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In 1520, Segovia's rebel city council besieged the impregnable royal fortress located on a narrow stone outcrop at the far west of the city. The cathedral stood just in front of the fortress, and the rebels demolished part of the church's structure to use it as a secure stronghold. Beyond the physical damage, the revolt demonstrated the peril posed by the proximity of cathedral and castle. Unsurprisingly, it was soon decided that the cathedral would be relocated to the city's main square. Deserted by its canons and chaplains, the old church was a ruin by 1562, while its younger counterpart was slowly reaching completion. Neglect coexisted with preservation: the first step in the construction of a new cathedral was the decision to move the building's cloister—stone by stone—from the old to the new site. This paper discusses the relocation, exploring its denouement and contextualizing it within pre-modern perspectives on heritage and architecture.

For residents of Samara, numerous tourists of the city, old Samara is of direct interest with its merchant way of life, historical monuments testifying to the emergence of a historical sett lement on the banks of the Volga and its development from the emergence of the wooden fortress “Samara town” to the modern million-plus city. The activity of Samara architects-restorers allows tracing this path of development. Carrying out restoration work is a very long and laborious process, including the study of historical documents and archaeological fi nds, research work.

Soul house are domestic structures of one or more stories while the term of offering tray will be utilized to allude to the clay tray; which are made by hand and takes various shapes. On the court of the house and the surfaces of the trays are modeled offerings consisting of meats, vegetables, and loaves of breads. Drainage channels may be present also. Furthermore, soul houses are used as inexpensive substitute miniature rock tombs or chapels for elite people, while offering trays are used as cheap modest offering table of stone to emblematically provide food to the deceased during the funerary ceremonies. They have been found throughout Egypt from El-Lisht to the fortress of Nubia. However, no model was found in the delta. All of them can be dated to the Middle Kingdom. The current paper presents an investigation on seven models of soul houses and offering trays[1] among collections exhibits in the Egyptian Agricultural Museum in Cairo, among of these collections pottery soul houses, and offering trays. This research also aims to suggest the provenance and the date of each model. [1] These models are the only models in this Museum.

Dimetoka, Rumeli’nin fethi esnasında Orta Meriç Vadisi güzergâhında ele geçirilen stratejik önemi haiz şehirlerden biridir. Osmanlı fethi öncesinde kale içindeki birkaç mahalleden müteşekkil küçük bir şehir olan Dimetoka, Osmanlı idaresine geçtikten sonra kalenin dışında yeni yerleşim alanlarının kurulmasıyla hızla gelişmeye başlamıştır. Câmi, mescit, medrese gibi yapıların inşasıyla birlikte İslâm şehri kimliği kazanan şehir etrafındaki kırsal alanın da merkezi konumuna gelmiştir. Dimetoka bulunduğu coğrafya itibarıyla fetihten sonra da önemini kaybetmemiş, Edirne başkent oluncaya kadar bölgedeki fetih hareketleri buradaki saraydan idare edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada tahrir defterleri ve diğer arşiv vesikalarından istifade edilerek Dimetoka’nın Osmanlı hakimiyetine geçişiyle birlikte şehrin değişen profili ortaya konmaya çalışılacaktır., Dimetoka (Didymoteichon), besieged and conquered during the Ottoman incursions into the Middle Maritsa Valley, is a strategically important town. This garrison city, with a few neighborhoods within the fortress, underwent rapid urban growth under Ottoman rule with the establishment of new residential areas outside the original settlement. While it became increasingly Muslim with the construction of mosques and madrasa (Islamic schools), it also served as an urban center for the surrounding countryside. Until the rise of Edirne as the new capital, Dimetoka preserved its strategic importance and war efforts as new conquests in the Balkans were coordinated from the palace in the same city. The purpose of this study is to analyze the changing profile of the city under Ottoman rule based on the Tahrir Registers and some other archival material.

This article addresses an under-studied phenomenon in the lived experience of Palestinian students in Israeli universities as seen from a spatial perspective. Specifically, it analyses the everyday spatial experiences of Palestinian students on the Mount Scopus Campus of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. Situated in a contested space amid Palestinian villages, the campus's architecture and prominent location are intended to project power and symbolic domination over the surrounding Arab environment. The study analyses the narratives of fifteen Palestinian students from this campus, underscoring the dialectical relations between their feelings of alienation and estrangement, on the one hand, and practices of resistance and subversion on campus, on the other. Moreover, the analysis reveals how, through their daily spatial behaviours, Palestinian students challenge the settler-colonial landscape-production that the Israeli authorities attempt to impose.

We analyze injuries in the cranial sample from the Pucara de Tilcara fortress, dating to the time of the Inca conquest. Analysis of violence markers, carried out by visual examination and computed tomography, and the comparison of results with those relating to samples from the Regional Development Period of the Quebrada de Humahuaca valley, suggest that although the violence level remained high, its nature could have changed after the arrival of the Inca. The female sample reveals just two perimortal injuries, no trophy skulls were found, and the frequency of nasal bone fractures is higher than in earlier samples. This may indicate lower level of between-group fi ghting for control over resources, and higher risk of interpersonal violence. The observed pattern suggests that having arrived in the Quebrada de Humahuaca region, the Inca eased political tension by establishing control over trade routes and the distribution of arable land areas, which had previously been the main cause of local armed clashes. The infl uence of artifi cial cranial modifi cations on the pathological and traumatic status of individuals was also analyzed. Two types of modifi cation were recorded in the sample—fronto-occipital tabular oblique and fronto-occipital tabular straight. None of them caused pathological changes or a decrease in the thickness of cranial bones.

Roman military bases were once regarded as strictly male domains with the only women living there being the senior officers’ wives. This view was challenged by studies that used material culture to identify women in Roman forts and interpret the roles they played. The best of this work considers both the multiple identities expressed through objects and the complexities of depositional and recovery processes. The article presented here fits into this recent development, as it investigates the presence of women in the Augustan military base and the Flavio-Trajanic fortress on the Hunerberg in Nijmegen, the Netherlands, by examining the spatial distribution of brooches (fibulae) associated with women. The distribution of female brooches is compared to that of military (male) brooches in order to highlight and interpret any significant patterns. While numbers are small, the quality of the contextual information allows for the examination of depositional and recovery practices. The paper also raises wider questions about the possibility of ‘gendering’ brooches.

Military tourism is one of the forms of tourism that is not sufficiently researched throughout Poland. It is only in recent years, after the period of political transformation, that interest in this phenomenon has been growing every year. This research has aimed to indicate the possibilities of military tourism development in northern and northeastern Poland. It includes an analysis of data concerning the Naval Museum in Gdynia, the "Wolf's Lair" Fortress in Gierloz and an example of a military event - an air show, which took place on the premises of the 44th Airborne Museum in Gdynia. Results of the analysis of the military tourism development in northern and northeastern Poland indicate that military sites and military-themed events attract considerable tourist traffic and play an important role in the overall development of tourism.

As a response to the processes of international migration in the Balkans, the Hungarian government in 2015 constructed a technical border defence system on the southern border of Hungary, also assigning manpower to guard the border. As a response to migration, this is not unique in Europe if we also consider previous and subsequent events. Although this topic has already been addressed by several authors from different perspectives, this paper is the first to analyse in detail the construction and characteristics of the technical border defence system, and the structure and operation of the assigned police and military forces. The paper also examines how government policy related to the protection of the southern border and the fence revived the ‘Hungary, the fortress/bastion of (Christian) Europe’ concept, and also how the Hungarian government communicated this in order to achieve its political objectives.

The Annenskaya fortress is a well-preserved star-shaped earthen bastion located on the right bank of the Don river near the Starocherkassk fortress. Near the Annenskaya fortress, there were unfortified Soldatskaya and Dolomanovskaya villages. The Annenskaya fortification mainly functioned from 1733 to 1760, while the pinnacle of its population (the garrison reached 9,000 people) fell at the Russian-Turkish war of 1735–1739. There were no archaeological excavations at the site, the picked-up findings were collected by various authors in 2000, 2003–2006. Among the findings, there are religious objects, military ammunition, household remains. Significant part of inventory amount gun and fire-steel flints, gun supplies (bullets). The analysis of these materials is the main purpose of the paper. The collection of gun flints includes intact samples (50 pcs) and fragments (22 pcs). Some of them (6 pcs) were preserved in lead clips. A significant part of the worn-out gun flints (22 pcs) were reused as tinderbox components to kindle a fire for domestic purposes. The most of gun and fire-steel flints are made of carboniferous flint raw materials (probably geological sources of the Upper Volga basin). The collection is complemented by lead bullets of two main calibers, i.e. of 8, 13–15 и 17–18 mm in diameter.

Статья посвящена публикации материалов, имеющих более чем 200-летнюю историю и хранящихся в фондах Отдела рукописей Российской национальной библиотеки в г. Санкт-Петербурге. Речь идет о нескольких планах и рисунке из «Альбома рисунков различных сибирских древностей» П.К. Фролова монгольских памятников XIII-XIV вв. – Хирхиринского городища и Кондуйского городка, расположенных на юго-востоке Забайкальского края. Сопоставление исторических сведений и графических материалов из альбома показало, что время их создания не может быть датировано периодом командировки П.К. Фролова в Нерчинские заводы, состоявшейся в 1798-1800 гг. Сравнив подписи на рисунках П.К. Фролова с датой начала постройки Кондуйского храма, воздвигнутого в честь Пресвятой Богородицы и св. Мучеников Кирика и Улиты, планы Кондуйского городка не могли быть сняты ранее 1806 г., поскольку строительные материалы археологического памятника были использованы при возведении церкви, и не позднее 1817 г., когда собрание было куплено Императорской Публичной библиотекой. Тем не менее, планы и рисунок из сибирского альбома являются первым графическим источником по истории археологических памятников региона, выполнены на высоком уровне и содержат сведения, к сожалению, до нас не дошедшие. В 1818 г. материалами из Сибирского альбома Фролова, вероятно, с ведома автора, воспользовался Г.И. Спасский, опубликовав статью в издаваемом им же в Петербурге журнале «Сибирский Вестник», и сняв с них не слишком удачные копии. Публикация планов и карт Фролова позволит уточнить и дополнить некоторые существующие реконструкции, предложенные отечественными архитекторами. ЛИТЕРАТУРАБаркова Л.Л. Предметы звериного стиля из коллекции П.К. Фролова // Степи Евразии в древности и средневековье / Отв. ред. Ю.Ю. Пиотровский. Книга II.СПб: ГЭ, 2003. С. 14−19.Баркова Л. Л., Горбунов В. В., Тишкин А.А. Средневековые панцирные пластины с территории Алтая из коллекции П.К. Фролова // История и культура средневековых народов степной Евразии: материалы II Междунар. конгресса средневекой археологии Евразийских степей / Отв. ред. А.А. Тишкин. Барнаул: АлтГУ, 2012. С. 99−102.Блескина О.Н. Западноевропейские рукописи из собраний П.К. Фролова // Коллекции рукописных книг в современном мире: хранение и изучение: сб. ст. по итогам междунар. науч. конф. Двенадцатые Загребинские чтения (5–6 окт. 2017 г.) / Отв. ред. Ж.Л. Левшина. СПб: РНБ, 2018. С. 81−105.Вакалова Н.В. Деятельность П. К. Фролова как коллекционера: региональный историко-культурный аспект // Мир науки, культуры, образования. 2008. № 1. С. 36−39.Васильева О.В. «Из собрания Петра Фролова»: искусство книги Востока // Коллекции рукописных книг в современном мире: хранение и изучение: сб. ст. по итогам междунар. науч. конф. 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Генуэзская крепость Чембало (1345–1475 гг.), размещалась на горе Кастрон и имела сложную городскую и фортификационную планиграфию. В западной части города к 80–90-м гг. XIV в. сформировался латинский квартал, над которым возвышался замок св. Николая. В систему застройки латинского квартала входила церковь («храм №1»), которую исследователи (1999–2003 гг.) априорно стали именовать «храмом св. Николая». Однако западный мыс горы Кастрон носит имя св. Георгия. Это может служить основанием для предположения, что данный храм был посвящён св. Георгию – патрону города Генуи. Экспедицией Эрмитажа изучено четыре церковных постройки XIV–XV вв. (храмы №№ 2–5). Всем храмам присущи общие черты и функции. Их конструкции сложены из бута на известковом растворе. В кладках углов, дверных и оконных проёмов использованы сполии, выполненные из нуммулитового известняка. В храме № 5 в качестве строительного материала применены не только архитектурные детали, но фрагменты надгробий и посвятительных надписей из армянского храма XIV–XVII в. Ни на одном из храмов XIV–XV вв. не выявлены следы перекрытия с применением византийской кровельной черепицы – керамид и калиптеров. Черепичное покрытие («татарка») использовано только в конце XVIII в. при восстановлении храмов № 1 и № 5. Православные храмы (№ 2–5) возводились с использованием византийского фута (0,318 м). Церковные комплексы использовались на протяжении полутора-двух столетий в качестве квартальных городских часовен. В среднем на некрополях при каждой из церквей выявлено не менее 75 погребённых. Только в одном храме (№ 1) удалось in situ выявить следы полихромной стенной росписи. ЛИТЕРАТУРААдаксина С.Б. Монастырский комплекс X–XVI вв. на г.Аю-Даг. СПб.: ГЭ, 2002. 116 с.Адаксина С.Б. Работы Южно-Крымской археологической экспедиции // Археологические экспедиции в Крыму. 1995 год /отв. ред. В.Л. Мыц. 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The article presents the results of the first studies of the defensive line of the hillfort located on the cape of the right bank of the river Don near the village 1st Storozhevoe in the Voronezh region. On a plot of 124 sq. m, a rampart, a moat and the adjacent territory were researched. Ceramic fragments were discovered that remained from an unfortified settlement of the Bronze Age. In the embankment of the rampart, four Sarmatian burials of the 1st - 2nd centuries AD were discovered. The fortifications themselves, according to the characteristic ceramic materialls of the beginning of the Scythian era, are dated to the second half of the 6th - beginning of the 5th centuries BC. At an early stage, they apparently consisted of a ground structure that had a defensive and residential purpose. At some distance from the building, there was also an outer wall. These structures are traced along three parallel grooves deepened into the clay. After the fire destroyed the structure, a rampart and a moat were erected in the settlement. In its present state, the embankment of the rampart has a width of about 6 m at the base, and a height above the mainland - more than 0.7 m. It consists mainly of dark gray loam, including lumps of red clay and burnt soil. The moat, now almost completely flooded by ground, is 1.5-1.9 m wide and up to 0.8 m deep.

One of the modern scientific directions of M. M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine is a theoretical background and practical implementation of measures to promote and represent monuments of historical and cultural heritage in the territories of the Nature Reserve Fund of Ukraine. In accordance with the legal requirements for the regime of protection and preservation of the natural environment, such measures have their own characteristics. There is a monument of urban planning of national importance Zvirynets Fortification of the Kyiv Fortress of 1810 in the territory of the botanical garden. The monument has significant historical and cultural value. Today it remains one of the little-known historical and fortification objects of Ukraine for a large number of people. Therefore we conducted the research, using descriptive and comparative methods in 2018-2021in the territory of the Botanical Garden. The most optimal measure of historical and cultural monuments representation in nature reserves is the creation of historical and ecological excursion routes equipped with special information stands. Given that the route runs through the botanical garden, it is an important combination of historical data about the monument with information about plants and collection exhibition areas. The study identified the most attractive survive elements of the fortification, which are correlated with the present landscapes of the collection and exhibition areas. The features of the setting elements on the territory of the expositions with the attachments were analyzed. Information and the graphic component of the route are prepared. According to the regime of use of the botanical garden territory, the trajectory of the route with a length of more than 3 kilometers was developed using the existing road network, it repeats the contours of the unique fortification. This route is laid through the collection and exhibition areas such as Garden of Fragrances, Mountain Garden, Rose Stream, Gymnosperms, and Birch Grove, where more than 50 plant taxes are presented. As a result of the research, scientific data was collected and adapted for the general public for the first time. The information contains the data about the little-known historical and cultural monument Zvirynets Fortification of the Kyiv Fortress of 1810 located on the territory of M. M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden, NAS of Ukraine. The advantages of this study are the practical experience that can be used as a perspective for the promotion and representation of historical and cultural heritage in the reserves and botanical gardens, upholding the legal requirements for the regime of protection and preservation of the natural environment.

Questo testo propone un contributo alla discussione sulla didattica universitaria a distanza in epoca di Covid-19. Illustra l'esperienza maturata nel 2020 insegnando Restauro presso il Politecnico di Milano, sia nel percorso internazionale che in quello italiano. Gli studenti hanno svolto l'esercitazione sulla Rocca medievale di Arquata del Tronto, un caso-studio emblematico della fragilità che caratterizza il territorio dell'Italia interna, e anche della sua resilienza. L'edificio è infatti sopravvissuto al sisma che ha devastato l'Appennino nel 2016 e oggi vigila sulle fatiche della ricostruzione, dopo aver presidiato l'alta valle del Tronto per otto secoli. Il testo mette in evidenza alcuni rischi e opportunità di questa esperienza.

The article was prepared in connection with the announcement of the year of Semyon Ulyanovich Remezov in the city of Tobolsk in 2021. Information has been collected on the history of the construction and rebuilding of the fortress walls and towers of the Tobolsk Kremlin, which rarely attracted the attention of researchers. A review of the history of the fence construction in the Sofia courtyard is carried out. Particular attention is paid to the stages of the construction of the Kremlin stone walls, the surviving elements of defensive architecture in them. The authors clarify some provisions from the classical works of V. I. Kochedamov, draw on new sources, including photographs from restoration work in the middle of the 20th century from the funds of the Tobolsk Historical and Architectural Museum-Reserve. The results of a comparative architectural analysis of the Kremlin walls of Tobolsk with synchronous and previous monuments of Russian military architecture are presented in the article. It has been established that the walls of the Tobolsk Kremlin were more of a symbolic-decorative than a military char-acter. It was determined that they represented a symbiosis of the Moscow Kremlin architecture of the late 15th century with the architecture of the Smolensk fortress wall, 17th century monastery fences and, possibly, the fence of the Bishops' court in Rostov.

The Bronze Age drainage of Lake Copais, Boeotia, is unique within Europe as the largest and most complex work of engineering of the period. Comprising large dams, polder dykes, canals, massive levees, cuttings and tunnels, it made at least 95km² of drained lake bed available for agricultural production. The first polders were established in the Middle Helladic period with great extensions in the Late Helladic. During the latter period the largest of all the Mycenaean citadels was constructed at Gla which had been a rocky island in the lake prior to the drainage. But exactly what type of settlement it was still remains something of a mystery. This paper draws together the history of research on the citadel of Gla.

This article discusses the usurper Leontius, who opposed the Emperor Zeno in 484. He was most likely born in a family belonging to the circles of provincial aristocracy, which enabled him to receive a good education. As for his ethnicity, contrary to a rather popular scholarly opinion that he was from Isauria, he might just as well have come from Syria (as Theophanes points out directly). Regarding his position as magister militum per Thracias, it seems that he could have held it in the years 478–482 (there is no certainty that he exercised this function in 484). He probably had known Illus before 481/482 and together, they set off to the East, when Illus was assuming the post of magister militum. Leontius remained at his side until 484, when an open conflict with Zeno broke out. Leontius was proclaimed the emperor because Illus did not want to become one. It seems that the latter valued Leontius and trusted him.After a moment of triumph on the day of imperial coronation (July 19, 484), only two months later, after the defeat of the forces commanded by Illus in the battle with the imperial forces, Leontius had to take refuge in the fortress of Papyrion, in which he spent about four years, awaiting his demise. He was killed at the hands of imperial soldiers in 488. Artykuł poświęcony jest uzurpatorowi Leoncjuszowi, który w 484 r. wystąpił przeciw cesarzowi Zenonowi. Urodził się on zapewne w rodzinie należącej do kręgów prowincjonalnej arystokracji, co umożliwiło mu odebranie dobrego wykształcenia. Co do pochodzenia etnicznego, to wbrew dość powszechnej w nauce opinii, że pochodził z Izaurii, trzeba wskazać, że równie dobrze można uznać, że wywodził się z Syrii (o czym bezpośrednio mówi Teofanes). Co do pełnienia przez niego stanowiska magister militum per Thracias, to wydaje się, że mógł je sprawować w latach 478–482 (nie ma pewności, że był nim w 484 r.). Najpewniej znał się w otoczeniu Illusa jeszcze przed 481/482 r. i z nim wyruszył na Wschód, gdy ten przejmował stanowisko magister militum i pozostał u jego boku do 484 r., kiedy wybuchł otwarty konflikt z Zenonem. Leoncjusz został proklamowany cesarzem, ponieważ Illus nie chciał nim zostać. Wydaje się, że ten ostatni cenił Leoncjusza i darzył go zaufaniem.Po chwili triumfu w dniu cesarskiej koronacji (19 lipca 484 r.) Leoncjusz raptem w dwa miesiące później – po klęsce sił dowodzonych przez Illusa w bitwie z siłami cesarskimi – musiał schronić się w twierdzy Papyrion, w której spędził około czterech lat, czekając na śmierć. Ta ostatnia spotkała go z rąk cesarskich żołnierzy w 488 r.

The article examines 11 stages of the formation of the defensive system of the Kamenets-Podilsky fortress from the point of view of stage transformations (II - XVIII centuries). The main factor that initially influenced the formation of the concept of urban defense was the topography of the area. The old island town, surrounded by the canyon of the Smotrych River, had a natural protective potential from the very beginning, which was fully used throughout the Middle Ages. Subsequent reconstructions were supposed to strengthen the defensive parameters of the area. However, with the advent of long-range artillery, the former defensive advantages of the island led to the degradation of the fortress. The city on the island, surrounded by a river canyon, became a convenient target for enemy artillery stationed on the opposite high bank. All the disadvantages of this situation appeared at the end of the 17th century, when the city was captured by the Ottoman army after a short siege. In the XIX century, military engineers proposed to create a system of powerful forts on the opposite bank of the river, but the lack of financial resources did not allow this idea to be realized. As a result, the fortified city remained an archaic medieval complex, unsuitable for other military functions

Kilia medieval fortress, now non-existant, consisted of a stone citadel attributed to the Genoese, an outer belt of fortifications, built under Stephen the Great, and an Ottoman bastion fortress, designed and built in the end of the XVIII century. This article examines two documents referring to the Kilia fortress, discovered by the author in the Russian State Military-Historical Archive of Moscow. The first document is an undated plan for a Turkish bastion fortress developed, most likely, by the French engineer François Kauffer. The figure shows the Ottoman-Turkish names of bastions (Agha Bastion, Pasha Bastion, Unique/Unusual Bastion), gates (Stone Gate, Gate with a portcullis, Water Gate, Agha Gate), stone buildings (Sultan Bayezid’s Mosque), etc. The second document, also undated, shows four images of a stone fortress, built by the Moldovans. The iconographic source offers information on the layout of some towers (rectangular, hexagonal, octagonal and complex), the tower’s shape (prismatic with four, six and eight sides; cylindrical; with a rizalit; with an upper console floor, ending in the form of a turret), the shape of the roofs (hipped with four slopes, six and eight slopes, conical, gable roof or gable one with a ridge), the shape of the merlons (simple rectangular, rectangular with a gable ending located longitudinally or transversely), etc.

Projetado em 1740 pelo engenheiro militar português José Fernandes PInto Alpoim, o Palácio dos Governadores, na então cidade de Vila Rica, hoje Ouro Preto, representou a definitiva instauração do poder de Dom João V na prometida terra do ouro que, após muitas insubordinações sociais desde os primeiros anos de 1700, seria intensamente urbanizada, civilizada, monumentalizada pelo seu governador, Gomes Freire de Andrade, efetivando assim a sua subordinação e deferência à monarquia e aos valores lusitanos. Palácio fortaleza que foi implantado entre as duas paróquias mais densamente habitadas da vila, e cujo pórtico de entrada trazia, em sua composição formal e proporcional, o mais límpido manifesto da linguagem arquitetônica cultuada nos tratados de Arquitetura desde o século XVI.

Using metaphorical connotations terms functioning within postcolonial theory, the author analyzes mechanisms ruling the world of the novel Fortress (Крепость) by Piotr Aleshkovsky.

This is the final report of the excavations conducted at the site of the fortress of Mount Adir in two seasons separated by 43 years. In addition to summarizing the available data on the fortress, ...

—We study an ancient earthquake that significantly damaged the Hansaray (Khansarai) in Bakhchysarai, Crimea, at the end of the 17th century. However, to date, the traces of this catastrophic event can barely be found in the Khansarai walls. Our studies have shown that this is mainly due to the numerous repairs and restorations which have been continuously conducted at the monument. It is only due to the fact that one of the objects of the Hansaray (the “Eastern Building”) was plundered in 2013 that we were able to identify the internal structure of its walls and to reveal a clearly expressed seismogenic deformation of the brick arch which underwent a subsequent repair. In order to accurately date the seismic event, we carried out a search for the analogies, which revealed similar damage in the walls of the Eski-Durbe mausoleum, the monuments of the first palace of the Crimean khans in Salachik (Zincirli medrese and Haci Giray durbe mausoleum) and the Great Kenassa of the Chufut-Kale fortress. By comparing the chronology of the Eastern Structure and other monuments and the peculiarities of their seismic deformations, we correlated the damage of these structures to the Salachik earthquake of April 30, 1698, whose epicentral area was located in the West Crimean seismogenic zone and which had local intensity in the Bakhchysarai region Il = VIII–IX (on MSK-64 scale).

This article discusses the case of the transformation of the Tighina-Bender fortress in a historic museum and tourist attraction site. The fortress is one of the most important medieval fortifications in Eastern Europe and is a national monument registered in the State Register of Protected Monuments of the Republic of Moldova. Paradoxically, but the fortress has not benefited from serious historic and archaeological research so far. It must be because during the Soviet era the fortress was a military base and it was closed to the public. Its recent transformation into a museum, the launch of a rehabilitation project, and ensured access inside this fortification inspire us for the possibility of transforming this site into one of the most attractive tourist places in the Republic of Moldova. But for better interpretation and presentation is strictly necessary to understand the history of the place, its role from regional and European perspectives, the relation of historic place with the local community, etc. (Re)inventing a museum needs, in, first of all, a vision and, secondly, a strategy of museum sustainable development.

In 2020, during excavations in the Wadi al-Ghozza in the Eastern Desert of Egypt, archaeologists from the French Archaeological Mission to the Eastern Desert of Egypt discovered a well-preserved Flavian praesidium. This small and unusually shaped fort, identified in ostraca found in the fortress as Berkou (Βɛρκου), lay along a track leading from ancient Kaine (Qena) to the imperial quarries at Porphyrites. The fort lay over the remains of a Ptolemaic village and incorporated elements from the water system of the older settlement. This article presents the results of those excavations, including an overview of the fort's architecture and associated finds, as well as a discussion of its role in the regional transportation and security network that supported Roman exploitation of the nearby porphyry quarries in the 1st c. CE.

In Fortress Russia, Ilya Yablokov explores the Kremlin’s use of conspiracy theories to keep Vladimir Putin in power. Conspiracy theories in Russia have a long and distinguished history stretching b...

Resumen El artículo interviene en la conversación internacional sobre las posibilidades y los límites de la escritura narrativa en relaciones internacionales y ciencia política. Concretamente, propone una comparación teórica entre «escritura fortaleza» y «voz narrativa». La primera corresponde al estilo de pensamiento y de escritura dominante en estas disciplinas. En cambio, la voz narrativa constituye una oportunidad para problematizar y aflojar los rasgos más constrictores de aquella. El artículo no propone la adopción generalizada de la escritura narrativa -proyecto inviable e, incluso, indeseable- sino que sugiere que esta última, cuando es exitosa, expande posibilidades para la investigación y la reflexión, habilitando modos menos «bélicos» de construir conocimiento. Las narrativas abren así un espacio de respiración en la academia. Sin embargo, como cualquier forma de trabajo intelectual, la escritura narrativa conlleva riesgos. En lugar de volver sobre los cuestionamientos típicos, ya extensamente contestados en la literatura, el trabajo inicia la exploración de tres riesgos que amenazan con volver a las narrativas otro tipo de escritura fortaleza: el apego a la inocencia, el apego al trauma y la cancelación moralizante de la complejidad. Abstract The article intervenes in the international conversation about the possibilities and limitations of narrative writing in international relations and political science. Concretely, it proposes a theoretical comparison between “fortress writing” and “narrative voice”. The first corresponds to the style of thinking and writing that has dominated these disciplines. Instead, we show that the narrative voice constitutes an opportunity to problematize and loosen the most constrictive features of fortress writing. The text does not propose the generalized adoption of narrative writing -an unviable and even undesirable project- but suggests that, when successful, narrative expands possibilities for research and reflection, enabling less “bellicose” ways of producing knowledge. Thus, narratives open a breathing space in academia. However, as with any intellectual approach, narrative writing entails some risks. Instead of engaging on common critiques, already dealt with by the literature, the essay explores three risks that threaten narrative to become another type of fortress writing: the attachment to innocence, the attachment to trauma, and the moralizing denial of complexity.

Petards usually remind us of pyro-technical tools of fireworks. It is less known that in the 15th and 16th centuries explosive devices used in fortress sieges were called by the same name. This paper gives a short review of the evolution of the definition of petards during the past 150 years, gives summary of development of the fortress sieges and of those mines that were applied during these assaults. The main types of petards and their technical, structural characteristics are also introduced in this study. The last chapter describes two Hungarian examples from the 16th century when petards were effectively used in attacks against fortresses.

The social and economic dynamics of early modern borders in central and southeast Europe were marked by endemic warfare. The border between Habsburg Hungary and the Principality of Transylvania in the second half of the seventeenth century was affected by an almost constant state of war. The presence of an Ottoman province in the vicinity (Oradea, conquered by the Turks in 1660) further complicated the political and military situation. Large-scale military campaigns were accompanied by various forms of frontier warfare and rebellions. The aim of this article is to analyze the social impact of war on the fortress of Satu Mare (Szatmár) and the two neighboring market towns, Satu Mare (Szatmár) and Mintiu (Némethi), as reflected by three documents issued by, or referring to, Colonel Ludovicus de La Borde. In the first part of the article, I have presented a short overview of the history of the early modern fortification of Satu Mare (Szatmár) during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, emphasizing the frequent border changes between Habsburg Hungary and the Principality of Transylvania.

The unique feature of the state of Johor that distinguishes it from other states in Malaysia is the existence of its own royal security force known as the Johor Military Force (JMF) or ‘Askar Timbalan Setia Negeri Johor’ (ATSN). The JMF was established in 1886 by the late Maharaja Abu Bakar as contained in the Loyalty Agreement signed by the Johor state government with the British government at the Colonial Office, London. The JMF once served as a state defense fortress besides assisting the police in ensuring security in the state of Johor. With the inclusion of Johor into the Federation of Malaya, JMF has remained until now but its role has shifted to the security of the family of Sultan of Johor and its assets only. Now, after a century, today's generation is less knowledgeable about the role and historical value that exists with this JMF team that needs to be known and preserved. This article aims to provide an explanation on the existence of the JMF team in more depth to the current and future generations. Library research was used with reference to the printed documents housed in the National Archives of Johor Branch and the Johor Royal Museum in addition to the research on digital media through the ‘History Channel’ documentary. The results of the study show that the existence of this team needs to be fully preserved and further research needs to be done thoroughly to ensure that its historical value continues to be preserved from time to time.

In 1998, MDPI (Mykolaiv State Pedagogical Institute) expedition headed by Yu.S. Hrebennikov conducted a study of a stratified settlement and burial ground near the village of Horodok of Variushyne Village Council of Veselynove Raion of Mykolaiv Oblast. It was found out that the largest part of the site was damaged during the forest plantings. Deep draining plowing completely destroyed the cultural layer in the southern part, behind the biggest rampart. The site has three ramparts: the first, the southernmost, is almost unnoticeable; the 2nd is barely noticeable, with the height of not more than 0.3 m; the 3rd rampart is well preserved, and its height reaches 2.0 m in some places. There is also a clearly noticeable moat up to 3.0 m wide and no more than 1.0 m deep. To carry out the planned research, 5 prospect holes with a total area of 18 square meters were sunk. The holes № 1-4 were located along the central North-South axis, the hole № 5 was sunk 15 m east from the hole № 4. The holes № 3-5 were located in the ‘castle’ part of the ancient settlement, to the north of the biggest rampart. As a medieval site, the settlement of Horodok is also known among archaeologists as the fortress of Balyklei. Supposedly, during the time of the Golden Horde, the nomadic headquarters of the khan were located here, and the city itself was a trade and craft center of the North-Western Black Sea region. This is confirmed by the finds of coins of such khans as Uzbek, Janibek, Kildibek, Abdullah, Berdi Beg, Khidr, and Tokhtamysh. There is also an assumption that in the 15th century in the fortress there was a mint (temporary or field) and the coins of Khan Mengli I Giray (V. Pyvorovych) were minted there. Most information about the Golden Horde cities we have got from the descriptions of travelers or other written sources of the 14th – 15th centuries or from maps of the 17th – 18th centuries. Ukrainian Golden Horde archeology is in an unsatisfactory condition, so researches are being conducted chaotically, and the systematization of discovered and studied sites is extremely poor. The last remark is also true concerning the ‘steppe cities’ located on the territory of Mykolaiv Oblast. Carrying out systematic research on the territory of Balyklei will give an opportunity to reconsider the region’s place on the land trade routes from the Crimea to Europe, to study the Golden Horde city organization, to broaden the knowledge on the Golden Horde, and the Crimean numismatics.

The article, based on medieval historical sources and research conducted on the medieval city of Sygnak, provides a brief overview of the role and significance of the city in the history of the Kazakh nation.One of the major centers on the Great Silk Road, the most important city on the Syr Darya, Sygnak has long been a well-developed culture, economy, crafts and trade, agriculture and cattle breeding.In the XI–XIII centuries it was known as one of the centers of the Kypchak Khanate, in the XIV–XV centuries it was the capital of Ak Orda, and in the XV–XVI centuries it was the capital of the Kazakh Khanate, becoming the political and economic center of the khanate. The defensive system of the medieval city of Sygnak, including the fortified walls with gates, has not been sufficiently studied, therefore, within the framework of this topic, we decided to conduct research work, identify the specifics of the city's defensive system and introduce it into scientific circulation.The article examines the results of archaeological research carried out at the medieval settlement of Syganak, analyzes the architectural features of the eastern gates and fortress walls of the city, manufacturing technology and building materials. In addition, a comparative analysis of the Signak gate with the gates of medieval cities in the region was carried out and additional scientific conclusions were drawn. Based on field data obtained during the excavations, the chronology of the eastern gate and fortress walls was determined.