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The book offers an analysis of the contradictions between theory and practice in the trading system. It contextualises the colonial legal structure and its impact on the peripheral countries and their participation and gain in the multilateral trading system.The book's core argument effectively situates Economic Partnership Agreements in the ‘systemic'asymmetry, which characterises the relationship between developed and developing countries in global trade. It applies the idea of asymmetry to the relationship between the core countries—the EU/USA and the peripheral countries (ACP)—in the GATT, multilaterally and in the EU-ACP trade relationship, bilaterally. The book identifies that core provisions in the WTO regime such as the special and differential treatment as well as GATT Article XXIV have not lived up to expectations. Underscoring the asymmetrical participation and dominant role of former colonial powers, the book demonstrates how, although trade is generally considered a catalyst for economic growth, developed countries have safeguarded their domestic markets while exerting pressure on developing countries to liberalise and compete. The European Union has taken measures to address the development concerns of African, Caribbean, and Pacific countries through the Lomé Conventions and Cotonou Agreement; however, these relationships still retain and reinforce colonial paternalism, evidenced by recent trade agreements. An alternative possibility—multipolarity—holds promise for African countries, especially intra-African trade and critical engagement with China.The book is an invaluable resource for scholars, postgraduate students, government officials, and policymakers, as it offers a comprehensive understanding of the complexities of trade negotiations and agreements.

Trade agreements have become politicized in part because of public concerns that trade rules constrain regulatory decisions. How much international obligations constrain state behaviour, however, is contested in the International Relations literature. This book seeks to explain whether, why, and how jurisdictions comply with inconvenient international obligations. It does so through detailed process tracing of European Union (EU) policies found incompatible with World Trade Organization (WTO) rules: its ban on hormone-treated beef, its banana trade regime, its moratorium on the approval of genetically modified crops, its sugar export subsidies, and its anti-dumping duties on bed linen from India. It uses the adverse rulings as the'treatment'in a'natural experiment', contrasting the policy-relevant politics before and after each ruling. The case studies are supplemented by a qualitative comparative analysis of all EU policies found to contravene WTO rules that had to be changed by the end of 2019. The book contributes to debates on the impact of international institutions, on the effectiveness of the WTO, and on the nature of the EU as an international actor. It argues that the preferences of policy makers (the'supply'of policy change) matter more than demands from societal actors in determining whether compliance occurs. It also argues that while policy change in response to adverse WTO rulings is the norm (good news for trade), WTO members do resist obligations that would compromise cherished policy objectives (good news for legitimacy). This volume contends that the EU's compliance performance is like that of most WTO members; it is not a unique international actor.

This book provides a novel approach to the allocation of international responsibility in a multilayered structure like the European Union. Introducing a new concept of functional international responsibility, this study finds that in international economic law the focus of international dispute settlement bodies is not on the responsible party, but on a party best placed to bear responsibility. The book offers a comprehensive analysis of international rules of responsibility and international dispute settlement practice, primarily that of the World Trade Organization and investment arbitration. The study offers a practically applicable approach to questions of international responsibility which will assist international adjudicators, EU and Member States'officials and third country government agents who negotiate economic agreements and are involved in international economic disputes. The book is also relevant to those interested in the governance and accountability questions under the new EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement.

This is the second volume in the series The Melbourne Studies in Comparative & International Law. It contains the revised and updated versions of papers presented at the conference Trade & Cooperation with the European Union in the New Millennium, held at The University of Melbourne from 14-15 December 2000. The collection, by leading international scholars and expert practitioners, explores the current and future challenges which the European Union presents to Australia and Australasia, and addresses broader issues of globalisation of markets and harmonisation of international trade law.

Fragestellungen des europäischen und internationalen Wirtschafts- und Handelsrechts sind zuletzt verstärkt in den Fokus des medialen Interesses gerückt und waren Gegenstand einer intensiven zivilgesellschaftlichen Befassung. Der Autor greift diese Diskussion auf und behandelt zentral die Frage, inwieweit Bestimmungen des CETA-Abkommens mit identitätsprägenden Bestimmungen des Grundgesetzes kollidieren und ob bzw. wie diese Fragestellung vom BVerfG überprüft werden kann. Ziel der Publikation ist es, eine verfassungsrechtliche Prognose zum Fortgang des recht neuen Mechanismus der Identitätskontrolle zu geben und auch insgesamt eine diesbezügliche Bewertung und kritische Analyse vorzunehmen. Hierbei legt der Autor besonderes Augenmerk auf die europa- und völkerrechtlichen Implikationen eines solchen Kontrollmechanismus des BVerfG.

The sixth edition of this definitive work, last revised in 2011, gives detailed attention to all legislative, regulatory and judicial developments that have arisen under European Union (EU) and World Trade Organization (WTO) law on trade defence instruments up to February 2019, including the amended 2018 EU anti-dumping regulation. As trade law practitioners and scholars have come to expect from the trade law team of the Brussels law firm Van Bael & Bellis, the book continues to provide comprehensive, up-to-date analysis and critical commentary on EU instruments dealing with anti-dumping, countervailing, safeguard and trade barrier measures. The emphasis throughout is on the practical application of the rules. The book covers every issue likely to arise in any trade defence matter, including all of the following and more: determining the dumping and injury margins; rules for the determination of permissible adjustments; clarification of the terms ‘significant distortions'and ‘distortions on raw materials'; determining the subsidy margin; determining the causal link between dumping or subsidy and injury; determining if ‘Union interest'calls for intervention; examining the differences between anti-dumping and anti-subsidy legislation; procedural rules applicable to complaints, initiation of proceedings, investigations, protective measures, reviews and refunds; conditions for accepting an undertaking; measures that may be taken to prevent ‘circumvention'of anti-dumping or countervailing measures; rules governing the standing of various interested parties before the European Courts; allocation and administration of quantitative quotas; and surveillance measures. As a detailed and practical commentary on the relevant aspects of the EU trade defence instruments as actually applied by the EU institutions in the light of WTO law, this book is the pre-eminent work in the field which remains without peer as a guide to EU trade defence law.

Eine Vielzahl von Händlern aus Drittländern (insbesondere aus der V. R. China) bieten Waren auf E-Commerce-Plattformen wie insbesondere Amazon und eBay in Deutschland zum Verkauf an. Es kommt in diesem Zusammenhang zu Abgabenhinterziehungen großen Ausmaßes mit der Nebenfolge von Wettbewerbsverzerrungen zu Lasten rechtstreuer Händler. Die legislativen Prozesse sind angelaufen und haben z. T. schon zu Ergebnissen geführt. Berücksichtigt ist der Beschluss der EU-Finanzminister vom 05.12.2017, der Beschluss der Finanzministerkonferenz (Finanzminister der Bundesländer) vom 30.11.2017 und die aktuelle Gesetzgebung in Großbritannien. Die Diskussion legislativer Maßnahmen steht im Zentrum dieses Werkes. Die Zielrichtung der Maßnahmen sollte sein, Voraussetzungen zur Verbesserung der Kontrolle zu schaffen und andererseits die Compliance zu erleichtern. Zudem wendet sich das Buch aber auch an Overseas-Händler. Overseas-Händler müssen sich auf legislative Maßnahmen und geschäftspolitische Entscheidungen von Plattform-Betreibern rechtzeitig vorbereiten, denn eine umsatzsteuerliche Non-Compliance wird in Zukunft auch für Overseas-Händler risikoreich und kann u. a. zur Blockierung ihrer geschäftlichen Aktivitäten führen. Es werden die jüngsten Maßnahmen von Amazon diskutiert und in den Kontext gestellt.

Providing the first comprehensive examination of the key regulatory disciplines included in the new generation of EU free trade agreements (FTAs), this book investigates the EU's supposed deep trade agenda through a legal analysis of these FTAs. In doing so, Billy A. Melo Araujo determines whether there is any substance behind the EU's foreign policy rhetoric regarding the need to introduce regulatory issues within the remit of international trade law. At a time when the EU is busily negotiating so-called'mega-FTAs', such as the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) and the plurilateral Trade in Services Agreement (TISA), Melo Araujo offers a timely insight into the important questions raised by such FTAs, in particular concerning the future of the multilateral trade system, the loss of policy autonomy, and the democratic legitimacy of regulating through treaty-making. The book provides a detailed analysis of the regulatory disciplines included in the more recent EU FTAs and explores the possible implications of such disciplines. Offering a significant contribution to a wider debate, this is a must read for those interested in the legal dimension of the EU's deep trade agenda.

What role does the EU play in WTO trade negotiations? What are the implications for the EU of the expansion of the international trade agenda that has taken place in the last fifteen years? The European Union and Multilateral Trade Governance examines the EU's role in global economic governance and the negotiations of the Doha Round.The book provides a comprehensive overview of the EU's role in the Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations. The empirical study is grounded in a theoretically driven discussion, in order to understand trade politics dynamics in the present international economic system. By providing both conceptual and empirical arguments, the volume provides an innovative perspective on the analysis of the EU as a global economic influence. The European Union and Multilateral Trade Governance will be of interest to students and scholars of European Union politics and international political economy.

European trade defence law has expanded sufficiently in the last few years to require a new edition of this definitive work, last revised in 2004. As trade law practitioners and scholars have come to expect from the Brussels law firm Van Bael & Bellis, the fifth edition provides comprehensive, up-to-date analysis and critical commentary on EU trade defence instruments dealing with anti-dumping measures, countervailing measures, and safeguard measures, as well as measures under the Trade Barriers Regulation. It gives detailed attention to all EU cases and other developments at WTO level that have occurred up to December 2010. The emphasis throughout is on practical application of the rules. The authors cover every issue likely to arise in any trade defence matter, including all of the following and more: determining the dumping and injury margins; determining the subsidy margin; determining the causal link between dumping or subsidy and injury; determining if'Union interest'calls for intervention; differences between anti-dumping and anti-subsidy legislation; procedural rules applicable to complaints, initiation of proceedings, investigations, protective measures, reviews, and refunds; conditions for accepting an undertaking; measures that may be taken to prevent ‘circumvention'of anti-dumping measures; rules for the determination of permissible adjustments; rules governing the standing of various interested parties before the European Courts; rules and procedure applicable to non-market economy countries; special rules on products originating in a developing country; allocation and administration of quantitative quotas; surveillance measures; and whether and to what extent safeguard measures are subject to judicial review. For each of the four major categories of trade defence instruments, chapters deal with the substantive rules of the trade defence instruments concerned, the relief that may be ordered under these instruments, and the procedural provisions. The important changes in the EU decision-making process for trade defence cases to be introduced in March 2011 are taken fully into account. An extensive battery of tables and annexes leads the practitioner to all the essential primary source material in the field. As a detailed and practical commentary on the international trade legislation of the Union as actually applied by the Union Institutions, this is the preeminent work in the field. Lawyers and academics involved with trade contracts or disputes need have no doubt that it is still without peer as a guide to EU trade defence instruments.

The World Trade Organisation cannot be deemed truly international without the full participation of China, a massive market with an increasing number of highly sophisticated sectors. Yet¿although China did accede to the WTO in 2001, after fifteen years of negotiations¿WTO members persist in classifying China as a non-market economy, with all the trade restrictions such labelling entails. The EC in particular continues to curtail the flow of Chinese-European trade, despite some recent liberalisation in EC import and antidumping regulations. In this important book Dr. Hoogmartens clearly points the way to an equitable resolution of the complex problems raised by the friction between China¿s planned economy and EC trade policy instruments. The ¿economic interface¿ he constructs takes account of such crucial elements as the following: China¿s ¿unfinished¿ legal and economic reforms; the danger that the EC may develop an abusive protectionist stance; the challenge to the EC of increased Chinese competition; the persistence of Chinese state-owned enterprises; the absence of a satisfactory methodology to deal with the Chinese variant of a non-market economy; the possible adjustment of EC antidumping regulations vis-à-vis China; emergency safeguards; the role of the rule of law in trade regulation; and the ¿translatability¿ of Western social and political institutions.