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Copyright of Revue d'Orthopédie Dento-Faciale is the property of Parresia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue d'Orthopédie Dento-Faciale is the property of Parresia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Biological effects of re-education are under study in musculo-skeletal disorders (MSD). Discussion: Re-education induces motor activity changes. In neck-pain, it increases agonistic activity, it decreases synergistic and compensatory activity and antagonistic activity, and presumably it improves feed-forward motor regulation. Moreover, re-education induces neuroplastic changes in cortical motor area (M1). It is supposed that voluntary and cerebrally driven re-education would "short-circuit" segmental pain induced motor changes and would induce a switch from co-activation towards reciprocal inhibition motor strategy. In muscle, exercises would: increase functional hyperheamia, induce capillary angiogenesis around muscle fibres, and increase oxidative metabolism and ATP rate in muscle fibres. In temporo-mandibular disorders, mastication per se is not a means of re-education but physiological mastication is one of the goals of treatment. In the long term, mastication could allow maintaining benefits of re-education both as far motor activity and muscle tissue changes are concerned. In pain free subjects, tongue exercises induce neuroplastic changes i.e. it increases motor cortical map and cortico-bulbar motoneuron excitability of tongue muscles. Conclusion: Supposedly functional re-education in MSD induces plastic changes from brain to muscle, but it is necessary to better understand its biological effects in order to define precisely the dosage of exercises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mastication and deglutition are rhythmic automatic behaviours driven by the segmental central pattern generators (CPG), but they are also strongly modulated by peripheral afferent feed-back. Both mastication and deglutition may also be cerebrally driven. Mastication may be modulated by the cerebellum. Functional occlusion, i.e. the relationships between morphological occlusion and mastication, need to be studied; occlusion influences mastication mainly via feed-back and possibly feed-forward regulation. The interrelationship between the manducatory apparatus and cervical spine is under study, e.g. jaw opening and closing are in phase, but with a delay, with cervical spine extension and flexion, respectively (this implies cervical feed-forward motor regulation). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]