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2. No rest for the laurels: symbiotic invaders cause unprecedented damage to southern USA forests

Author

Hughes, M, Riggins, J, Koch, F H, Cognato, A I, Anderson, Claire, Formby, J P, Dreaden, T J, Ploetz, R C, Smith, J A, Hughes, M, Riggins, J, Koch, F H, Cognato, A I, Anderson, Claire, Formby, J P, Dreaden, T J, Ploetz, R C, and Smith, J A

Abstract

Laurel wilt is an extraordinarily destructive exotic tree disease in the southeastern United States that involves new-encounter hosts in the Lauraceae, an introduced vector (Xyleborus glabratus) and pathogen symbiont (Raffaelea lauricola). USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis data were used to estimate that over 300 million trees of redbay (Persea borbonia sensu lato) have succumbed to the disease since the early 2000s (ca 1/3 of the pre-invasion population). In addition, numerous native shrub and tree species in the family are susceptible and threatened in the Western Hemisphere. Genetic markers were used to test the hypothesis that the vector and pathogen entered North America as a single introduction. With a portion of the cytochrome oxidase I gene, a single X. glabratus haplotype was detected in the USA. Similarly, Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms indicated that 95% (54 of 57) of the isolates of R. lauricola that were examined were of a single clonal genotype; only minor variation was detected in three polymorphic isolates. Similar levels of disease developed after swamp bay (P. palustris) was inoculated with each of the four genotypes of R. lauricola. It is proposed that a single founding event is responsible for the laurel wilt epidemic in the United States.

Published
2017

7. Demographic change and income inequality in the United States, 1976-1989.

Author

Bishop JA, Formby JP, and Smith WJ

Subjects
Americas, Culture, Demography, Developed Countries, North America, Population, Population Characteristics, Social Class, United States, Age Factors, Economics, Educational Status, Ethnicity, Family Characteristics, Income, Methods, Socioeconomic Factors
Abstract

"The U.S. economy experienced significant increases in the degree of income inequality over the past two decades.... In this paper we consider the effects of race, age, female headship, and college education on the distribution of family income by developing a multivariate methodology that allows us to gauge the influence of one factor while holding other determinants of family incomes constant. Over the period studied we find that race had only a minor effect on the overall size distribution of income. Age had a somewhat greater effect than race. In contrast, the impact of female heads and college education were quite substantial. The multivariate estimates reveal that the effects of female heads and college education both increase the Gini to a much greater extent than the progressivity of federal income taxes decreases it. The effects of college education and female headed families on inequality have grown larger across time, while the influence of age has declined. We find that the effects of race on inequality have changed little over the 1976 to 1989 period.", (excerpt)

Published
1997

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