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1. Fundamental movement skills, physical activity and obesity from early to late childhood

Author

Foulkes, J. D., Knowles, Z., Foweather, L., and Fairclough, S. J.

Subjects
613.7, RC1200 Sports Medicine, RJ101 Child Health. Child health services
Abstract

Fundamental movement skills (FMS) are a vital part of a child’s development, which allow them to advance on to more complex movements, resulting in them functioning successfully in their daily lives and when participating in sports and physical activity. Despite the importance of FMS, previous studies have routinely found children to have low competency levels. Further research on competency levels in this area is required, specifically among UK children, as data on FMS proficiency and FMS interventions is dominated by research from Australia and North America. As such, the aims of this thesis were to a) document the level of FMS competency of preschool children from a highly deprived area of Northwest England, b) determine the effectiveness of a six-week Active Play intervention on FMS competency among preschool children from a highly deprived area of Northwest England, c) examine the relationship between FMS competency, physical activity and weight status over a five-year period between preschool and late primary among children from a highly deprived area of Northwest England and finally, d) gain the thoughts and opinions of experts and practitioners in order to help inform the development of an appropriate intervention to increase the physical literacy of preschool children.

Published
2017
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2. Can Explicit Training in Cued Speech Improve Phoneme Identification?

Author

Rees, R., Fitzpatrick, C., Foulkes, J., Peterson, H., and Newton, C.

Abstract

When identifying phonemes in new spoken words, lipreading is an important source of information for many deaf people. Because many groups of phonemes are virtually indistinguishable by sight, deaf people are able to identify about 30% of phonemes when lipreading non-words. Cued speech (CS) is a system of hand shapes and hand positions used alongside speech to disambiguate similarities in lip patterns. Deaf children exposed to CS from under 3 years of age go on to develop age-appropriate language and literacy skills. However, there are no studies evaluating the explicit training of CS with older deaf children. This study is the first part of a long-term project to develop and evaluate a computer-delivered programme to teach school-aged deaf children to recognize cued phonemes. Sixty-two adult hearing participants were allocated to a single training session in one of three training conditions: cued speech training (CST), lipreading training and auditory training in noise. They were all tested on their ability to identify 13 phonemes in non-words when denied access to sound. The CST group made highly significant improvements in identifying cued phonemes and these changes could not be explained by lipreading practice or familiarization with a closed set of phonemes. Improvements generalized to non-words that were not used in training. This suggests that explicit training in CS could help deaf children to identify cued phonemes in new words. Practical implications of introducing the teaching of CS to selected deaf children are discussed.

Published
2017
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3. Theatre sustainability: our journey to reach net zero

Author

Kim, J., primary, Glarbo, S., additional, Foulkes, J., additional, Higginson, K., additional, Vinnakota, K., additional, Kamming, D., additional, Sharma, M., additional, Salih, T., additional, Elgie, L., additional, and Oliver, C., additional

Published
2022
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13. On Bus Schedules

Author

Foulkes, J. D., Prager, W., and Warner, W. H.

Published
1954

14. Nitrogen Challenges and Opportunities for Agricultural and Environmental Science in India

Author

Móring, A, Móring, A, Hooda, S, Raghuram, N, Adhya, TK, Ahmad, A, Bandyopadhyay, SK, Barsby, T, Beig, G, Bentley, AR, Bhatia, A, Dragosits, U, Drewer, J, Foulkes, J, Ghude, SD, Gupta, R, Jain, N, Kumar, D, Kumar, RM, Ladha, JK, Mandal, PK, Neeraja, CN, Pandey, R, Pathak, H, Pawar, P, Pellny, TK, Poole, P, Price, A, Rao, DLN, Reay, DS, Singh, NK, Sinha, SK, Srivastava, RK, Shewry, P, Smith, J, Steadman, CE, Subrahmanyam, D, Surekha, K, Venkatesh, K, Varinderpal-Singh, Uwizeye, A, Vieno, M, Sutton, MA, Móring, A, Móring, A, Hooda, S, Raghuram, N, Adhya, TK, Ahmad, A, Bandyopadhyay, SK, Barsby, T, Beig, G, Bentley, AR, Bhatia, A, Dragosits, U, Drewer, J, Foulkes, J, Ghude, SD, Gupta, R, Jain, N, Kumar, D, Kumar, RM, Ladha, JK, Mandal, PK, Neeraja, CN, Pandey, R, Pathak, H, Pawar, P, Pellny, TK, Poole, P, Price, A, Rao, DLN, Reay, DS, Singh, NK, Sinha, SK, Srivastava, RK, Shewry, P, Smith, J, Steadman, CE, Subrahmanyam, D, Surekha, K, Venkatesh, K, Varinderpal-Singh, Uwizeye, A, Vieno, M, and Sutton, MA

Abstract

In the last six decades, the consumption of reactive nitrogen (Nr) in the form of fertilizer in India has been growing rapidly, whilst the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of cropping systems has been decreasing. These trends have led to increasing environmental losses of Nr, threatening the quality of air, soils, and fresh waters, and thereby endangering climate-stability, ecosystems, and human-health. Since it has been suggested that the fertilizer consumption of India may double by 2050, there is an urgent need for scientific research to support better nitrogen management in Indian agriculture. In order to share knowledge and to develop a joint vision, experts from the UK and India came together for a conference and workshop on “Challenges and Opportunities for Agricultural Nitrogen Science in India.” The meeting concluded with three core messages: (1) Soil stewardship is essential and legumes need to be planted in rotation with cereals to increase nitrogen fixation in areas of limited Nr availability. Synthetic symbioses and plastidic nitrogen fixation are possibly disruptive technologies, but their potential and implications must be considered. (2) Genetic diversity of crops and new technologies need to be shared and exploited to reduce N losses and support productive, sustainable agriculture livelihoods. (3) The use of leaf color sensing shows great potential to reduce nitrogen fertilizer use (by 10–15%). This, together with the usage of urease inhibitors in neem-coated urea, and better management of manure, urine, and crop residues, could result in a 20–25% improvement in NUE of India by 2030.

Published
2021

15. Rationale and study protocol for the Movement Oriented Games Based Assessment (MOGBA) cluster randomized controlled trial: A complex movement skill intervention for 8-12 year old children within 'Made to Play'

Author

Morley, D, Rudd, J, Issartel, J, Goodway, J, O'Connor, D, Foulkes, J, Babic, M, Kavanagh, J, Miller, A, Morley, D, Rudd, J, Issartel, J, Goodway, J, O'Connor, D, Foulkes, J, Babic, M, Kavanagh, J, and Miller, A

Abstract

There is a positive relationship between children's movement competence and physical activity, with a further relationship established between physical activity and childhood obesity. The Movement Oriented Games Based Assessment (MOGBA) is a delivery and assessment intervention designed to improve children's complex movement skills, based on principles of motor development and assessment theories. MOGBA aims to improve children's movement competence, physical fitness and self-perceptions (physical and game) and increase children's moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). MOGBA is to be used in the 'Made to Play' initiative, involving 105 sports and activity programs across 21 countries, involving over 25 million children. A multi-site cluster randomized controlled trial will take place across three global sites (UK, Ireland and Australia). Each site will recruit eight primary schools (four experiment, four control) with each school providing two separate classes of children from age ranges 8-12 years (Site n = ~300, total n = 904). After baseline assessments, schools will be randomly allocated to an experimental or wait-list control group. Following two half-day workshops, trained facilitators will deliver the MOGBA intervention for 9 weeks. The main intervention components include delivery of 14 games-based activities with associated assessments of children's movement and differentiation to meet children's needs by manipulating space, effort and relationships. The primary outcome of the trial is to improve children's' movement competence (The Dragon Challenge), with secondary outcomes of improving children's' in-activity and leisure-time MVPA (5-day accelerometer), physical fitness (standing long jump and push ups) and self-perceptions (physical and game). Data will be analysed using multilevel modelling approaches. The MOGBA intervention has been designed to improve children's movement competence and scalable interventions based on MOGBA could be applied acr

Published
2021

20. A genome-wide strategy for the identification of essential genes in Staphylococcus aureus

Author

Forsyth, R. Allyn, Haselbeck, Robert J, Ohlsen, Kari L, Yamamoto, Robert T, Xu, Howard, Trawick, John D, Wall, Daniel, Wang, Liangsu, Brown-Driver, Vickie, Froelich, Jamie M, C, Kedar G, King, Paula, McCarthy, Melissa, Malone, Cheryl, Misiner, Brian, Robbins, David, Tan, Zehui, Zhu, Zhan-yang, Carr, Grant, Mosca, Deborah A, Zamudio, Carlos, Foulkes, J. Gordon, and Zyskind, Judith W

Published
2002

21. Gene Expression as a Target for New Drug Discovery

Author

Heguy, Adriana, Stewart, Alexander A., Haley, John D., Smith, David E., and Foulkes, J. Gordon

Subjects
Gene Expression Regulation, Drug Design, Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, Gene Expression, Humans, Anemia, Sickle Cell, Article, Globins
Abstract

Over the last 7 years we have carried out a major research effort focused on gene transcription as a novel approach to drug discovery. The goal is to identify small molecular weight compounds that modulate the expression of a target gene in a specific manner, thereby either increasing or decreasing the concentration of the corresponding protein product. Transcriptional modulation not only provides a potential means to replace recombinant proteins as drugs, but also provides a novel approach to manipulate key gene targets in many therapeutic areas. This article describes some of the features and advantages of transcription-based pharmaceuticals and illustrates how this approach can be applied to drug discovery with a program we are pursuing to identify new treatments for sickle cell disease and beta-thalassemia.

Published
2018

23. Effect of a 6-Week Active Play Intervention on Fundamental Movement Skill Competence of Preschool Children.

Author

Foulkes, J D, Knowels, Z, Fairclough, Stuart, Stratton, G, O'Dwyer, M, Ridgers, N.D, Foweather, L, Foulkes, J D, Knowels, Z, Fairclough, Stuart, Stratton, G, O'Dwyer, M, Ridgers, N.D, and Foweather, L

Abstract

This study examined the effectiveness of an active play intervention on fundamental movement skills (FMS) amongst 3-5 yearold children from deprived communities. In a cluster randomized controlled trial design, six preschools received a resource pack and a six-week local authority program involving staff training with help implementing 60 minute weekly sessions and post-program support. Six comparison preschools received a resource pack only. Twelve skills were assessed at baseline, post-intervention and at a six-month follow-up using the Children’s Activity and Movement in Preschool Study Motor Skills Protocol. One hundred and sixty two children (Mean age=4.64±0.58yrs; 53.1% boys) were included in the final analyses. There were no significant differences between-groups for total FMS, objectcontrol or locomotor skill scores, indicating a need for program modification to facilitate greater skill improvements.

Published
2017

28. CLASP - A RANDOMIZED TRIAL OF LOW-DOSE ASPIRIN FOR THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF PREECLAMPSIA AMONG 9364 PREGNANT-WOMEN

Author

BEROYZ, G, CASALE, R, FARREIROS, A, PALERMO, M, MARGULIES, M, VOTO, L, FABREGUES, G, RAMALINGAM, R, DAVIES, T, BRYCE, R, BOYD, W, CARMODY, F, KING, J, VACCA, A, FAY, R, WALTERS, W, ANTONAS, B, BENNETT, P, BROOM, T, CROWTHER, C, DERHAM, R, GEORGE, K, HAGUE, W, HASENHOHR, G, HEYSEN, D, KORNMAN, L, OLOUGHLIN, S, MORRIS, D, PRIDMORE, B, ROBINSON, J, SVIGOS, D, SWEET, R, BEALE, M, BENNETT, M, BOSCH, E, FISHER, C, HORRAUTZ, S, SYMINGTON, I, SZIRT, A, FORBES, K, FREEMAN, A, POPPER, E, WILSON, J, PERMEZEL, M, BOWDITCH, J, REYNOLDS, G, MOULINASSE, R, BIETLOT, Y, KIRKPATRICK, C, COULON, R, DELVOYE, P, DEMATOS, C, SIMONINI, S, LEJEUNE, B, NEERDAELS, C, ALEXANDER, S, GOESSENS, L, HANSSENS, M, SPITZ, B, VANASSCHE, A, WECKHUYSEN, R, PARBOOSINGH, J, HARMAN, C, REY, E, BURROWS, R, BELCHER, J, GARNER, P, SYLVAIN, J, NIMROD, C, THOMAS, B, DEININGER, F, LAO, T, LI, C, FRIEDMAN, S, BORNSTEIN, J, SHALIT, A, MATZKEL, A, POMERANZ, M, GELSNER, M, MANKUTA, D, WIZNITZER, A, LEVINE, S, ADEEB, N, CHANDRAN, R, NASRI, N, SHARIFF, J, ANSELL, D, LAKE, Y, GOROCHOVA, L, MERIAKRI, V, ROMANUGA, N, DOTZ, I, SHEUV, B, VIKHLYAEVA, E, ANDREEV, K, GOLUBEVA, L, GORODCOV, V, ADELANTADO, J, SANTONJA, J, HOLMBERG, H, BUCHHAVE, P, LEANDERSSON, U, LILJESTRAND, J, RYDHSTROEM, H, SWEDIN, G, BJORKLUND, A, GENNSER, G, SANDEN, M, DAHLGREN, S, HAMMARBACK, S, SMEDS, A, SIDENVALL, M, ENEROTH, E, SZABOLCS, A, DANIELSSON, I, LINDQVIST, P, HOGSTEDT, S, WALLENBURG, H, BREMER, H, BRIET, J, DEBIEMEYERINK, A, DONKERS, B, LAMPING, P, SCHIERBEEK, J, VANDERLEEUWHARMSEN, L, THE, H, VANBODEGOM, F, VANEGMONDLINDEN, A, FLU, P, KUIJKEN, J, MORREL, B, STRAUB, M, VIERHOUT, M, KEIRSE, M, VANROOSMALEN, J, HOHNER, C, HUTTEN, J, BENNEN, J, ROEX, A, WIJFFELS, T, OOSTERHOFF, H, OTTEN, J, VANDERKLEI, T, RAMONDT, J, VANDERMOER, P, DEGRAAFF, J, SIJSMA, E, DEGREVE, O, SMIT, D, SMULDERS, P, NIJHUIS, J, ZONDERVAN, H, LIND, J, SCHOOT, B, MONKHORST, M, STUT, J, VANDAM, L, VANOTTERLO, L, VLAANDEREN, W, EGGENS, J, SANTEMA, J, VERHOEFF, A, HAMID, S, JOHN, I, KHAN, G, SHAH, S, SHEIKH, E, SINHA, C, ABRAMOVICH, D, CAMPBELL, D, FISHER, P, GALL, S, HALL, M, JANDIAL, V, PARKIN, D, SMITH, N, SUTHERLAND, H, SWAPP, G, TEMPLETON, A, TERRY, P, KALAM, A, MAGEE, S, MARTIN, D, SPEARING, G, ALDERMAN, B, MURRAY, A, SUTHERST, J, HYATT, D, SAUNDERS, P, BURGESS, S, COCHRANE, G, WHITE, A, ARMSTRONG, M, MCNICHOL, E, OSBOURNE, G, PRICE, J, CRICHTON, J, EVANS, D, ANDERSON, R, HULL, M, JAMES, D, NIVEN, P, STIRRAT, G, WARDLE, P, GARDNER, P, PADGETT, L, ALAILY, A, NASH, G, GINZ, B, SMITH, M, RICHARDS, C, ARMAR, A, ARMSTRONG, N, MANNING, E, PERSAD, K, COLLINGWOOD, M, COLLINS, R, CROWTHER, J, FARRELL, B, HAFNER, B, HANDOLL, H, HEINEMAN, J, KNIGHT, S, MEAD, G, RADLEY, A, SPENCE, S, REID, W, TREHARNE, I, HEASLEY, R, LOWRY, D, MYLES, T, WALLACE, R, GEALS, M, GORDON, G, TRAIN, T, HUTCHON, D, MACDONALD, J, STOREY, R, ANDERSON, G, WORTH, R, ERIAN, J, MCQUEEN, J, TATFORD, E, TERRY, M, NEALE, R, HOWAT, R, KENNEDY, J, MACNAUGHTON, M, MCEWAN, H, WALKER, J, HUTCHESON, R, KEMP, V, READ, M, SIMMS, M, SWINGLER, G, HUSEMEYER, R, CHAPMAN, M, MAXWELL, D, ELDER, M, FUSI, L, HAWKINS, D, NICOLINI, U, WINSTON, R, BURTON, E, FAIRBANK, J, SIMMONS, S, SPING, J, TRICKEY, N, GILLARD, M, HUDSON, C, SETCHELL, M, WATHEN, N, CANTY, S, WHITELEY, P, CAMPBELL, J, FEENEY, J, HAY, D, IMRIE, A, PALMER, A, PURDIE, D, SPECK, E, TYRRELL, S, MCLEAN, J, BROWN, V, DUNCAN, S, JOHNSON, D, MILLAR, D, BUCKLEY, D, CHARNOCK, M, DOVE, P, ELLIS, J, GILLMER, M, MCVITTIE, J, MANNION, V, REDMAN, C, SELLERS, S, TURNBULL, A, NEWMAN, M, CAMPBELL, S, CARDOSO, L, GIBB, D, HARRINGTON, K, PARSONS, J, NICOLAIDES, K, STUDD, J, DIXON, R, GIE, C, PICKLES, C, SEAR, R, GRAHAM, R, KIRWAN, P, SMITH, G, ANWAR, M, ALAZZAWI, F, DAVIDSON, A, DECHAZEL, R, DRIFE, J, GILL, F, LANG, G, MACAFEE, J, MACVICAR, J, NAFTALIN, N, NEUBERG, R, TAYLOR, D, LEAVER, E, TIMOTHY, I, BREESON, A, LAMB, M, VELACOTT, I, VERNER, V, HORWELL, D, LOBB, M, SELIGMAN, S, SCOTT, A, HALL, S, MACKENZIE, W, SMITH, E, VETHANAVAGAN, S, VERZIN, J, WEIR, P, WHITE, R, CLARK, H, FAWDRY, R, LYNCH, C, MCCUNE, G, BOWENSIMPKINS, P, CALVERT, J, EMERY, S, JACKSON, W, STOKES, I, WARD, A, BROWNING, A, COX, C, LITTLE, D, STIBBE, H, MCINTOSH, A, SNODGRASS, C, WAGSTAFF, T, HOWIE, P, BIBBY, J, DAVIES, W, ELLIOTT, B, SHAXTED, E, MCGARRY, J, DAW, E, BAKER, K, CLUBB, A, GOUGH, J, GRANT, M, MENON, V, OBHARI, M, OBRIEN, P, BROWN, R, RYALL, A, WALTON, S, BAKER, J, BRUCE, J, LIU, D, JOHNSON, I, TYACK, A, COWIE, D, NYSENBAUM, A, BAMFORD, P, GARRIOCH, D, HILL, J, GRANT, A, FELTON, D, HACKMAN, B, FALCONER, A, FREEMAN, F, GREENE, K, JACKSON, J, HUNTER, G, GRATTON, D, MAULIK, T, YOUSSEF, H, BANWELL, G, HARTWELL, R, WILSON, P, BOND, A, FORBESSMITH, P, BARRON, L, DAVISON, J, DUNLOP, W, LIND, T, TACCHI, D, BALFOUR, R, MUTCH, L, COLTART, T, DESWIET, M, EDMONDS, D, LOEFFLER, F, MALVERN, J, OSBOURNE, J, RODECK, C, SIMS, C, SPENCER, J, BONE, C, MACDONALD, A, DREW, N, BALLARD, R, THONET, R, HANNA, L, MORCOS, S, HOLT, E, COOPER, J, CALLEN, P, FOZZARD, C, GRUNDY, M, STANLEY, S, DANIEL, D, GOLDING, R, WIENER, J, BUCKINGHAM, M, HEARD, M, LETCHWORTH, A, BOOMLA, K, CLARK, A, GRUDZINSKAS, J, HARTGILL, J, ORAM, D, ROBSON, J, SAVAGE, W, BLUNT, V, LANE, J, OWEN, A, REDFORD, D, BEARD, R, BOSTOCK, J, MEASDAY, B, MELVILLE, H, DORNAN, J, TRAUB, A, UTIDJIAN, M, AULD, A, KRASZEWSKI, A, MACK, D, MCDOUGALL, N, MOWAT, J, DOCHERTY, P, MCKENNA, D, SMEDLEY, G, WILDE, J, SMITH, R, WATNEY, P, MCDONNELL, J, TROMAMS, P, CALDER, A, GLASIER, A, GREER, I, JOHNSTONE, F, LISTON, W, LIVINGSTONE, J, NEILSON, J, SMITH, S, WEST, C, BULLOUGH, C, JONES, A, MACKAY, G, COOPER, K, RUOSS, C, JOYCE, D, MCCOY, D, MCLEOD, F, SAVAGE, P, SMITH, P, TURNER, G, KANE, L, ROSENBERG, D, SHANNON, R, BROMHAM, D, BUCHAN, P, CROMPTON, A, JARVIS, G, LILFORD, R, MACDONALD, H, THORNTON, J, PINKER, G, BEVAN, J, FRANCIS, J, KETTLE, M, HOLMES, H, KERRWILSON, R, SUTTON, M, BEYNON, J, HOOKER, J, FERGUSSON, I, MORTON, K, TAYLOR, R, DAVIS, J, LOW, R, STEWART, J, ASHWORTH, F, SOONAWALLA, K, TEBBUTT, I, USHERWOOD, M, VOIGT, J, COHEN, S, GODFREY, K, MCNAB, G, MURRAY, B, GUDGEON, D, FOULKES, J, STANNARD, P, JAMSHIDI, R, MULHOLLAND, J, BOND, E, DUNLOP, J, FOGARTY, P, BRANT, H, LACHELIN, L, LLOYDJONES, R, SIDDLE, N, SILVERSTONE, A, STEELE, S, WARD, R, EDDIE, D, VERNONPARRY, J, CIETAK, K, KENNEDY, C, REED, M, SANTCASSIA, L, BEGG, H, FRAMPTON, J, GRIFFIN, D, LEWIS, B, NESTROP, A, SHERIDAN, R, TIPTON, R, BOBER, S, BROUGH, F, STAFFORD, J, HOUSE, M, PAWSON, M, REES, D, VENN, R, ANDERSON, T, HUGHES, J, REGINALD, P, HENSON, G, MORGAN, H, ALLEN, I, HANNAY, W, LENNOX, C, CALLENDER, R, MCLEAN, R, GOLDKRAND, J, and FIDALGO, C

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Randomized controlled trial, law, business.industry, Internal medicine, medicine, General Medicine, medicine.disease, business, law.invention, Preeclampsia, Low dose aspirin
Published
2016

34. Benefits and costs of disease escape, resistance and tolerance

Author

Paveley, N., Grimmer, M., Smith, J., Foulkes, J., Robert, Corinne, Environnement et Grandes Cultures (EGC), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech

Subjects
[SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences
Abstract

plenary invited conference; absent

Published
2012

35. Opportunities to improve genetic wheat yield potential

Author

Foulkes, J., Furbank, R., and Parry, M. A. J.

Abstract

Wheat yield potential could be increased by 50% or more –theoretically– through the genetic improvement of radiati on use efficiency (RUE). However, to achieve agronomic impacts, structural and reproductive aspects of the crop must also be improved. Attempts to increase RUE will focus on increasing the efficiency of Rubisco, introduction of C4-like traits such as CO2 concentrating mechanisms, and improvement of light interception and photosynthesis at the spike and whole canopy levels. For extra photo-assimilates to translate into increased grain yield, reproductive aspects of growth must be fitted to a range of agro-ecosystems to ensure that stable expression of a high harvest index (HI) is achieved. Adequate partitioning among plant organs will be necessary to achieve favorable expression of HI, and to ensure that plants with heavier grain have strong enough stems and roots to avoid lodging. Trait-based crossing strategies will aim to achieve their simultaneous expression in elite agronomic backgrounds and wide crossing will be employed to augment genetic diversity where needed. Genomic selection approaches will be employed, especially for difficult-to-phenotype traits. Products will be delivered to national wheat programs worldwide via CIMMYT’s international nursery systems and are expected to make a significant contribution to global food security.

Published
2012

37. WatNitMED - Management Improvements of WUE and NUE of Mediterranean Strategic Crops (Wheat and Barley)

Author

Slafer G.A., Karrou M., Karam F., Thabet C., Spiertz H.J., Dahan R., Foulkes J., Nogues S., Peltonen-Sainio P., Albrizio R., Ayad J.Y., and Mellouli H.J.

Abstract

Water is recognized as the most limiting factor in Mediterranean regions, though N shortages seem as important as water scarcity. The general objective of this proposal is to identify and transfer improvements in management of wheat and barley through increasing the capture and/or the use efficiency of water and N. The project is based on the premise that understanding the physiological bases of the responses to water x N shortages would allow the design of more consistent management practices to overcome the deficiencies explored, either by directly using the concepts in such strategic design or by being able to build up (or adapt an existing) robust simulation models based on this knowledge and then allowing the testing of different alternatives exploring a large degree of G x E interactions. We developed work-packages (WP) on plant and crop physiology (WP5-10, some more focus on root attributes, others on N/water economies of the canopy) designed to elucidate facts under the realistic (actual and near future) range of water x N deficiencies in the Region (established beyond the well known general pattern of "Mediterranean conditions" by WP1), so that the agronomic (WP11-12) and strategy design (WP4) works may be based on more solid bases, and the social impact and outreach activities (WP2) be made more confidently on the actual impacts of any proposed changes in management measured in the project.

Published
2007

40. Role of Invariant Thr80 in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease Structure, Function, and Viral Infectivity

Author

Schiffer, C. A., Foulkes, J. E., Cooper, D., Swanstrom, R., Prabu-Jeyabalan, M., Henderson, G. J., and Harris, J.

Abstract

Sequence variability associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is useful for inferring structural and/or functional constraints at specific residues within the viral protease. Positions that are invariant even in the presence of drug selection define critically important residues for protease function. While the importance of conserved active-site residues is easily understood, the role of other invariant residues is not. This work focuses on invariant Thr80 at the apex of the P1 loop of HIV-1, HIV-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus protease. In a previous study, we postulated, on the basis of a molecular dynamics simulation of the unliganded protease, that Thr80 may play a role in the mobility of the flaps of protease. In the present study, both experimental and computational methods were used to study the role of Thr80 in HIV protease. Three protease variants (T80V, T80N, and T80S) were examined for changes in structure, dynamics, enzymatic activity, affinity for protease inhibitors, and viral infectivity. While all three variants were structurally similar to the wild type, only T80S was functionally similar. Both T80V and T80N had decreased the affinity for saquinavir. T80V significantly decreased the ability of the enzyme to cleave a peptide substrate but maintained infectivity, while T80N abolished both activity and viral infectivity. Additionally, T80N decreased the conformational flexibility of the flap region, as observed by simulations of molecular dynamics. Taken together, these data indicate that HIV-1 protease functions best when residue 80 is a small polar residue and that mutations to other amino acids significantly impair enzyme function, possibly by affecting the flexibility of the flap domain.

Published
2006
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41. Synopsis

Author

Lindenmayer, D., Burns, E., Thurgate, N., Lowe, A., Dickman, C., Dormontt, E., Ens, Emilie-Jane, Foulkes, J., Hoffmann, A., Keith, D., Liddell, M., Metcalfe, D., Russell-Smith, Jeremy, Sparrow, B., Wardle, G., White, A., Williams, R., Wood, S., Lindenmayer, D., Burns, E., Thurgate, N., Lowe, A., Dickman, C., Dormontt, E., Ens, Emilie-Jane, Foulkes, J., Hoffmann, A., Keith, D., Liddell, M., Metcalfe, D., Russell-Smith, Jeremy, Sparrow, B., Wardle, G., White, A., Williams, R., and Wood, S.

Published
2013

42. Simulated surgery in the summative assessment of general practice training: results of a trial in the Trent and Yorkshire regions

Author

Allen, J, Evans, A, Foulkes, J, and French, A

Subjects
education, Research Article
Abstract

BACKGROUND: General practice registrars are now required to undertake a summative assessment of their consulting skills. Simulated surgeries have been developed as an alternative to the existing method of assessing video-recorded consultations. AIM: To evaluate the simulated surgery assessment method, developed in the General Practice Postgraduate Education Department in Leicester, for use in assessing general practice consultation skills. METHOD: General practice registrars in Leicester performed two eight-patient simulated surgeries separated by four weeks. Assessment outcomes were compared to demonstrate the consistency of the method. Pilot surgeries in Yorkshire were videotaped, and then rated by video-raters trained for summative assessment. RESULTS: The method consistently identified those registrars who were competent and those who were not yet competent in consulting skills. It proved acceptable to candidate doctors and has fewer resource requirements for both examiners and candidates than other consulting skills assessment methods. CONCLUSION: The method developed in Leicester and successfully transferred to Yorkshire is feasible on a large scale, and offers an acceptable alternative to other consulting skills assessment methods. In this study it consistently identified competent from incompetent candidate doctors.

Published
1998

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