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1. Effects of plant diversity on productivity strengthen over time due to trait-dependent shifts in species overyielding

Author

Zheng, Liting, Barry, Kathryn E., Guerrero-Ramírez, Nathaly R., Craven, Dylan, Reich, Peter B., Verheyen, Kris, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Eisenhauer, Nico, Barsoum, Nadia, Bauhus, Jürgen, Bruelheide, Helge, Cavender-Bares, Jeannine, Dolezal, Jiri, Auge, Harald, Fagundes, Marina V., Ferlian, Olga, Fiedler, Sebastian, Forrester, David I., Ganade, Gislene, Gebauer, Tobias, Haase, Josephine, Hajek, Peter, Hector, Andy, Hérault, Bruno, Hölscher, Dirk, Hulvey, Kristin B., Irawan, Bambang, Jactel, Hervé, Koricheva, Julia, Kreft, Holger, Lanta, Vojtech, Leps, Jan, Mereu, Simone, Messier, Christian, Montagnini, Florencia, Mörsdorf, Martin, Müller, Sandra, Muys, Bart, Nock, Charles A., Paquette, Alain, Parker, William C., Parker, John D., Parrotta, John A., Paterno, Gustavo B., Perring, Michael P., Piotto, Daniel, Wayne Polley, H., Ponette, Quentin, Potvin, Catherine, Quosh, Julius, Rewald, Boris, Godbold, Douglas L., van Ruijven, Jasper, Standish, Rachel J., Stefanski, Artur, Sundawati, Leti, Urgoiti, Jon, Williams, Laura J., Wilsey, Brian J., Yang, Baiyu, Zhang, Li, Zhao, Zhao, Yang, Yongchuan, Sandén, Hans, Ebeling, Anne, Schmid, Bernhard, Fischer, Markus, Kotowska, Martyna M., Palmborg, Cecilia, Tilman, David, Yan, Enrong, and Hautier, Yann

Published
2024
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3. Tallo: A global tree allometry and crown architecture database

Author

Jucker, Tommaso, Fischer, Fabian Jörg, Chave, Jérôme, Coomes, David A, Caspersen, John, Ali, Arshad, Panzou, Grace Jopaul Loubota, Feldpausch, Ted R, Falster, Daniel, Usoltsev, Vladimir A, Adu‐Bredu, Stephen, Alves, Luciana F, Aminpour, Mohammad, Angoboy, Ilondea B, Anten, Niels PR, Antin, Cécile, Askari, Yousef, Muñoz, Rodrigo, Ayyappan, Narayanan, Balvanera, Patricia, Banin, Lindsay, Barbier, Nicolas, Battles, John J, Beeckman, Hans, Bocko, Yannick E, Bond‐Lamberty, Ben, Bongers, Frans, Bowers, Samuel, Brade, Thomas, Breugel, Michiel, Chantrain, Arthur, Chaudhary, Rajeev, Dai, Jingyu, Dalponte, Michele, Dimobe, Kangbéni, Domec, Jean‐Christophe, Doucet, Jean‐Louis, Duursma, Remko A, Enríquez, Moisés, Ewijk, Karin Y, Farfán‐Rios, William, Fayolle, Adeline, Forni, Eric, Forrester, David I, Gilani, Hammad, Godlee, John L, Gourlet‐Fleury, Sylvie, Haeni, Matthias, Hall, Jefferson S, He, Jie‐Kun, Hemp, Andreas, Hernández‐Stefanoni, José L, Higgins, Steven I, Holdaway, Robert J, Hussain, Kiramat, Hutley, Lindsay B, Ichie, Tomoaki, Iida, Yoshiko, Jiang, Hai‐sheng, Joshi, Puspa Raj, Kaboli, Hasan, Larsary, Maryam Kazempour, Kenzo, Tanaka, Kloeppel, Brian D, Kohyama, Takashi, Kunwar, Suwash, Kuyah, Shem, Kvasnica, Jakub, Lin, Siliang, Lines, Emily R, Liu, Hongyan, Lorimer, Craig, Loumeto, Jean‐Joël, Malhi, Yadvinder, Marshall, Peter L, Mattsson, Eskil, Matula, Radim, Meave, Jorge A, Mensah, Sylvanus, Mi, Xiangcheng, Momo, Stéphane, Moncrieff, Glenn R, Mora, Francisco, Nissanka, Sarath P, O'Hara, Kevin L, Pearce, Steven, Pelissier, Raphaël, Peri, Pablo L, Ploton, Pierre, Poorter, Lourens, Pour, Mohsen Javanmiri, Pourbabaei, Hassan, Dupuy‐Rada, Juan Manuel, Ribeiro, Sabina C, Ryan, Casey, Sanaei, Anvar, Sanger, Jennifer, Schlund, Michael, Sellan, Giacomo, and Shenkin, Alexander

Subjects
Life on Land, Biomass, Carbon, Carbon Cycle, Ecosystem, Forests, Trees, allometric scaling, crown radius, forest biomass stocks, forest ecology, remote sensing, stem diameter, tree height, Environmental Sciences, Biological Sciences, Ecology
Abstract

Data capturing multiple axes of tree size and shape, such as a tree's stem diameter, height and crown size, underpin a wide range of ecological research-from developing and testing theory on forest structure and dynamics, to estimating forest carbon stocks and their uncertainties, and integrating remote sensing imagery into forest monitoring programmes. However, these data can be surprisingly hard to come by, particularly for certain regions of the world and for specific taxonomic groups, posing a real barrier to progress in these fields. To overcome this challenge, we developed the Tallo database, a collection of 498,838 georeferenced and taxonomically standardized records of individual trees for which stem diameter, height and/or crown radius have been measured. These data were collected at 61,856 globally distributed sites, spanning all major forested and non-forested biomes. The majority of trees in the database are identified to species (88%), and collectively Tallo includes data for 5163 species distributed across 1453 genera and 187 plant families. The database is publicly archived under a CC-BY 4.0 licence and can be access from: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6637599. To demonstrate its value, here we present three case studies that highlight how the Tallo database can be used to address a range of theoretical and applied questions in ecology-from testing the predictions of metabolic scaling theory, to exploring the limits of tree allometric plasticity along environmental gradients and modelling global variation in maximum attainable tree height. In doing so, we provide a key resource for field ecologists, remote sensing researchers and the modelling community working together to better understand the role that trees play in regulating the terrestrial carbon cycle.

Published
2022

9. Empirical and process-based models predict enhanced beech growth in European mountains under climate change scenarios: A multimodel approach

Author

Bosela, Michal, Rubio-Cuadrado, Álvaro, Marcis, Peter, Merganičová, Katarina, Fleischer, Peter, Jr, Forrester, David I., Uhl, Enno, Avdagić, Admir, Bellan, Michal, Bielak, Kamil, Bravo, Felipe, Coll, Lluís, Cseke, Klára, del Rio, Miren, Dinca, Lucian, Dobor, Laura, Drozdowski, Stanisław, Giammarchi, Francesco, Gömöryová, Erika, Ibrahimspahić, Aida, Kašanin-Grubin, Milica, Klopčič, Matija, Kurylyak, Viktor, Montes, Fernando, Pach, Maciej, Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo, Skrzyszewski, Jerzy, Stajic, Branko, Stojanovic, Dejan, Svoboda, Miroslav, Tonon, Giustino, Versace, Soraya, Mitrovic, Suzana, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, Pretzsch, Hans, and Tognetti, Roberto

Published
2023
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10. Global transpiration data from sap flow measurements: the SAPFLUXNET database

Author

Poyatos, Rafael, Granda, Víctor, Flo, Víctor, Adams, Mark A, Adorján, Balázs, Aguadé, David, Aidar, Marcos PM, Allen, Scott, Alvarado-Barrientos, M Susana, Anderson-Teixeira, Kristina J, Aparecido, Luiza Maria, Arain, M Altaf, Aranda, Ismael, Asbjornsen, Heidi, Baxter, Robert, Beamesderfer, Eric, Berry, Z Carter, Berveiller, Daniel, Blakely, Bethany, Boggs, Johnny, Bohrer, Gil, Bolstad, Paul V, Bonal, Damien, Bracho, Rosvel, Brito, Patricia, Brodeur, Jason, Casanoves, Fernando, Chave, Jérôme, Chen, Hui, Cisneros, Cesar, Clark, Kenneth, Cremonese, Edoardo, Dang, Hongzhong, David, Jorge S, David, Teresa S, Delpierre, Nicolas, Desai, Ankur R, C., Frederic, Dohnal, Michal, Domec, Jean-Christophe, Dzikiti, Sebinasi, Edgar, Colin, Eichstaedt, Rebekka, El-Madany, Tarek S, Elbers, Jan, Eller, Cleiton B, Euskirchen, Eugénie S, Ewers, Brent, Fonti, Patrick, Forner, Alicia, Forrester, David I, Freitas, Helber C, Galvagno, Marta, Garcia-Tejera, Omar, Ghimire, Chandra Prasad, Gimeno, Teresa E, Grace, John, Granier, André, Griebel, Anne, Guangyu, Yan, Gush, Mark B, Hanson, Paul J, Hasselquist, Niles J, Heinrich, Ingo, Hernandez-Santana, Virginia, Herrmann, Valentine, Hölttä, Teemu, Holwerda, Friso, Irvine, James, Ayutthaya, Supat Isarangkool Na, Jarvis, Paul G, Jochheim, Hubert, Joly, Carlos A, Kaplick, Julia, Kim, Hyun Seok, Klemedtsson, Leif, Kropp, Heather, Lagergren, Fredrik, Lane, Patrick, Lang, Petra, Lapenas, Andrei, Lechuga, Víctor, Lee, Minsu, Leuschner, Christoph, Limousin, Jean-Marc, Linares, Juan Carlos, Linderson, Maj-Lena, Lindroth, Anders, Llorens, Pilar, López-Bernal, Álvaro, Loranty, Michael M, Lüttschwager, Dietmar, Macinnis-Ng, Cate, Maréchaux, Isabelle, Martin, Timothy A, Matheny, Ashley, McDowell, Nate, McMahon, Sean, Meir, Patrick, and Mészáros, Ilona

Subjects
Life on Land, Atmospheric Sciences, Geochemistry, Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience
Abstract

Plant transpiration links physiological responses of vegetation to water supply and demand with hydrological, energy, and carbon budgets at the land-atmosphere interface. However, despite being the main land evaporative flux at the global scale, transpiration and its response to environmental drivers are currently not well constrained by observations. Here we introduce the first global compilation of whole-plant transpiration data from sap flow measurements (SAPFLUXNET, https://sapfluxnet.creaf.cat/, last access: 8 June 2021). We harmonized and quality-controlled individual datasets supplied by contributors worldwide in a semi-automatic data workflow implemented in the R programming language. Datasets include sub-daily time series of sap flow and hydrometeorological drivers for one or more growing seasons, as well as metadata on the stand characteristics, plant attributes, and technical details of the measurements. SAPFLUXNET contains 202 globally distributed datasets with sap flow time series for 2714 plants, mostly trees, of 174 species. SAPFLUXNET has a broad bioclimatic coverage, with woodland/shrubland and temperate forest biomes especially well represented (80% of the datasets). The measurements cover a wide variety of stand structural characteristics and plant sizes. The datasets encompass the period between 1995 and 2018, with 50% of the datasets being at least 3 years long. Accompanying radiation and vapour pressure deficit data are available for most of the datasets, while on-site soil water content is available for 56% of the datasets. Many datasets contain data for species that make up 90% or more of the total stand basal area, allowing the estimation of stand transpiration in diverse ecological settings. SAPFLUXNET adds to existing plant trait datasets, ecosystem flux networks, and remote sensing products to help increase our understanding of plant water use, plant responses to drought, and ecohydrological processes. SAPFLUXNET version 0.1.5 is freely available from the Zenodo repository (10.5281/zenodo.3971689; Poyatos et al., 2020a). The "sapfluxnetr"R package-designed to access, visualize, and process SAPFLUXNET data-is available from CRAN.

Published
2021

11. Competitive effect, but not competitive response, varies along a climatic gradient depending on tree species identity

Author

European Commission, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Generalitat de Catalunya, Valor, Teresa [0000-0002-3986-256X], Coll, Lluís [0000-0002-8035-5949], Forrester, David I. [0000-0003-4546-3554], 0000-0002-4958-1868, #NODATA#, 0000-0001-5786-3075, 0000-0002-4982-8867, 0000-0001-6354-6105, 0000-0002-7771-6176, Valor, Teresa, Coll, Lluís, Forrester, David I., Pretzsch, Hans, Río, Miren del, Bielak, Kamil, Brzeziecki, Bogdan, Binder, Franz, Hilmers, Torben, Sitková, Zuzana, Tognetti, Roberto, Ameztegui, Aitor, European Commission, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Generalitat de Catalunya, Valor, Teresa [0000-0002-3986-256X], Coll, Lluís [0000-0002-8035-5949], Forrester, David I. [0000-0003-4546-3554], 0000-0002-4958-1868, #NODATA#, 0000-0001-5786-3075, 0000-0002-4982-8867, 0000-0001-6354-6105, 0000-0002-7771-6176, Valor, Teresa, Coll, Lluís, Forrester, David I., Pretzsch, Hans, Río, Miren del, Bielak, Kamil, Brzeziecki, Bogdan, Binder, Franz, Hilmers, Torben, Sitková, Zuzana, Tognetti, Roberto, and Ameztegui, Aitor

Abstract

Background: Understanding the role of species identity in interactions among individuals is crucial for assessing the productivity and stability of mixed forests over time. However, there is limited knowledge concerning the variation in competitive effect and response of different species along climatic gradients. In this study, we investigated the importance of climate, tree size, and competition on the growth of three tree species: spruce (Picea abies), fir (Abies alba), and beech (Fagus sylvatica), and examined their competitive response and effect along a climatic gradient. Methods: We selected 39 plots distributed across the European mountains with records of the position and growth of 5,759 individuals. For each target species, models relating tree growth to tree size, climate and competition were proposed. Competition was modelled using a neighbourhood competition index that considered the effects of inter- and intraspecific competition on target trees. Competitive responses and effects were related to climate. Likelihood methods and information theory were used to select the best model. Results: Our findings revealed that competition had a greater impact on target species growth than tree size or climate. Climate did influence the competitive effects of neighbouring species, but it did not affect the target species' response to competition. The strength of competitive effects varied along the gradient, contingent on the identity of the interacting species. When the target species exhibited an intermediate competitive effect relative to neighbouring species, both higher inter- than intraspecific competitive effects and competition reduction occurred along the gradient. Notably, species competitive effects were most pronounced when the target species’ growth was at its peak and weakest when growing conditions were far from their maximum. Conclusions: Climate modulates the effects of competition from neighbouring trees on the target tree and not the susceptibil

Published
2024

15. Allometric equations for integrating remote sensing imagery into forest monitoring programmes

Author

Jucker, Tommaso, Caspersen, John, Chave, Jérôme, Antin, Cécile, Barbier, Nicolas, Bongers, Frans, Dalponte, Michele, Ewijk, Karin Y, Forrester, David I, Haeni, Matthias, Higgins, Steven I, Holdaway, Robert J, Iida, Yoshiko, Lorimer, Craig, Marshall, Peter L, Momo, Stéphane, Moncrieff, Glenn R, Ploton, Pierre, Poorter, Lourens, Rahman, Kassim Abd, Schlund, Michael, Sonké, Bonaventure, Sterck, Frank J, Trugman, Anna T, Usoltsev, Vladimir A, Vanderwel, Mark C, Waldner, Peter, Wedeux, Beatrice MM, Wirth, Christian, Wöll, Hannsjörg, Woods, Murray, Xiang, Wenhua, Zimmermann, Niklaus E, and Coomes, David A

Subjects
Environmental Sciences, Life on Land, Biomass, Carbon, Carbon Cycle, Forests, Remote Sensing Technology, Trees, aboveground biomass, airborne laser scanning, carbon mapping, crown architecture, height-diameter allometry, stem diameter distributions, Biological Sciences, Ecology, Biological sciences, Earth sciences, Environmental sciences
Abstract

Remote sensing is revolutionizing the way we study forests, and recent technological advances mean we are now able - for the first time - to identify and measure the crown dimensions of individual trees from airborne imagery. Yet to make full use of these data for quantifying forest carbon stocks and dynamics, a new generation of allometric tools which have tree height and crown size at their centre are needed. Here, we compile a global database of 108753 trees for which stem diameter, height and crown diameter have all been measured, including 2395 trees harvested to measure aboveground biomass. Using this database, we develop general allometric models for estimating both the diameter and aboveground biomass of trees from attributes which can be remotely sensed - specifically height and crown diameter. We show that tree height and crown diameter jointly quantify the aboveground biomass of individual trees and find that a single equation predicts stem diameter from these two variables across the world's forests. These new allometric models provide an intuitive way of integrating remote sensing imagery into large-scale forest monitoring programmes and will be of key importance for parameterizing the next generation of dynamic vegetation models.

Published
2017

16. Effects of plant diversity on productivity strengthen over time due to trait-dependent shifts in species overyielding

Author

Ecology and Biodiversity, Sub Ecology and Biodiversity, Zheng, Liting, Barry, Kathryn E, Guerrero-Ramírez, Nathaly R, Craven, Dylan, Reich, Peter B, Verheyen, Kris, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Eisenhauer, Nico, Barsoum, Nadia, Bauhus, Jürgen, Bruelheide, Helge, Cavender-Bares, Jeannine, Dolezal, Jiri, Auge, Harald, Fagundes, Marina V, Ferlian, Olga, Fiedler, Sebastian, Forrester, David I, Ganade, Gislene, Gebauer, Tobias, Haase, Josephine, Hajek, Peter, Hector, Andy, Hérault, Bruno, Hölscher, Dirk, Hulvey, Kristin B, Irawan, Bambang, Jactel, Hervé, Koricheva, Julia, Kreft, Holger, Lanta, Vojtech, Leps, Jan, Mereu, Simone, Messier, Christian, Montagnini, Florencia, Mörsdorf, Martin, Müller, Sandra, Muys, Bart, Nock, Charles A, Paquette, Alain, Parker, William C, Parker, John D, Parrotta, John A, Paterno, Gustavo B, Perring, Michael P, Piotto, Daniel, Wayne Polley, H, Ponette, Quentin, Potvin, Catherine, Hautier, Yann, Ecology and Biodiversity, Sub Ecology and Biodiversity, Zheng, Liting, Barry, Kathryn E, Guerrero-Ramírez, Nathaly R, Craven, Dylan, Reich, Peter B, Verheyen, Kris, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Eisenhauer, Nico, Barsoum, Nadia, Bauhus, Jürgen, Bruelheide, Helge, Cavender-Bares, Jeannine, Dolezal, Jiri, Auge, Harald, Fagundes, Marina V, Ferlian, Olga, Fiedler, Sebastian, Forrester, David I, Ganade, Gislene, Gebauer, Tobias, Haase, Josephine, Hajek, Peter, Hector, Andy, Hérault, Bruno, Hölscher, Dirk, Hulvey, Kristin B, Irawan, Bambang, Jactel, Hervé, Koricheva, Julia, Kreft, Holger, Lanta, Vojtech, Leps, Jan, Mereu, Simone, Messier, Christian, Montagnini, Florencia, Mörsdorf, Martin, Müller, Sandra, Muys, Bart, Nock, Charles A, Paquette, Alain, Parker, William C, Parker, John D, Parrotta, John A, Paterno, Gustavo B, Perring, Michael P, Piotto, Daniel, Wayne Polley, H, Ponette, Quentin, Potvin, Catherine, and Hautier, Yann

Published
2024

19. European beech stem diameter grows better in mixed than in mono-specific stands at the edge of its distribution in mountain forests

Author

Pretzsch, Hans, Hilmers, Torben, Uhl, Enno, Bielak, Kamil, Bosela, Michal, del Rio, Miren, Dobor, Laura, Forrester, David I., Nagel, Thomas A., Pach, Maciej, Avdagić, Admir, Bellan, Michal, Binder, Franz, Bončina, Andrej, Bravo, Felipe, de-Dios-García, Javier, Dinca, Lucian, Drozdowski, Stanisław, Giammarchi, Francesco, Hoehn, Maria, Ibrahimspahić, Aida, Jaworski, Andrzej, Klopčič, Matija, Kurylyak, Viktor, Lévesque, Mathieu, Lombardi, Fabio, Matović, Bratislav, Ordóñez, Cristóbal, Petráš, Rudolf, Rubio-Cuadrado, Alvaro, Stojanovic, Dejan, Skrzyszewski, Jerzy, Stajić, Branko, Svoboda, Mirolav, Versace, Soraya, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, and Tognetti, Roberto

Published
2021
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20. Drought-related mortality modifies mixing effects on light absorption and growth in mono-specific and mixed stands of Fagus sylvatica, Alnus glutinosa, and Betula pendula.

Author

Plaga, Benjamin N E, Bauhus, Jürgen, Smith, Andrew R, Pereira, Mário G, and Forrester, David I

Subjects
ALNUS glutinosa, EUROPEAN beech, EUROPEAN white birch, LIGHT absorption, PHOTOSYNTHETICALLY active radiation (PAR), FOREST density
Abstract

Little is known about how drought-related mortality influences light absorption of surviving trees and consequent changes in tree species interactions. Here, we used the detailed tree-level light model (Maestra) in combination with measurements of tree dimensions, crown architectures, and stand structures to examine experimental mixing effects of Fagus sylvatica , Alnus glutinosa , and Betula pendula on light dynamics following a drought in Bangor, Wales. The experimental stands, planted in 2004, were composed of clusters with one to three species in different combinations. Droughts occurred in 2011 and 2014 during the growing seasons, and trees were measured in 2014 and 2015. Species mixing resulted, on average, in higher tree growth, absorption of photosynthetically active radiation (APAR), and light-use efficiency (LUE) compared with the mean of the monocultures. An exception was the monoculture of B. pendula , which was the most productive species and had higher growth, APAR, or LUE than some mixtures. Drought-related mortality reduced the stand basal area across all plots by an average of 8.3% and tree density by 11%. This moderate change in the structure did not result in significant increases in individual tree APAR, LUE, or growth. From a management perspective, mortality might need to reduce stand density more strongly than it did in this study before light absorption or LUE is altered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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25. CSA Implements 'Access Equals Delivery' Model For Prospectuses

Author

Forrester, David

Subjects
Venture capital companies -- Securities -- Laws, regulations and rules, Prospectuses -- Laws, regulations and rules, Government regulation, Company securities, Business, international
Abstract

On January 11, 2024, the Canadian Securities Administrators (CSA) published the final amendments to several national instruments and policies to adopt an 'access equals delivery' model (the AED Model), which [...]

Published
2024

34. Evidence of elevation-specific growth changes of spruce, fir, and beech in European mixed mountain forests during the last three centuries

Author

Pretzsch, Hans, Hilmers, Torben, Biber, Peter, Avdagic, Admir, Binder, Franz, Boncina, Andrej, Bosela, Michal, Dobor, Laura, Forrester, David I., Levesque, Mathieu, Ibrahimspahic, Aida, Nagel, Thomas A., del Rio, Miren, Sitkova, Zuzana, Schutze, Gerhard, Stajic, Branko, Stojanovic, Dejan, Uhl, Enno, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, and Tognetti, Roberto

Subjects
Ecosystems -- Growth, Global temperature changes, Forests and forestry -- Slovakia -- Germany -- Norway, Company growth, Earth sciences
Abstract

In Europe, mixed mountain forests, primarily comprised of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), silver fir (Abies alba Mill.), and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), cover about 10 x [10.sup.6] ha at elevations between ~600 and 1600 m a.s.l. These forests provide invaluable ecosystem services. However, the growth of these forests and the competition among their main species are expected to be strongly affected by climate warming. In this study, we analyzed the growth development of spruce, fir, and beech in moist mixed mountain forests in Europe over the last 300 years. Based on tree-ring analyses on long-term observational plots, we found for all three species (i) a nondecelerating, linear diameter growth trend spanning more than 300 years; (ii) increased growth levels and trends, the latter being particularly pronounced for fir and beech; and (iii) an elevation-dependent change of fir and beech growth. Whereas in the past, the growth was highest at lower elevations, today's growth is superior at higher elevations. This spatiotemporal pattern indicates significant changes in the growth and interspecific competition at the expense of spruce in mixed mountain forests. We discuss possible causes, consequences, and silvicultural implications of these distinct growth changes in mixed mountain forests. Key words: climate change, competition shift, dominance of beech, growth trends, relative loss of Norway spruce. En Europe, les forets mixtes de montagne, surtout composees d'epicea commun (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), de sapin blanc (Abies alba Mill.) et de hetre commun (Fagus sylvatica L.), couvrent 10 x [10.sup.6] ha a des altitudes de ~600 a 1600 m ASL. Ces forets fournissent de precieux services ecosystemiques. Cependant, on s'attend a ce que la croissance de ces forets et la competition entre leurs principales especes soient fortement perturbees par le rechauffement climatique. Dans cette etude, nous avons analyse l'evolution de la croissance de l'epicea, du sapin et du hetre dans les forets mixtes humides de montagne en Europe au cours des 300 dernieres annees. Sur la base des analyses des cernes annuels des arbres dans des parcelles d'observation a long terme, nous avons note chez les trois especes (i) une croissance lineaire en diametre qui ne ralentit pas s'etendant sur plus de 300 ans; (ii) une croissance plus elevee, particulierement chez le sapin et le hetre et (iii) un changement dans la croissance du sapin et du hetre relie a l'altitude. Alors que dans le passe la croissance etait plus forte a basse altitude, elle est maintenant plus forte a haute altitude. Cette configuration spatio-temporelle temoigne de changements dans la croissance et la competition interspecifique aux depens de l'epicea dans les forets mixtes de montagne. Nous discutons des causes possibles, des consequences et des implications sylvicoles de ces changements marques dans la croissance des forets mixtes de montagne. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles : changement climatique, changement dans la competition, dominance du hetre, tendances de la croissance, perte relative d'epicea commun., 1. Introduction Intemperate Europe, mixed mountain forests of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), silver fir (Abies alba Mill.), and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) connect the lowland beech forest [...]

Published
2020
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35. Competition-based mortality and tree losses. An essential component of net primary productivity

Author

European Commission, Pretzsch, Hans [0000-0002-4958-1868], del Rio, Miren [0000-0001-7496-3713], Bielak, Kamil [0000-0002-1327-4911], Forrester, David I. [0000-0003-4546-3554], Kohnle, U. [0000-0002-0824-7409], Ledermann, T. [0000-0001-5266-099X], Nagel, Ralf [0009-0001-2387-9033], Ningre, François [0000-0002-3855-4354], Nord-Larsen, Thomas [0000-0002-5341-6435], Szeligowski, Henryk [0000-0003-3244-0732], Biber, Peter [0000-0002-9700-8708], Pretzsch, Hans, Río, Miren del, Arcangeli, Catia, Bielak, Kamil, Dudzinska, Malgorzata, Forrester, David I., Kohnle, U., Ledermann, T., Matthews, Robert, Nagel, Ralf, Ningre, François, Nord-Larsen, Thomas, Szeligowski, Henryk, Biber, Peter, European Commission, Pretzsch, Hans [0000-0002-4958-1868], del Rio, Miren [0000-0001-7496-3713], Bielak, Kamil [0000-0002-1327-4911], Forrester, David I. [0000-0003-4546-3554], Kohnle, U. [0000-0002-0824-7409], Ledermann, T. [0000-0001-5266-099X], Nagel, Ralf [0009-0001-2387-9033], Ningre, François [0000-0002-3855-4354], Nord-Larsen, Thomas [0000-0002-5341-6435], Szeligowski, Henryk [0000-0003-3244-0732], Biber, Peter [0000-0002-9700-8708], Pretzsch, Hans, Río, Miren del, Arcangeli, Catia, Bielak, Kamil, Dudzinska, Malgorzata, Forrester, David I., Kohnle, U., Ledermann, T., Matthews, Robert, Nagel, Ralf, Ningre, François, Nord-Larsen, Thomas, Szeligowski, Henryk, and Biber, Peter

Abstract

Even-aged stands can regenerate with many thousand seedlings per hectare before the density declines to just a few hundred trees per hectare 100 years later; management practices can lead to even lower tree numbers due to quality selection and thinning. In other words, during the development of unmanaged stands, the majority of individuals die naturally due to competition. Despite the far-reaching consequences for structural and genetic diversity, dead wood and fuel wood accumulation, we have only limited quantitative knowledge about the continuous mortality of trees and the wood volume loss over longer timespans. For this study, we used a unique set of 476 unmanaged, monospecific experimental plots of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.), silver fir (Abies alba Mill.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), European larch (Larix decidua Mill.), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco)), European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), and oak (Quercus robur L. and Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) throughout Europe to analyze the competition-based mortality of trees and its dependency on age and site conditions. First, we show that the total stem volume production, standing stock, and mortality were continuously increasing until an age of 100–150 years. The accumulated competition-caused stem volume loss at that age amounted to 500–1000 m3 ha−1. Second, the net growth of the stands (share of the growth that is accumulated in the standing stock) strongly decreased with increasing age even when the gross growth was still high. The proportion of the net growth versus gross growth continuously decreased with increasing age regardless of site quality. Third, we show a degressive decrease of the annual relative tree number mortality rates from 0.05 to 0.20 in young down to 0.01–0.02 in mature stands. For some species, we found these rates to be site dependent with different directions of the site effect. The interplay of decreasing mortality rates and increasing average vol

Published
2023

36. Forest growth in Europe shows diverging large regional trends

Author

European Commission, German Research Foundation, Bavarian State Forests, Bavarian State Ministry for Nutrition, Agriculture and Forestry, Government of Poland, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Pretzsch, Hans [0000-0002-4958-1868], del Rio, Miren [0000-0001-7496-3713], Bielak, Kamil [0000-0002-1327-4911], Forrester, David I. [0000-0003-4546-3554], Kohnle, U. [0000-0002-0824-7409], Ningre, François [0000-0002-3855-4354], Nord-Larsen, Thomas [0000-0002-5341-6435], Biber, Peter [0000-0002-9700-8708], Pretzsch, Hans, Río, Miren del, Arcangeli, Catia, Bielak, Kamil, Dudzinska, Malgorzata, Forrester, David I., Klädtke, Joachim, Kohnle, U., Ledermann, T., Matthews, Robert, Nagel, J., Nagel, Ralf, Ningre, François, Nord-Larsen, Thomas, Biber, Peter, European Commission, German Research Foundation, Bavarian State Forests, Bavarian State Ministry for Nutrition, Agriculture and Forestry, Government of Poland, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Pretzsch, Hans [0000-0002-4958-1868], del Rio, Miren [0000-0001-7496-3713], Bielak, Kamil [0000-0002-1327-4911], Forrester, David I. [0000-0003-4546-3554], Kohnle, U. [0000-0002-0824-7409], Ningre, François [0000-0002-3855-4354], Nord-Larsen, Thomas [0000-0002-5341-6435], Biber, Peter [0000-0002-9700-8708], Pretzsch, Hans, Río, Miren del, Arcangeli, Catia, Bielak, Kamil, Dudzinska, Malgorzata, Forrester, David I., Klädtke, Joachim, Kohnle, U., Ledermann, T., Matthews, Robert, Nagel, J., Nagel, Ralf, Ningre, François, Nord-Larsen, Thomas, and Biber, Peter

Abstract

Forests cover about one-third of Europe's surface and their growth is essential for climate protection through carbon sequestration and many other economic, environmental, and sociocultural ecosystem services. However, reports on how climate change affects forest growth are contradictory, even for same regions. We used 415 unique long-term experiments including 642 plots across Europe covering seven tree species and surveys from 1878 to 2016, and showed that on average forest growth strongly accelerated since the earliest surveys. Based on a subset of 189 plots in Scots pine (the most widespread tree species in Europe) and high-resolution climate data, we identified clear large-regional differences; growth is strongly increasing in Northern Europe and decreasing in the Southwest. A less pronounced increase, which is probably not mainly driven by climate, prevails on large areas of Western, Central and Eastern Europe. The identified regional growth trends suggest adaptive management on regional level for achieving climate-smart forests.

Published
2023

37. Empirical and process-based models predict enhanced beech growth in European mountains under climate change scenarios: A multimodel approach

Author

Slovak Research and Development Agency, Slovenian Research Agency, Ministry of Civil Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Junta de Castilla y León, European Commission, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development (Serbia), Ministry of Education and Science (Bulgaria), Bosela, Michal [0000-0001-6706-8614], Rubio-Cuadrado, Álvaro [0000-0001-5299-6063], Marcis, Peter [0000-0001-5143-3509], Merganičová, Katarina [0000-0003-4380-7472], Forrester, David I. [0000-0003-4546-3554], Uhl, Enno [0000-0002-7847-923X], Avdagić, Admir [0000-0001-5866-6946], Bellan, Michal [0000-0001-9602-4629], Bielak, Kamil [0000-0002-1327-4911], Bravo, Felipe [0000-0001-7348-6695], Coll, Lluís [0000-0002-8035-5949], Cseke, Klára [0000-0002-1728-5167], Río, Miren del [0000-0001-7496-3713], Dinca, Lucian [0000-0003-0399-3688], Dobor, Laura [0000-0001-6712-9827], Drozdowski, Stanisław [0000-0002-1253-7281], Giammarchi, Francesco [0000-0003-3999-3583], Gömöryová, Erika [0000-0002-0374-1168], Ibrahimspahić, Aida [0000-0002-2682-6463], Kašanin-Grubin, Milica [0000-0002-7764-2509], Klopcic, Matija [0000-0003-2619-9073], Kurylyak, Viktor [0000-0002-8647-6514], Montes, Fernando [0000-0001-5859-8533], Pach, Maciej [0000-0002-9833-867X], Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo [0000-0003-0126-1651], Skrzyszewski, Jerzy [0000-0003-4330-5827], Stajić, Branko [0000-0001-8542-3173], Stojanovic, Dejan [0000-0003-2967-2049], Svoboda, Miroslav [0000-0003-4050-3422], Tonon, Giustino [0000-0002-4851-0662], Mitrovic, Suzana [0000-0003-1855-4418], Zlatanov, Tzvetan [0000-0003-4205-3429], Pretzsch, Hans [0000-0002-4958-1868], Tognetti, Roberto [0000-0002-7771-6176], Bosela, Michal, Rubio-Cuadrado, Álvaro, Marcis, Peter, Merganičová, Katarina, Fleischer, Peter, Forrester, David I., Uhl, Enno, Avdagić, Admir, Bellan, Michal, Bielak, Kamil, Bravo, Felipe, Coll, Lluís, Cseke, Klára, Río, Miren del, Dinca, Lucian, Dobor, Laura, Drozdowski, Stanisław, Giammarchi, Francesco, Gömöryová, Erika, Ibrahimspahić, Aida, Kašanin-Grubin, Milica, Klopcic, Matija, Kurylyak, Viktor, Montes, Fernando, Pach, Maciej, Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo, Skrzyszewski, Jerzy, Stajić, Branko, Stojanovic, Dejan, Svoboda, Miroslav, Tonon, Giustino, Versace, Soraya, Mitrovic, Suzana, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, Pretzsch, Hans, Tognetti, Roberto, Slovak Research and Development Agency, Slovenian Research Agency, Ministry of Civil Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Junta de Castilla y León, European Commission, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development (Serbia), Ministry of Education and Science (Bulgaria), Bosela, Michal [0000-0001-6706-8614], Rubio-Cuadrado, Álvaro [0000-0001-5299-6063], Marcis, Peter [0000-0001-5143-3509], Merganičová, Katarina [0000-0003-4380-7472], Forrester, David I. [0000-0003-4546-3554], Uhl, Enno [0000-0002-7847-923X], Avdagić, Admir [0000-0001-5866-6946], Bellan, Michal [0000-0001-9602-4629], Bielak, Kamil [0000-0002-1327-4911], Bravo, Felipe [0000-0001-7348-6695], Coll, Lluís [0000-0002-8035-5949], Cseke, Klára [0000-0002-1728-5167], Río, Miren del [0000-0001-7496-3713], Dinca, Lucian [0000-0003-0399-3688], Dobor, Laura [0000-0001-6712-9827], Drozdowski, Stanisław [0000-0002-1253-7281], Giammarchi, Francesco [0000-0003-3999-3583], Gömöryová, Erika [0000-0002-0374-1168], Ibrahimspahić, Aida [0000-0002-2682-6463], Kašanin-Grubin, Milica [0000-0002-7764-2509], Klopcic, Matija [0000-0003-2619-9073], Kurylyak, Viktor [0000-0002-8647-6514], Montes, Fernando [0000-0001-5859-8533], Pach, Maciej [0000-0002-9833-867X], Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo [0000-0003-0126-1651], Skrzyszewski, Jerzy [0000-0003-4330-5827], Stajić, Branko [0000-0001-8542-3173], Stojanovic, Dejan [0000-0003-2967-2049], Svoboda, Miroslav [0000-0003-4050-3422], Tonon, Giustino [0000-0002-4851-0662], Mitrovic, Suzana [0000-0003-1855-4418], Zlatanov, Tzvetan [0000-0003-4205-3429], Pretzsch, Hans [0000-0002-4958-1868], Tognetti, Roberto [0000-0002-7771-6176], Bosela, Michal, Rubio-Cuadrado, Álvaro, Marcis, Peter, Merganičová, Katarina, Fleischer, Peter, Forrester, David I., Uhl, Enno, Avdagić, Admir, Bellan, Michal, Bielak, Kamil, Bravo, Felipe, Coll, Lluís, Cseke, Klára, Río, Miren del, Dinca, Lucian, Dobor, Laura, Drozdowski, Stanisław, Giammarchi, Francesco, Gömöryová, Erika, Ibrahimspahić, Aida, Kašanin-Grubin, Milica, Klopcic, Matija, Kurylyak, Viktor, Montes, Fernando, Pach, Maciej, Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo, Skrzyszewski, Jerzy, Stajić, Branko, Stojanovic, Dejan, Svoboda, Miroslav, Tonon, Giustino, Versace, Soraya, Mitrovic, Suzana, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, Pretzsch, Hans, and Tognetti, Roberto

Abstract

Process-based models and empirical modelling techniques are frequently used to (i) explore the sensitivity of tree growth to environmental variables, and (ii) predict the future growth of trees and forest stands under climate change scenarios. However, modelling approaches substantially influence predictions of the sensitivity of trees to environmental factors. Here, we used tree-ring width (TRW) data from 1630 beech trees from a network of 70 plots established across European mountains to build empirical predictive growth models using various modelling approaches. In addition, we used 3-PG and Biome-BGCMuSo process-based models to compare growth predictions with derived empirical models. Results revealed similar prediction errors (RMSE) across models ranging between 3.71 and 7.54 cm2 of basal area increment (BAI). The models explained most of the variability in BAI ranging from 54 % to 87 %. Selected explanatory variables (despite being statistically highly significant) and the pattern of the growth sensitivity differed between models substantially. We identified only five factors with the same effect and the same sensitivity pattern in all empirical models: tree DBH, competition index, elevation, Gini index of DBH, and soil silt content. However, the sensitivity to most of the climate variables was low and inconsistent among the empirical models. Both empirical and process-based models suggest that beech in European mountains will, on average, likely experience better growth conditions under both 4.5 and 8.5 RCP scenarios. The process-based models indicated that beech may grow better across European mountains by 1.05 to 1.4 times in warmer conditions. The empirical models identified several drivers of tree growth that are not included in the current process-based models (e.g., different nutrients) but may have a substantial effect on final results, particularly if they are limiting factors. Hence, future development of process-based models may build upon our findi

Published
2023

43. Effects of crown architecture and stand structure on light absorption in mixed and monospecific Fagus sylvatica and Pinus sylvestris forests along a productivity and climate gradient through Europe

Author

Forrester, David Ian, Ammer, Christian, Annighöfer, Peter J., Barbeito, Ignacio, Bielak, Kamil, Bravo-Oviedo, Andrés, Coll, Lluis, del Río, Miren, Drössler, Lars, Heym, Michael, Hurt, Václav, Löf, Magnus, den Ouden, Jan, Pach, Maciej, Pereira, Mário Gonzalez, Plaga, Benjamin N. E., Ponette, Quentin, Skrzyszewski, Jerzy, Sterba, Hubert, Svoboda, Miroslav, Zlatanov, Tzvetan M., and Pretzsch, Hans

Published
2018

45. Maintenance of long-term experiments for unique insights into forest growth dynamics and trends: review and perspectives

Author

Pretzsch, Hans, del Río, Miren, Biber, Peter, Arcangeli, Catia, Bielak, Kamil, Brang, Peter, Dudzinska, Malgorzata, Forrester, David Ian, Klädtke, Joachim, Kohnle, Ulrich, Ledermann, Thomas, Matthews, Robert, Nagel, Jürgen, Nagel, Ralf, Nilsson, Urban, Ningre, François, Nord-Larsen, Thomas, Wernsdörfer, Holger, and Sycheva, Ekaterina

Published
2019
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46. Species interactions increase the temporal stability of community productivity in Pinus sylvestris—Fagus sylvatica mixtures across Europe

Author

del Río, Miren, Pretzsch, Hans, Ruíz-Peinado, Ricardo, Ampoorter, Evy, Annighöfer, Peter, Barbeito, Ignacio, Bielak, Kamil, Brazaitis, Gediminas, Coll, Lluís, Drössler, Lars, Fabrika, Marek, Forrester, David I., Heym, Michael, Hurt, Václav, Kurylyak, Viktor, Löf, Magnus, Lombardi, Fabio, Madrickiene, Ekaterina, Matović, Bratislav, Mohren, Frits, Motta, Renzo, den Ouden, Jan, Pach, Maciej, Ponette, Quentin, Schütze, Gerhard, Skrzyszewski, Jerzy, Sramek, Vit, Sterba, Hubert, Stojanović, Dejan, Svoboda, Miroslav, Zlatanov, Tzvetan M., and Bravo-Oviedo, Andrés

Published
2017

50. Temperature effect on size distributions in spruce-fir-beech mixed stands across Europe

Author

del Rio, Miren [0000-0001-7496-3713], Forrester, David I. [0000-0003-4546-3554], Condés, Sonia, Río, Miren del, Forrester, David I., Avdagić, Admir, Bielak, Kamil, Bončina, Andrej, Bosela, Michal, Hilmers, Torben, Ibrahimspahić, Aida, Drozdowski, Stanisław, Jaworski, Andrzej, Nagel, Thomas A., Sitkova, Zuzana, Skrzyszewski, Jerzy, Tognetti, Roberto, Tonon, Giustino, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, Pretzsch, Hans, del Rio, Miren [0000-0001-7496-3713], Forrester, David I. [0000-0003-4546-3554], Condés, Sonia, Río, Miren del, Forrester, David I., Avdagić, Admir, Bielak, Kamil, Bončina, Andrej, Bosela, Michal, Hilmers, Torben, Ibrahimspahić, Aida, Drozdowski, Stanisław, Jaworski, Andrzej, Nagel, Thomas A., Sitkova, Zuzana, Skrzyszewski, Jerzy, Tognetti, Roberto, Tonon, Giustino, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, and Pretzsch, Hans

Abstract

Forest composed of Picea abies L., Abies alba Mill. and Fagus sylvatica L. cover a large area in the European mountain regions and have a high ecological and socio-economic importance as they supply many ecosystems services. Because of climate change, these forests are exposed to warming, and this effect increases with elevation, which may impact their delivery of goods and services. Previous studies did not find significant changes in the overall productivity of these species over the last 30 years, but they observed changes in species competitiveness at the species and tree levels. In this study, we aimed to link previous results on tree, species and stand level growth in spruce-fir-beech mixed mountain forests by analysing species size distribution dynamics under different climate conditions and their effect on stand growth. We developed a matrix model based on data from 76 long-term experimental plots distributed throughout Europe. We used the change in stand basal area to explore whether temperature modifies species size dominances and proportions, whether the temperature effects on changes in species basal area depend on species size dominance, and whether the effect of species size dominance on changes in the stand basal area varies with temperature. Our results showed that annual mean temperature is an important climatic driver of species dynamics in spruce-fir-beech mixed mountain forests, such that stand basal area growth was favored by higher temperatures, particularly due to positive responses of silver fir which were greater than negative effects of temperature on European beech. The high temperatures also favored the size-dominance of silver fir, while European beech tended to have smaller diameters, independent of the temperature. We also found that the identity of the size-dominant species also influenced changes in stand basal area, with the highest or the lowest changes when Norway spruce and European beech were the size-dominant species, respectiv

Published
2022

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