D. L., Corsi, A., D'Ammando, F., Datrier, L., D'Avanzo, P., Dimitriadis, G., Drout, M. R., Foley, R. J., Fong, W., Fox, O., Ghirlanda, G., Goldstein, D., Grindlay, J., Guidorzi, C., Haiman, Z., Hendry, M., Holz, D., Hung, T., Inserra, C., Jones, D. O., Kalogera, V., Kilpatrick, C. D., Lamb, G., Laskar, T., Levan, A., Mason, E., Maguire, K., Melandri, A., Milisavljevic, D., Miller, A., Narayan, G., Nielsen, E., Nicholl, M., Nissanke, S., Nugent, P., Pan, Y. -C., Pasham, D., Paterson, K., Piranomonte, S., Racusin, J., Rest, A., Righi, C., Sand, D., Seaman, R., Scolnic, D., Siellez, K., Singer, L., Szkody, P., Smith, M., Steeghs, D., Sullivan, M., Tanvir, N., Terreran, G., Trimble, V., Valenti, S., Transient, with the support of the LSST, and Collaboration, Variable Stars
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: The discovery of the electromagnetic counterparts to the binary neutron star merger GW170817 has opened the era of GW+EM multi-messenger astronomy. Exploiting this breakthrough requires increasing samples to explore the diversity of kilonova behaviour and provide more stringent constraints on the Hubble constant, and tests of fundamental physics. LSST can play a key role in this field in the 2020s, when the gravitational wave detector network is expected to detect higher rates of merger events involving neutron stars ($\sim$10s per year) out to distances of several hundred Mpc. Here we propose comprehensive target-of-opportunity (ToOs) strategies for follow-up of gravitational-wave sources that will make LSST the premiere machine for discovery and early characterization for neutron star mergers and other gravitational-wave sources., Comment: White paper for LSST cadence optimization- ToOs
Published: 2018

34. Don't Blink: Constraining the Circumstellar Environment of the Interacting Type Ia Supernova 2015cp

Author: Harris, C. E., Nugent, P. E., Horesh, A., Bright, J. S., Fender, R. P., Graham, M. L., Maguire, K., Smith, M., Butler, N., Valenti, S., Filippenko, A. V., Fox, O., Goobar, A., Kelly, P. L., and Shen, K. J.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: Despite their cosmological utility, the progenitors of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are still unknown, with many efforts focused on whether accretion from a nondegenerate companion can grow a carbon-oxygen white dwarf to near the Chandrasekhar mass. The association of SNe Ia resembling SN 1991T ("91T-like") with circumstellar interaction may be evidence for this "single-degenerate" channel. However, the observed circumstellar medium (CSM) in these interacting systems is unlike a stellar wind -- of particular interest, it is sometimes detached from the stellar surface, residing at $\sim 10^{16}~{\rm cm}$. A Hubble Space Telescope (HST) program to discover detached CSM around 91T-like SNe Ia successfully discovered interaction nearly two years after explosion in SN 2015cp (Graham et al., 2018). In this work, we present radio and X-ray follow-up observations of SN 2015cp and analyze them in the framework of Harris, Nugent, & Kasen (2016) to limit the properties of a constant-density CSM shell in this system. Assuming the HST detection was shortly after the shock crossed the CSM, we constrain the total CSM mass in this system to be $< 0.5~{\rm M_\odot}$. This limit is comparable to the CSM mass of supernova PTF11kx, but does not rule out lower masses predicted for recurrent novae. From lessons learned modeling PTF11kx and SN 2015cp, we suggest a strategy for future observations of these events to increase the sample of known interacting SNe Ia., Comment: 13 pages, 5 figures, published in The Astrophysical Journal
Published: 2018
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35. Delayed Circumstellar Interaction for Type Ia SN 2015cp Revealed by an HST Ultraviolet Imaging Survey

Author: Graham, M. L., Harris, C. E., Nugent, P. E., Maguire, K., Sullivan, M., Smith, M., Valenti, S., Goobar, A., Fox, O. D., Shen, K. J., Kelly, P. L., McCully, C., Brink, T. G., and Filippenko, A. V.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: The nature and role of the binary companion of carbon-oxygen white dwarf stars that explode as Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are not yet fully understood. Past detections of circumstellar material (CSM) that contain hydrogen for a small number of SN Ia progenitor systems suggest that at least some have a nondegenerate companion. In order to constrain the prevalence, location, and quantity of CSM in SN Ia systems, we performed a near-ultraviolet (NUV) survey with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) to look for the high-energy signature of SN Ia ejecta interacting with CSM. Our survey revealed that SN 2015cp, a SN 1991T-like overluminous SN Ia, was experiencing late-onset interaction between its ejecta and surrounding CSM at $664$ days after its light-curve peak. We present ground- and space-based follow-up observations of SN 2015cp that reveal optical emission lines of H and Ca, typical signatures of ejecta-CSM interaction. We show how SN 2015cp was likely similar to the well-studied SN Ia-CSM event PTF11kx, making it the second case in which an unambiguously classified SN Ia was observed to interact with a distant shell of CSM that contains hydrogen ($R_{\rm CSM} \gtrsim 10^{16}\ {\rm cm}$). The remainder of our HST NUV images of SNe Ia were nondetections that we use to constrain the occurrence rate of observable late-onset CSM interaction. We apply theoretical models for the emission from ejecta-CSM interaction to our NUV nondetections, and place upper limits on the mass and radial extent of CSM in SN Ia progenitor systems., Comment: 29 pages, 10 figures, 6 tables; accepted to ApJ
Published: 2018
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36. K2 Observations of SN 2018oh Reveal a Two-Component Rising Light Curve for a Type Ia Supernova

Author: Dimitriadis, G., Foley, R. J., Rest, A., Kasen, D., Piro, A. L., Polin, A., Jones, D. O., Villar, A., Narayan, G., Coulter, D. A., Kilpatrick, C. D., Pan, Y. -C., Rojas-Bravo, C., Fox, O. D., Jha, S. W., Nugent, P. E., Riess, A. G., Scolnic, D., Drout, M. R., Barentsen, G., Dotson, J., Gully-Santiago, M., Hedges, C., Cody, A. M., Barclay, T., Howell, S., Garnavich, P., Tucker, B. E., Shaya, E., Mushotzky, R., Olling, R. P., Margheim, S., Zenteno, A., Coughlin, J., Van Cleve, J. E., Cardoso, J. Vinicius de Miranda, Larson, K. A., McCalmont-Everton, K. M., Peterson, C. A., Ross, S. E., Reedy, L. H., Osborne, D., McGinn, C., Kohnert, L., Migliorini, L., Wheaton, A., Spencer, B., Labonde, C., Castillo, G., Beerman, G., Steward, K., Hanley, M., Larsen, R., Gangopadhyay, R., Kloetzel, R., Weschler, T., Nystrom, V., Moffatt, J., Redick, M., Griest, K., Packard, M., Muszynski, M., Kampmeier, J., Bjella, R., Flynn, S., Elsaesser, B., Chambers, K. C., Flewelling, H. A., Huber, M. E., Magnier, E. A., Waters, C. Z., Schultz, A. S. B., Bulger, J., Lowe, T. B., Willman, M., Smartt, S. J., Smith, K. W., Points, S., Strampelli, G. M., Brimacombe, J., Chen, P., Munoz, J. A., Mutel, R. L., Shields, J., Vallely, P. J., Villanueva Jr, S., Li, W., Wang, X., Zhang, J., Lin, H., Mo, J., Zhao, X., Sai, H., Zhang, X., Zhang, K., Zhang, T., Wang, L., Baron, E., DerKacy, J. M., Li, L., Chen, Z., Xiang, D., Rui, L., Huang, F., Li, X., Hosseinzadeh, G., Howell, D. A., Arcavi, I., Hiramatsu, D., Burke, J., Valenti, S., Tonry, J. L., Denneau, L., Heinze, A. N., Weiland, H., Stalder, B., Vinko, J., Sarneczky, K., Pa, A., Bodi, A., Bognar, Zs., Csak, B., Cseh, B., Csornyei, G., Hanyecz, O., Ignacz, B., Kalup, Cs., Konyves-Toth, R., Kriskovics, L., Ordasi, A., Rajmon, I., Sodor, A., Szabo, R., Szakats, R., Zsidi, G., Williams, S. C., Nordin, J., Cartier, R., Frohmaier, C., Galbany, L., Gutierrez, C. P., Hook, I., Inserra, C., Smith, M., Sand, D. J., Andrews, J. E., Smith, N., and Bilinski, C.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: We present an exquisite, 30-min cadence Kepler (K2) light curve of the Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) 2018oh (ASASSN-18bt), starting weeks before explosion, covering the moment of explosion and the subsequent rise, and continuing past peak brightness. These data are supplemented by multi-color Pan-STARRS1 and CTIO 4-m DECam observations obtained within hours of explosion. The K2 light curve has an unusual two-component shape, where the flux rises with a steep linear gradient for the first few days, followed by a quadratic rise as seen for typical SNe Ia. This "flux excess" relative to canonical SN Ia behavior is confirmed in our $i$-band light curve, and furthermore, SN 2018oh is especially blue during the early epochs. The flux excess peaks 2.14$\pm0.04$ days after explosion, has a FWHM of 3.12$\pm0.04$ days, a blackbody temperature of $T=17,500^{+11,500}_{-9,000}$ K, a peak luminosity of $4.3\pm0.2\times10^{37}\,{\rm erg\,s^{-1}}$, and a total integrated energy of $1.27\pm0.01\times10^{43}\,{\rm erg}$. We compare SN 2018oh to several models that may provide additional heating at early times, including collision with a companion and a shallow concentration of radioactive nickel. While all of these models generally reproduce the early K2 light curve shape, we slightly favor a companion interaction, at a distance of $\sim$$2\times10^{12}\,{\rm cm}$ based on our early color measurements, although the exact distance depends on the uncertain viewing angle. Additional confirmation of a companion interaction in future modeling and observations of SN 2018oh would provide strong support for a single-degenerate progenitor system., Comment: 20 pages, 9 figures, 2 tables. Submitted to APJ Letters on 31 Jul 2018, Accepted for publication on 31 Aug 2018
Published: 2018
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37. Photometric and Spectroscopic Properties of Type Ia Supernova 2018oh with Early Excess Emission from the $Kepler$ 2 Observations

Author: Li, W., Wang, X., Vinkó, J., Mo, J., Hosseinzadeh, G., Sand, D. J., Zhang, J., Lin, H., Zhang, T., Wang, L., Chen, Z., Xiang, D., Rui, L., Huang, F., Li, X., Zhang, X., Li, L., Baron, E., Derkacy, J. M., Zhao, X., Sai, H., Zhang, K., Howell, D. A., McCully, C., Arcavi, I., Valenti, S., Hiramatsu, D., Burke, J., Rest, A., Garnavich, P., Tucker, B. E., Narayan, G., Shaya, E., Margheim, S., Zenteno, A., Villar, A., Dimitriadis, G., Foley, R. J., Pan, Y. -C., Coulter, D. A., Fox, O. D., Jha, S. W., Jones, D. O., Kasen, D. N., Kilpatrick, C. D., Piro, A. L., Riess, A. G., Rojas-Bravo, C., Shappee, B. J., Holoien, T. W. -S., Stanek, K. Z., Drout, M. R., Auchettl, K., Kochanek, C. S., Brown, J. S., Bose, S., Bersier, D., Brimacombe, J., Chen, P., Dong, S., Holmbo, S., Muñoz, J. A., Mutel, R. L., Post, R. S., Prieto, J. L., Shields, J., Tallon, D., Thompson, T. A., Vallely, P. J., Villanueva Jr., S., Smartt, S. J., Smith, K. W., Chambers, K. C., Flewelling, H. A., Huber, M. E., Magnier, E. A., Waters, C. Z., Schultz, A. S. B., Bulger, J., Lowe, T. B., Willman, M., Sárneczky, K., Pál, A., Wheeler, J. C., Bódi, A., Bognár, Zs., Csák, B., Cseh, B., Csörnyei, G., Hanyecz, O., Ignácz, B., Kalup, Cs., Könyves-Tóth, R., Kriskovics, L., Ordasi, A., Rajmon, I., Sódor, A., Szabó, R., Szakáts, R., Zsidi, G., Milne, P., Andrews, J. E., Smith, N., Bilinski, C., Brown, P. J., Nordin, J., Williams, S. C., Galbany, L., Palmerio, J., Hook, I. M., Inserra, C., Maguire, K., Cartier, Régis, Razza, A., Gutiérrez, C. P., Hermes, J. J., Reding, J. S., Kaiser, B. C., Tonry, J. L., Heinze, A. N., Denneau, L., Weiland, H., Stalder, B., Barentsen, G., Dotson, J., Barclay, T., Gully-Santiago, M., Hedges, C., Cody, A. M., Howell, S., Coughlin, J., Van Cleve, J. E., Cardoso, J. Vinícius de Miranda, Larson, K. A., McCalmont-Everton, K. M., Peterson, C. A., Ross, S. E., Reedy, L. H., Osborne, D., McGinn, C., Kohnert, L., Migliorini, L., Wheaton, A., Spencer, B., Labonde, C., Castillo, G., Beerman, G., Steward, K., Hanley, M., Larsen, R., Gangopadhyay, R., Kloetzel, R., Weschler, T., Nystrom, V., Moffatt, J., Redick, M., Griest, K., Packard, M., Muszynski, M., Kampmeier, J., Bjella, R., Flynn, S., and Elsaesser, B.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: Supernova (SN) 2018oh (ASASSN-18bt) is the first spectroscopically-confirmed type Ia supernova (SN Ia) observed in the $Kepler$ field. The $Kepler$ data revealed an excess emission in its early light curve, allowing to place interesting constraints on its progenitor system (Dimitriadis et al. 2018, Shappee et al. 2018b). Here, we present extensive optical, ultraviolet, and near-infrared photometry, as well as dense sampling of optical spectra, for this object. SN 2018oh is relatively normal in its photometric evolution, with a rise time of 18.3$\pm$0.3 days and $\Delta$m$_{15}(B)=0.96\pm$0.03 mag, but it seems to have bluer $B - V$ colors. We construct the "uvoir" bolometric light curve having peak luminosity as 1.49$\times$10$^{43}$erg s$^{-1}$, from which we derive a nickel mass as 0.55$\pm$0.04M$_{\odot}$ by fitting radiation diffusion models powered by centrally located $^{56}$Ni. Note that the moment when nickel-powered luminosity starts to emerge is +3.85 days after the first light in the Kepler data, suggesting other origins of the early-time emission, e.g., mixing of $^{56}$Ni to outer layers of the ejecta or interaction between the ejecta and nearby circumstellar material or a non-degenerate companion star. The spectral evolution of SN 2018oh is similar to that of a normal SN Ia, but is characterized by prominent and persistent carbon absorption features. The C II features can be detected from the early phases to about 3 weeks after the maximum light, representing the latest detection of carbon ever recorded in a SN Ia. This indicates that a considerable amount of unburned carbon exists in the ejecta of SN 2018oh and may mix into deeper layers., Comment: 48 pages, 23 figures. This paper is part of a coordinated effort between groups. Accepted for publication in ApJ
Published: 2018
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38. A long-lived neutron star merger remnant in GW170817: constraints and clues from X-ray observations

Author: Piro, L., Troja, E., Zhang, B., Ryan, G., van Eerten, H., Ricci, R., Wieringa, M. H., Tiengo, A., Butler, N. R., Cenko, S. B., Fox, O. D., Kandrika, H. G., Novara, G., Rossi, A., and Sakamoto, T.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: Multi-messenger observations of GW170817 have not conclusively established whether the merger remnant is a black hole (BH) or a neutron star (NS). We show that a long-lived magnetized NS with a poloidal field $B\approx 10^{12}$G is fully consistent with the electromagnetic dataset, when spin down losses are dominated by gravitational wave (GW) emission. The required ellipticity $\epsilon\gtrsim 10^{-5}$ can result from a toroidal magnetic field component much stronger than the poloidal component, a configuration expected from a NS newly formed from a merger. Abrupt magnetic dissipation of the toroidal component can lead to the appearance of X-ray flares, analogous to the one observed in gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglows. In the X-ray afterglow of GW170817 we identify a low-significance ($\gtrsim 3\sigma$) temporal feature at 155 d, consistent with a sudden reactivation of the central NS. Energy injection from the NS spin down into the relativistic shock is negligible, and the underlying continuum is fully accounted for by a structured jet seen off-axis. Whereas radio and optical observations probe the interaction of this jet with the surrounding medium, observations at X-ray wavelengths, performed with adequate sampling, open a privileged window on to the merger remnant., Comment: 10 pages, 7 figs, MNRAS Accepted 2018 November 5
Published: 2018
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39. Lensed Type Ia Supernova “Encore” at z = 2: The First Instance of Two Multiply Imaged Supernovae in the Same Host Galaxy

Author: Pierel, J. D. R., primary, Newman, A. B., additional, Dhawan, S., additional, Gu, M., additional, Joshi, B. A., additional, Li, T., additional, Schuldt, S., additional, Strolger, L. G., additional, Suyu, S. H., additional, Caminha, G. B., additional, Cohen, S. H., additional, Diego, J. M., additional, DŚilva, J. C. J., additional, Ertl, S., additional, Frye, B. L., additional, Granata, G., additional, Grillo, C., additional, Koekemoer, A. M., additional, Li, J., additional, Robotham, A., additional, Summers, J., additional, Treu, T., additional, Windhorst, R. A., additional, Zitrin, A., additional, Agarwal, S., additional, Agrawal, A., additional, Arendse, N., additional, Belli, S., additional, Burns, C., additional, Cañameras, R., additional, Chakrabarti, S., additional, Chen, W., additional, Collett, T. E., additional, Coulter, D. A., additional, Ellis, R. S., additional, Engesser, M., additional, Foo, N., additional, Fox, O. D., additional, Gall, C., additional, Garuda, N., additional, Gezari, S., additional, Gomez, S., additional, Glazebrook, K., additional, Hjorth, J., additional, Huang, X., additional, Jha, S. W., additional, Kamieneski, P. S., additional, Kelly, P., additional, Larison, C., additional, Moustakas, L. A., additional, Pascale, M., additional, Pérez-Fournon, I., additional, Petrushevska, T., additional, Poidevin, F., additional, Rest, A., additional, Shahbandeh, M., additional, Shajib, A. J., additional, Siebert, M., additional, Storfer, C., additional, Talbot, M., additional, Wang, Q., additional, Wevers, T., additional, and Zenati, Y., additional
Published: 2024
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40. Characterisation of Redlen HF-CdZnTe at > 106 ph s-1 mm-2 using HEXITECMHz

Author: Cline, B.D., primary, Banks, D., additional, Bell, S., additional, Church, I., additional, Davis, A., additional, Gardiner, T., additional, Harris, J., additional, Hart, M., additional, Jones, L., additional, Nicholls, T., additional, Nobes, J., additional, Pradeep, S., additional, Roberts, M., additional, Sole, D., additional, Veale, M.C., additional, Wilson, M.D., additional, Dhamgaye, V., additional, Fox, O., additional, and Sawhney, K., additional
Published: 2024
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41. The Type IIn Supernova 2010bt: The Explosion of a Star in Outburst

Author: Elias-Rosa, N., Van Dyk, S. D., Benetti, S., Cappellaro, E., Smith, N., Kotak, R., Turatto, M., Filippenko, A. V., Pignata, G., Fox, O. D., Galbany, L., González-Gaitán, S., Miluzio, M., Monard, L. A. G., and Ergon, M.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract: It is well known that massive stars (M > 8 M_sun) evolve up to the collapse of the stellar core, resulting in most cases as a supernova (SN) explosion. Their heterogeneity is related mainly to different configurations of the progenitor star at the moment of the explosion, and to their immediate environments. We present photometry and spectroscopy of SN 2010bt, which was classified as a Type IIn SN from a spectrum obtained soon after discovery and was observed extensively for about two months. After the seasonal interruption owing to its proximity to the Sun, the SN was below the detection threshold, indicative of a rapid luminosity decline. We can identify the likely progenitor with a very luminous star (log L/L_sun ~ 7) through comparison of Hubble Space Telescope images of the host galaxy prior to explosion with those of the SN obtained after maximum light. Such a luminosity is not expected for a quiescent star, but rather for a massive star in an active phase. This progenitor candidate was later confirmed via images taken in 2015 (~ 5 yr post-discovery), in which no bright point source was detected at the SN position. Given these results and the SN behavior, we conclude that SN 2010bt was likely a Type IIn SN and that its progenitor was a massive star that experienced an outburst shortly before the final explosion, leading to a dense H-rich circumstellar environment around the SN progenitor., Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ. 43 pages, including 13 figures and 11 tables
Published: 2018
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42. iPTF Survey for Cool Transients

Author: Adams, S. M., Blagorodnova, N., Kasliwal, M. M., Amanullah, R., Barlow, T., Bue, B., Bulla, M., Cao, Y., Cenko, S. B., Cook, D. O., Ferretti, R., Fox, O. D., Fremling, C., Gezari, S., Goobar, A., Ho, A. Y. Q., Hung, T., Karamehmetoglu, E., Kulkarni, S. R., Kupfer, T., Laher, R. R., Masci, F. J., Miller, A. A., Neill, J. D., Nugent, P. E., Sollerman, J., Taddia, F., and Walters, R.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract: We performed a wide-area (2000 deg$^{2}$) g and I band experiment as part of a two month extension to the Intermediate Palomar Transient Factory. We discovered 36 extragalactic transients including iPTF17lf, a highly reddened local SN Ia, iPTF17bkj, a new member of the rare class of transitional Ibn/IIn supernovae, and iPTF17be, a candidate luminous blue variable outburst. We do not detect any luminous red novae and place an upper limit on their rate. We show that adding a slow-cadence I band component to upcoming surveys such as the Zwicky Transient Facility will improve the photometric selection of cool and dusty transients., Comment: 14 pages, 17 figures. Accepted to PASP
Published: 2017
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43. The Foundation Supernova Survey: Motivation, Design, Implementation, and First Data Release

Author: Foley, Ryan J., Scolnic, Daniel, Rest, Armin, Jha, S. W., Pan, Y. -C., Riess, A. G., Challis, P., Chambers, K. C., Coulter, D. A., Dettman, K. G., Foley, M. M., Fox, O. D., Huber, M. E., Jones, D. O., Kilpatrick, C. D., Kirshner, R. P., Schultz, A. S. B., Siebert, M. R., Flewelling, H. A., Gibson, B., Magnier, E. A., Miller, J. A., Primak, N., Smartt, S. J., Smith, K. W., Wainscoat, R. J., Waters, C., and Willman, M.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: The Foundation Supernova Survey aims to provide a large, high-fidelity, homogeneous, and precisely-calibrated low-redshift Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) sample for cosmology. The calibration of the current low-redshift SN sample is the largest component of systematic uncertainties for SN cosmology, and new data are necessary to make progress. We present the motivation, survey design, observation strategy, implementation, and first results for the Foundation Supernova Survey. We are using the Pan-STARRS telescope to obtain photometry for up to 800 SNe Ia at z < 0.1. This strategy has several unique advantages: (1) the Pan-STARRS system is a superbly calibrated telescopic system, (2) Pan-STARRS has observed 3/4 of the sky in grizy making future template observations unnecessary, (3) we have a well-tested data-reduction pipeline, and (4) we have observed ~3000 high-redshift SNe Ia on this system. Here we present our initial sample of 225 SN Ia griz light curves, of which 180 pass all criteria for inclusion in a cosmological sample. The Foundation Supernova Survey already contains more cosmologically useful SNe Ia than all other published low-redshift SN Ia samples combined. We expect that the systematic uncertainties for the Foundation Supernova Sample will be 2-3 times smaller than other low-redshift samples. We find that our cosmologically useful sample has an intrinsic scatter of 0.111 mag, smaller than other low-redshift samples. We perform detailed simulations showing that simply replacing the current low-redshift SN Ia sample with an equally sized Foundation sample will improve the precision on the dark energy equation-of-state parameter by 35%, and the dark energy figure-of-merit by 72%., Comment: MNRAS, accepted; 157 pages, but 139 pages are tables; 9 figures
Published: 2017
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44. The X-ray counterpart to the gravitational wave event GW 170817

Author: Troja, E., Piro, L., van Eerten, H., Wollaeger, R. T., Im, M., Fox, O. D., Butler, N. R., Cenko, S. B., Sakamoto, T., Fryer, C. L., Ricci, R., Lien, A., Ryan Jr., R. E., Korobkin, O., Lee, S. -K., Burgess, J. M., Lee, W. H., Watson, A. M., Choi, C., Covino, S., Avanzo, P. D', Fontes, C. J., Gonzalez, J. Becerra, Khandrika, H. G., Kim, J., Kim, S. -L., Lee, C. -U., Lee, H. M., Kutyrev, A., Lim, G., Ramirez, R. Sanchez, Veilleux, S., Wieringa, M. H., and Yoon, Y.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: A long-standing paradigm in astrophysics is that collisions- or mergers- of two neutron stars (NSs) form highly relativistic and collimated outflows (jets) powering gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) of short (< 2 s) duration. However, the observational support for this model is only indirect. A hitherto outstanding prediction is that gravitational wave (GW) events from such mergers should be associated with GRBs, and that a majority of these GRBs should be off-axis, that is, they should point away from the Earth. Here we report the discovery of the X-ray counterpart associated with the GW event GW170817. While the electromagnetic counterpart at optical and infrared frequencies is dominated by the radioactive glow from freshly synthesized r-process material in the merger ejecta, known as kilonova, observations at X-ray and, later, radio frequencies exhibit the behavior of a short GRB viewed off-axis. Our detection of X-ray emission at a location coincident with the kilonova transient provides the missing observational link between short GRBs and GWs from NS mergers, and gives independent confirmation of the collimated nature of the GRB emission., Comment: 38 pages, 10 figures, Nature, in press
Published: 2017
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45. The environment of the binary neutron star merger GW170817

Author: Levan, A. J., Lyman, J. D., Tanvir, N. R., Hjorth, J., Mandel, I., Stanway, E. R., Steeghs, D., Fruchter, A. S., Troja, E., Schrøder, S. L, Wiersema, K., Bruun, S. H., Cano, Z., Cenko, S. B., Postigo, A de Ugarte, Evans, P., Fairhurst, S., Fox, O. D., Fynbo, J. P. U., Gompertz, B., Greiner, J., Im, M., Izzo, L., Jakobsson, P., Kangas, T., Khandrika, H. G., Lien, A. Y., Malesani, D., O'Brien, P., Osborne, J. P., Plazzi, E., Pian, E., Perley, D. A., Rosswog, S., Ryan, R. E., Schulze, S., Sutton, P., Thöne, C. C., Watson, D. J., and Wijers, R. A. M. J.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: We present Hubble Space Telescope and Chandra imaging, combined with Very Large Telescope MUSE integral field spectroscopy of the counterpart and host galaxy of the first binary neutron star merger detected via gravitational wave emission by LIGO & Virgo, GW170817. The host galaxy, NGC 4993, is an S0 galaxy at z=0.009783. There is evidence for large, face-on spiral shells in continuum imaging, and edge-on spiral features visible in nebular emission lines. This suggests that NGC 4993 has undergone a relatively recent (<1 Gyr) ``dry'' merger. This merger may provide the fuel for a weak active nucleus seen in Chandra imaging. At the location of the counterpart, HST imaging implies there is no globular or young stellar cluster, with a limit of a few thousand solar masses for any young system. The population in the vicinity is predominantly old with <1% of any light arising from a population with ages <500 Myr. Both the host galaxy properties and those of the transient location are consistent with the distributions seen for short-duration gamma-ray bursts, although the source position lies well within the effective radius (r_e ~ 3 kpc), providing an r_e-normalized offset that is closer than ~90% of short GRBs. For the long delay time implied by the stellar population, this suggests that the kick velocity was significantly less than the galaxy escape velocity. We do not see any narrow host galaxy interstellar medium features within the counterpart spectrum, implying low extinction, and that the binary may lie in front of the bulk of the host galaxy., Comment: ApJL in press, 13 pages
Published: 2017
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46. Illuminating Gravitational Waves: A Concordant Picture of Photons from a Neutron Star Merger

Author: Kasliwal, M. M., Nakar, E., Singer, L. P., Kaplan, D. L., Cook, D. O., Van Sistine, A., Lau, R. M., Fremling, C., Gottlieb, O., Jencson, J. E., Adams, S. M., Feindt, U., Hotokezaka, K., Ghosh, S., Perley, D. A., Yu, P. -C., Piran, T., Allison, J. R., Anupama, G. C., Balasubramanian, A., Bannister, K. W, Bally, J., Barnes, J., Barway, S., Bellm, E., Bhalerao, V., Bhattacharya, D., Blagorodnova, N., Bloom, J. S., Brady, P. R., Cannella, C., Chatterjee, D., Cenko, S. B., Cobb, B. E., Copperwheat, C., Corsi, A., De, K., Dobie, D., Emery, S. W. K., Evans, P. A., Fox, O. D., Frail, D. A., Frohmaier, C., Goobar, A., Hallinan, G., Harrison, F., Helou, G., Hinderer, T., Ho, A. Y. Q., Horesh, A., Ip, W. -H., Itoh, R., Kasen, D., Kim, H., Kuin, N. P. M., Kupfer, T., Lynch, C., Madsen, K., Mazzali, P. A., Miller, A. A., Mooley, K., Murphy, T., Ngeow, C. -C., Nichols, D., Nissanke, S., Nugent, P., Ofek, E. O., Qi, H., Quimby, R. M., Rosswog, S., Rusu, F., Sadler, E. M., Schmidt, P., Sollerman, J., Steele, I., Williamson, A. R., Xu, Y., Yan, L., Yatsu, Y., Zhang, C., and Zhao, W.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Abstract: Merging neutron stars offer an exquisite laboratory for simultaneously studying strong-field gravity and matter in extreme environments. We establish the physical association of an electromagnetic counterpart EM170817 to gravitational waves (GW170817) detected from merging neutron stars. By synthesizing a panchromatic dataset, we demonstrate that merging neutron stars are a long-sought production site forging heavy elements by r-process nucleosynthesis. The weak gamma-rays seen in EM170817 are dissimilar to classical short gamma-ray bursts with ultra-relativistic jets. Instead, we suggest that breakout of a wide-angle, mildly-relativistic cocoon engulfing the jet elegantly explains the low-luminosity gamma-rays, the high-luminosity ultraviolet-optical-infrared and the delayed radio/X-ray emission. We posit that all merging neutron stars may lead to a wide-angle cocoon breakout; sometimes accompanied by a successful jet and sometimes a choked jet., Comment: Science, in press DOI 10.1126/science.aap9455, 83 pages, 3 tables, 16 figures
Published: 2017
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47. A multiwavelength analysis of a collection of short-duration GRBs observed between 2012 and 2015

Author: Pandey, SB, Hu, Y, Castro-Tirado, Ao J, Pozanenko, AS, Sánchez-Ramírez, R, Gorosabel, J, Guziy, S, Jelinek, M, Tello, JC, Jeong, S, Oates, SR, Zhang, B-B, Mazaeva, ED, Volnova, AA, Minaev, P Yu, van Eerten, HJ, Caballero-García, MD, Pérez-Ramírez, D, Bremer, M, Winters, J-M, Park, IH, Guelbenzu, A Nicuesa, Klose, S, Moskvitin, A, Sokolov, VV, Sonbas, E, Ayala, A, Cepa, J, Butler, N, Troja, E, Chernenko, AM, Molkov, SV, Volvach, AE, Inasaridze, R Ya, Egamberdiyev, Sh A, Burkhonov, O, Reva, IV, Polyakov, KA, Matkin, AA, Ivanov, AL, Molotov, I, Guver, T, Watson, AM, Kutyrev, A, Lee, WH, Fox, O, Littlejohns, O, Cucchiara, A, Gonzalez, J, Richer, MG, Román-Zúñiga, CG, Tanvir, NR, Bloom, JS, Prochaska, JX, Gehrels, N, Moseley, H, de Diego, JA, Ramírez-Ruiz, E, Klunko, EV, Fan, Y, Zhao, X, Bai, J, Wang, Ch, Xin, Y, Cui, Ch, Tungalag, N, Peng, Z-K, Kumar, Amit, Gupta, Rahul, Aryan, Amar, Kumar, Brajesh, Volvach, LN, Lamb, GP, and Valeev, AF
Subjects: Astronomical Sciences, Physical Sciences, gamma-rays: general, X-ray: bursts, techniques: photometric, radiation mechanims : non-thermalonova, astro-ph.HE, Astronomical and Space Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Astronomical sciences, Particle and high energy physics, Space sciences
Abstract: We investigate the prompt emission and the afterglow properties of short-duration gamma-ray burst (sGRB) 130603B and another eight sGRB events during 2012-2015, observed by several multiwavelength facilities including the Gran Canarias Telescope 10.4 m telescope. Prompt emission high energy data of the events were obtained by INTEGRAL-SPI-ACS, Swift-BAT, and Fermi-GBM satellites. The prompt emission data by INTEGRAL in the energy range of 0.1-10 MeV for sGRB 130603B, sGRB 140606A, sGRB 140930B, sGRB 141212A, and sGRB 151228A do not show any signature of the extended emission or precursor activity and their spectral and temporal properties are similar to those seen in case of other short bursts. For sGRB 130603B, our new afterglow photometric data constrain the pre-jet-break temporal decay due to denser temporal coverage. For sGRB 130603B, the afterglow light curve, containing both our new and previously published photometric data is broadly consistent with the ISM afterglow model. Modeling of the host galaxies of sGRB 130603B and sGRB 141212A using the LePHARE software supports a scenario in which the environment of the burst is undergoing moderate star formation activity. From the inclusion of our late-time data for eight other sGRBs we are able to: place tight constraints on the non-detection of the afterglow, host galaxy, or any underlying 'kilonova' emission. Our late-time afterglow observations of the sGRB 170817A/GW170817 are also discussed and compared with the sub-set of sGRBs.
Published: 2019

48. Target of Opportunity Observations of Gravitational Wave Events with LSST

Author: Margutti, R, Cowperthwaite, P, Doctor, Z, Mortensen, K, Pankow, CP, Salafia, O, Villar, VA, Alexander, K, Annis, J, Andreoni, I, Baldeschi, A, Balmaverde, B, Berger, E, Bernardini, MG, Berry, CPL, Bianco, F, Blanchard, PK, Brocato, E, Carnerero, MI, Cartier, R, Cenko, SB, Chornock, R, Chomiuk, L, Copperwheat, CM, Coughlin, MW, Coppejans, DL, Corsi, A, D'Ammando, F, Datrier, L, D'Avanzo, P, Dimitriadis, G, Drout, MR, Foley, RJ, Fong, W, Fox, O, Ghirlanda, G, Goldstein, D, Grindlay, J, Guidorzi, C, Haiman, Z, Hendry, M, Holz, D, Hung, T, Inserra, C, Jones, DO, Kalogera, V, Kilpatrick, CD, Lamb, G, Laskar, T, Levan, A, Mason, E, Maguire, K, Melandri, A, Milisavljevic, D, Miller, A, Narayan, G, Nielsen, E, Nicholl, M, Nissanke, S, Nugent, P, Pan, Y-C, Pasham, D, Paterson, K, Piranomonte, S, Racusin, J, Rest, A, Righi, C, Sand, D, Seaman, R, Scolnic, D, Siellez, K, Singer, L, Szkody, P, Smith, M, Steeghs, D, Sullivan, M, Tanvir, N, Terreran, G, Trimble, V, Valenti, S, Transient, with the support of the LSST, and Collaboration, Variable Stars
Subjects: astro-ph.HE, astro-ph.IM
Abstract: The discovery of the electromagnetic counterparts to the binary neutron starmerger GW170817 has opened the era of GW+EM multi-messenger astronomy.Exploiting this breakthrough requires increasing samples to explore thediversity of kilonova behaviour and provide more stringent constraints on theHubble constant, and tests of fundamental physics. LSST can play a key role inthis field in the 2020s, when the gravitational wave detector network isexpected to detect higher rates of merger events involving neutron stars($\sim$10s per year) out to distances of several hundred Mpc. Here we proposecomprehensive target-of-opportunity (ToOs) strategies for follow-up ofgravitational-wave sources that will make LSST the premiere machine fordiscovery and early characterization for neutron star mergers and othergravitational-wave sources.
Published: 2018

49. Don’t Blink: Constraining the Circumstellar Environment of the Interacting Type Ia Supernova 2015cp

Author: Harris, CE, Nugent, PE, Horesh, A, Bright, JS, Fender, RP, Graham, ML, Maguire, K, Smith, M, Butler, N, Valenti, S, Filippenko, AV, Fox, O, Goobar, A, Kelly, PL, and Shen, KJ
Subjects: Astronomical Sciences, Physical Sciences, binaries: symbiotic, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual, stars: mass-loss, astro-ph.HE, Astronomical and Space Sciences, Atomic, Molecular, Nuclear, Particle and Plasma Physics, Physical Chemistry (incl. Structural), Astronomy & Astrophysics, Astronomical sciences, Particle and high energy physics, Space sciences
Abstract: Despite their cosmological utility, the progenitors of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are still unknown, with many efforts focused on whether accretion from a nondegenerate companion can grow a carbon-oxygen white dwarf to near the Chandrasekhar mass. The association of SNe Ia resembling SN 1991T ("91T-like") with circumstellar interaction may be evidence for this "single-degenerate" channel. However, the observed circumstellar medium (CSM) in these interacting systems is unlike a stellar wind - of particular interest, it is sometimes detached from the stellar surface, residing at ∼1016 cm. A Hubble Space Telescope (HST) program to discover detached CSM around 91T-like SNe Ia successfully discovered interaction nearly two years after explosion in SN 2015cp (Graham et al. 2018). In this work, we present radio and X-ray follow-up observations of SN 2015cp and analyze them in the framework of Harris et al. (2016) to limit the properties of a constant-density CSM shell in this system. Assuming the HST detection took place shortly after the shock crossed the CSM, we constrain the total CSM mass in this system to be
Published: 2018

50. Probing gas and dust in the tidal tail of NGC 5221 with the type Ia supernova iPTF16abc

Author: Ferretti, R., Amanullah, R., Goobar, A., Petrushevska, T., Borthakur, S., Bulla, M., Fox, O., Freeland, E., Fremling, C., Hangard, L., and Hayes, M.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract: Context. Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) can be used to address numerous questions in astrophysics and cosmology. Due to their well known spectral and photometric properties, SNe Ia are well suited to study gas and dust along the lines-of-sight to the explosions. For example, narrow Na I D and Ca II H&K absorption lines can be studied easily, because of the well-defined spectral continuum of SNe Ia around these features. Aims. We study the gas and dust along the line-of-sight to iPTF16abc, which occurred in an unusual location, in a tidal arm, 80 kpc from centre of the galaxy NGC 5221. Methods. Using a time-series of high-resolution spectra, we examine narrow Na I D and Ca II H&K absorption features for variations in time, which would be indicative for circumstellar (CS) matter. Furthermore, we take advantage of the well known photometric properties of SNe Ia to determine reddening due to dust along the line-of-sight. Results. From the lack of variations in Na I D and Ca II H&K, we determine that none of the detected absorption features originate from the CS medium of iPTF16abc. While the Na I D and Ca II H&K absorption is found to be optically thick, a negligible amount of reddening points to a small column of interstellar dust. Conclusions. We find that the gas along the line-of-sight to iPTF16abc is typical of what might be found in the interstellar medium (ISM) within a galaxy. It suggests that we are observing gas that has been tidally stripped during an interaction of NGC 5221 with one of its neighbouring galaxies in the past $\sim10^9$ years. In the future, the gas clouds could become the locations of star formation. On a longer time scale, the clouds might diffuse, enriching the circum-galactic medium (CGM) with metals. The gas profile along the line-of-sight should be useful for future studies of the dynamics of the galaxy group containing NGC 5221., Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures
Published: 2017
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