Search

Objectives: Population analysis unit is the spatiotemporal object and basic part of geographical analysis in different urban scenes. Aiming at the problem that the current unit expression model pays less attention to the description of specific population analysis features and lacks the correlation method and reference standard of scene and unit feature expression. We propose a population analysis unit expression model considering urban scene change. Methods: The model first considers the unit's demand for feature description of population spatiotemporal analysis in two-dimensional space, as well as the dissimilarity of components such as objects and environments of urban scenes, forming a population analysis unit expression model that integrates scene components. Then, based on the content of model expression, the relationship between urban scene and population analysis unit is analyzed. Referring to the geographic scene modeling method, the correlation characteristics and reference standards between scene and population analysis unit are constructed. Results: In order to verify the rationality of the method, we take the epidemic analysis scenario in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China as a case to realize the population analysis unit modeling and attribute feature dynamic update considering the scenario change. The results show that the proposed model can correlate urban scene information with population analysis unit characteristics according to standards and help to improve unit description ability. Conclusions: By associating the information and characteristics of urban scene elements, the proposed model can enhance the expression ability of units and map the information and characteristics of urban scene in a more standard and reasonable way. It can also provide a reference for the geometric construction of the unit and the interpretation of the analysis results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an approach to the design of complex software systems based on special linguistic constructions in the form of Backus-Nour forms and syntactic diagrams. The goal is to create special mathematical and software that would formally describe the components of the designed software system for the study of a complex object, as well as visually form the structure and algorithmic component of the system. As a result, a formal language for describing discrete-continuous objects has been developed, which ensures the unification of the display of static and dynamic objects by introducing a generalized "element" construction; special mathematical software has been created for the formal description of complex systems, allowing to obtain syntactic constructions of minimal complexity due to the orthogonality of linguistic means; algorithms for processing language constructions have been created that take into account the parallelism of the processes of the studied objects and ensure the automated creation of a class system of special software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The closed architecture of modern control systems impedes them from further development in the environment of the industrial IoT. The open control system is proposed to tackle this issue. Numerous open control prototypes have been proposed, but they do not reach high openness. According to the definition and criteria of open control systems, this paper suggests that the independence between control tasks and the independence between control tasks and infrastructures are the keys to the open control system under the industrial IoT. Through the control domain's formal description and control task virtualization to deal with the keys, this paper proposes a new method to implement open control systems under the industrial IoT. Specifically, given the hybrid characteristic of the control domain, a hierarchical semantic formal based on an extended finite state machine and a dependency network model with the time property is designed to describe the control domain. Considering the infrastructure's heterogeneity in the industrial IoT, a hybrid virtualization approach based on containers and WebAssembly is designed to virtualize control tasks. The proposed open control system implementation method is illustrated by constructing an open computer numerical control demonstration and compared to current open control prototypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The closed architecture of modern control systems impedes them from further development in the environment of the industrial IoT. The open control system is proposed to tackle this issue. Numerous open control prototypes have been proposed, but they do not reach high openness. According to the definition and criteria of open control systems, this paper suggests that the independence between control tasks and the independence between control tasks and infrastructures are the keys to the open control system under the industrial IoT. Through the control domain’s formal description and control task virtualization to deal with the keys, this paper proposes a new method to implement open control systems under the industrial IoT. Specifically, given the hybrid characteristic of the control domain, a hierarchical semantic formal based on an extended finite state machine and a dependency network model with the time property is designed to describe the control domain. Considering the infrastructure’s heterogeneity in the industrial IoT, a hybrid virtualization approach based on containers and WebAssembly is designed to virtualize control tasks. The proposed open control system implementation method is illustrated by constructing an open computer numerical control demonstration and compared to current open control prototypes.

This paper firstly researches the optimization of the teaching process and teaching language according to the English teaching objectives and teaching contents and summarizes the optimization strategy of university English teachers’ language so as to improve the efficiency of English teaching. Secondly, on the basis of applying the optimization theory, the formal description of English utterances and word splitting is carried out, followed by obtaining the features of English utterances through the selection function and further constructing the English utterance alignment model by using the particle swarm optimization algorithm. Then, we study the application of English utterance alignment in English teaching, which is mainly embodied in the construction of the English teaching corpus, word frequency list, and core word lexicon, followed by the analysis of the practical application in English teaching. The results show that in terms of algorithm performance, the correct rate of utterance alignment based on the particle swarm optimization algorithm is 0.82, and the correct rate of utterance alignment is also improved to a great extent. On speaking teaching, self-efficacy showed a significant correlation with cognitive strategies, metacognitive strategies, affective strategies, communicative strategies, compensatory strategies, and memory strategies, and their corresponding coefficient values were 0.652, 0.716, 0.741, 0.732, 0.718, and 0.748, which indicated that the better self-efficacy was, the higher the scores of speaking memory strategies were.

This paper describes a process for combining patterns and features, to guide a search process and make predictions. It is based on the functionality that a human brain might have, which is a highly distributed network of simple neuronal components that can apply some level of matching and cross-referencing over retrieved patterns. The process uses memory in a dynamic way and it is directed through the pattern matching. The paper firstly describes the mechanisms for neuronal search, memory and prediction. The paper then presents a formal language (Cognitive Process Language) for defining cognitive processes, that is, pattern-based sequences and transitions. The language can define an outer framework for concept sets that are linked to perform the act. The language also has a mathematical basis, allowing for the rule construction to be consistent. The CPL is novel in some ways. Firstly, it uses 3 entities for each statement, where the object source is also required. This roots the act and allows for cross-referencing that can create a behaviour script automatically. It also allows natural cycles to be derived from the script that can define the brain-like processes. Now, both static memory and dynamic process hierarchies can be built as tree structures. A theory about linking can suggest that nodes in different regions link together when generally they represent the same thing.

Role-based Access Control (RBAC) session control is used in the authorization vetting of controlled objects within the system to check if a user intended action is permitted by the associated roles that he/she possesses. The session control is also used to enforce Separation of Duty (SoD) via the Dynamic Mutually Exclusive Roles (DMER), limiting the roles that can be associated with a particular user during a session due to its conflicted permission nature. The RBAC requirements that dictate session controls functions preventing conflicted roles to be assigned to users can be poorly implemented because of possible interpretation of the RBAC standard. This loosened interpretation is here discussed by assessing RBAC function textual description and objectives and by formally stating the different interpretations using Z notation and Colored Petri Nets (CPN) to effectively demonstrate the resulting functionality and its reflexes on system use. Three different aspects of security properties are discussed comparing the interpretations and impacts on the RBAC functionality: a) the implications of user's authorization characterization on system's session, b) the actual DMER conflict detection capability, and c) possible collusion scenarios considering RBAC administrator capabilities. Two different interpretations of the RBAC session-control function are formally defined in full, to leverage investigation of its inner functionalities and expected behaviour on the system. The assessment of the functionalities is presented in order to highlight ambiguities that could lead to less secure implementations so as to provide for a more robust RBAC description that can cope with more rigid and predictable behaviour on Health Information Systems (HIS). Outcomes from poorly session-control implementation on a system include the inability to fulfil healthcare corporate security policy or even allowing illegal actions to take place due to the absence of expected restrictions and constraints imposed on user's interactions.

This paper describes a process for combining patterns and features, to guide a search process and make predictions. It is based on the functionality that a human brain might have, which is a highly distributed network of simple neuronal components that can apply some level of matching and cross-referencing over retrieved patterns. The process uses memory in a dynamic way and it is directed through the pattern matching. The paper firstly describes the mechanisms for neuronal search, memory and prediction. The paper then presents a formal language (Cognitive Process Language) for defining cognitive processes, that is, pattern-based sequences and transitions. The language can define an outer framework for concept sets that are linked to perform the act. The language also has a mathematical basis, allowing for the rule construction to be consistent. The CPL is novel in some ways. Firstly, it uses 3 entities for each statement, where the object source is also required. This roots the act and allows for cross-referencing that can create a behaviour script automatically. It also allows natural cycles to be derived from the script that can define the brain-like processes. Now, both static memory and dynamic process hierarchies can be built as tree structures. A theory about linking can suggest that nodes in different regions link together when generally they represent the same thing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Software verification can ensure the software quality by inspecting the properties of program. A key issue for software verification is to check whether the software can meet user requirements especially when the requirements change frequently. To tackle this problem, we propose an approach to verify the program by inspecting the internal relations with the user requirements. In the approach, the constraints in the requirements are represented by a concern-based model defined in our previous work by Liu et al. and the internal relations of program are extracted based on static analysis methods; then, a framework of verification system is defined to inspect whether the program can satisfy the constraints for discovering the errors with their locations. The main contribution of this paper includes: 1) kinds of internal relations of program are defined and their calculation methods are given to transform the source codes to a formalized model, which is taken as the object to be verified and 2) formal description of verification system framework is given to support the automation of verification process. Since the verification tasks can be set freely based on the requirements in the system, the proposed approach can help developers to cope with the change of requirements better.

Abstract This paper describes the overlay protocol Chord using the formalism of Abstract State Machines. The formalization concerns Chord actions that maintain ring topology and manipulate distributed keys. We define a minimal set of deterministic constraints and prove that they guarantee the stability of the topological structure of the network and the consistency of data handling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

urpose. The publication presents the importance and influence of railway traffic control system documentation on its safety. Furthermore, it presents certain selected issues of formal and semi-formal descriptions. Methodology. Development of correct and complete descriptions of the informal, semi-formal and formal becomes important in terms of safety requirements. Background documentation and forms of command-control and signaling system description are the base documents of safety proof. It seems necessary to implement the analysis of the design, manufacture process and operation of safety-related equipment into the work of the Polish railways. Firstly it is applied to traffic control devices. Findings. This publication also shows the importance of risk analysis, which is essential when deciding on the implementation of signaling systems to operate, which are required both in the regulations and making rational decisions about the implementation of the systems. Originality. The presented a problem changes the approach to certain data and makes us aware of their validity. Practical value. The presented problems can help understand certain legal requirements.

s: With the widespread application of mobile Internet, cloud computing and big data technologies, people enjoy the convenience of electronic business, information retrieval, social network and other services, whereas the threats of privacy leaks are ever growing due to the use of big data analytics. The differences of privacy protection strategy and ability in different systems bring more difficulties in privacy extended management. In addition, the requirements of pro-tecting the same information at different time need the combination of various privacy protection schemes. However, nearly all the current privacy protection schemes are ing at a single case, which lacks systematic and quantized pri-vacy characterization. Furthermore, there is no systematic computing model describing the relationship between the pro-tection level, profit and loss of privacy leaks and the complexity of integrated privacy protection methods. Based on the analysis on the research status of privacy protection, the concept and connotation of privacy computing is proposed and defined. Then the privacy computing research category will be discussed from the whole life cycle of information privacy protection. Finally, some research directions of privacy computing are given, including privacy computing model, context adaptive cryptology for privacy protection, big data a lytics resisted privacy control and protection, privacy protection based on information hiding and system architecture for high concurrent privacy preserving services.

Rules of a formal description of Bulgarian inflected lexemes as a component of normative grammar A formal description of the set of grammatical means in Bulgarian as a component of its normative grammar should form the basis for adequate distinction and diagnosis of normative problems. It means that linguistic facts should be described precisely and exhaustively and without any presupposed normative interpretation. Accomplishment of such an objective may befeasible if the description is treated as the task of building the universal classification of forms in the Bulgarian language understood as the classification in which each of the classifying features finds its fulfilment through one of its values in each of the objects classified. The study is an attempt to determine the rules of building the classification of Bulgarian lexical items relevant to their formal morphological description as a transition from dichotomous to universal classification. Zasady formalnego opisu bułgarskich leksemów odmiennych jako komponentu gramatyki normatywnej Formalny opis inwentarza środków gramatycznych języka bułgarskiego jako komponent jego gramatyki normatywnej powinien stanowić podstawę do adekwatnego wyodrębnienia i zdiagnozowania problemów normatywnych. Oznacza to, że fakty językowe powinny być opisane ściśle i wyczerpująco bez jakiejkolwiek z góry założonej interpretacji normatywnej. Osiągnięcie tego celu wydaje się możliwe, jeśli do opisu podejść jak do zadania zbudowania uniwersalnej klasyfikacji form języka bułgarskiego rozumianej jako klasyfikacji, w której każda z cech klasyfikacyjnych realizuje się poprzez którąś ze swoich wartości w każdym klasyfikowanym obiekcie. Praca ta stanowi próbę ustalenia zasad budowania klasyfikacji jednostek leksykalnych języka bułgarskiego relewantnej dla ich formalnego opisu morfologicznego jako przejścia od klasyfikacji dychotomicznej do uniwersalnej.

Some types of nouns in Bulgarian in view of their formal description This article presents a part of the formal description of nouns in Bulgarian made for the purposes of the Normative grammar of modern Bulgarian. It reviews the descriptive approach that has been adopted and some issues that can be solved through its implementation. In particular, cases of variation of forms within the paradigm of the nouns as well as types of nouns with “defective” paradigm are discussed. Niektóre typy rzeczowników w języku bułgarskim ze względu na ich opis formalny W artykule przedstawiono część formalnego opisu rzeczowników w języku bułgarskim. Opis został sporządzony na potrzeby Gramatyki normatywnej współczesnego języka bułgarskiego. Zaprezentowano przyjęte kryteria opisu oraz ich zastosowanie na wybranych przykładach. W szczególności omówiono przypadki wariancji form wewnątrz paradygmatu rzeczownikowego i przeanalizowano typy rzeczowników o „wadliwym” paradygmacie.

The development of a CAD system by an object-oriented approach is considered. The configuration of the integrated environment is described. The organization of a uniform information space is discussed, and the organization of interactions between the CAD components is outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A formal description of the set of grammatical means in Bulgarian as a component of its normative grammar should form the basis for adequate distinction and diagnosis of normative problems. It means that linguistic facts should be described precisely and exhaustively and without any presupposed normative interpretation. Accomplishment of such an objective may be feasible if the description is treated as the task of building the universal classification of forms in the Bulgarian language understood as the classification in which each of the classifying features finds its fulfilment through one of its values in each of the objects classified. The study is an attempt to determine the rules of building the classification of Bulgarian lexical items relevant to their formal morphological description as a transition from dichotomous to universal classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a part of the formal description of nouns in Bulgarian made for the purposes of the Normative grammar of modern Bulgarian. It reviews the descriptive approach that has been adopted and some issues that can be solved through its implementation. In particular, cases of variation of forms within the paradigm of the nouns as well as types of nouns with "defective" paradigm are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]