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peer-reviewed, Pancreatic cancer is the eighth most common cancer in the UK and the sixth most common cause of cancer death; in 1998, 3198 men and 3364 women died from this condition. In an average health authority with a population of 500,000, there would be approximately 60 new cases of pancreatic cancer per year, based on the age and sex distribution of England and Wales. Over 75% of these patients are over 65 years of age., PUBLISHED, peer-reviewed

The Western European Hedgehog (Erinaceous europaeus) is a nocturnal animal that is in decline in much of Europe, but the monitoring of this species is subjective, prone to error, and an inadequate basis for estimating population trends. Here, we report the use of Crenosoma striatum, a parasitic nematode specific to hedgehogs as definitive hosts, to detect hedgehog presence in the natural environment. This is achieved through collecting and sampling the parasites within their intermediate hosts, gastropoda, a group much simpler to locate and sample in both urban and rural habitats. C. striatum and Crenosoma vulpis were collected post-mortem from the lungs of hedgehogs and foxes, respectively. Slugs were collected in two sessions, during spring and autumn, from Skomer Island (n = 21), which is known to be free of hedgehogs (and foxes); and Pennard, Swansea (n = 42), known to have a healthy hedgehog population. The second internal transcribed spacer of parasite ribosomal DNA was used to develop a highly specific, novel, PCR based multiplex assay. Crenosoma striatum was found only at the site known to be inhabited by hedgehogs, at an average prevalence in gastropods of 10% in spring and autumn. The molecular test was highly specific: One mollusc was positive for both C. striatum and C. vulpis, and differentiation between the two nematode species was clear. This study demonstrates proof of principle for using detection of specific parasite DNA in easily sampled intermediate hosts to confirm the presence of an elusive nocturnal definitive host species. The approach has great potential as an adaptable, objective tool to supplement and support existing ecological survey methods.

It is clear that healthcare policies internationally recognise the need to ensure graduates entering the health and social care professions apply and practise knowledge and skills beyond theoretical knowledge learned at university, and implement newly acquired compe-tencies (Higgs, Andresen & Fish, 2004). The development of these competencies differs in accordance with local cultural and environmental demands as this learning is context-based in the community of practice (Dahlgren, Richardson & Sjostrom, 2004). Peers, role models,mentors and supervisors can significantly influence the quality of learning (Goldenberg &Iwasiw, 1993; Ajjawi & Higgs, 2008; Johnsson & Hager, 2008).It has been said that successful adaptation relies on social learning and active participation in reflection, and feedback from reliable others to judge actions and decisions (Regehr & Eva,2007). Self-directed learning, critical thinking, reflective practice, adaptability and flexibility are highlighted as skills for lifelong learning (Barr, 2002; Smith & Pilling, 2007), and development of these skills in the practice environment during this critical transition time facilitates graduates’ successful progression to the workforce (Smith & Pilling, 2007; Johnsson & Hager, 2008).Research into best practice in interprofessional education (IPE) and its sustainability is ongoing (Reeves, Zwarenstein, Goldman, Barr, Freeth, Hammick & Koppel, 2009; Forman,Jones & Thistlethwaite, 2016). As nurses are described as healthcare leaders who“spearheadorganisational change and systems improvements and teachers and mentors who prepare the next generation of direct care providers, educators, and nurse scientists”(Institute of Medicine,2009, p. 5), it is vital that nurses both participate in and lead interprofessional collaboration in all aspects of their roles.This chapter will therefore outline the differing approaches being taken internationally.Four case studies from different countries will be described, whic